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24 pages, 3078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Objective Optimization Model for the Design of Biomass Co-Firing Networks Integrating Feedstock Quality Considerations

by Jayne Lois G. San Juan, Kathleen B. Aviso, Raymond R. Tan and Charlle L. Sy

Energies 2019, 12(12), 2252; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122252 - 12 Jun 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3688

Abstract

The growth in energy demand, coupled with declining fossil fuel resources and the onset of climate change, has resulted in increased interest in renewable energy, particularly from biomass. Co-firing, which is the joint use of coal and biomass to generate electricity, is seen [...] Read more.

The growth in energy demand, coupled with declining fossil fuel resources and the onset of climate change, has resulted in increased interest in renewable energy, particularly from biomass. Co-firing, which is the joint use of coal and biomass to generate electricity, is seen to be a practical immediate solution for reducing coal use and the associated emissions. However, biomass is difficult to manage because of its seasonal availability and variable quality. This study proposes a biomass co-firing supply chain optimization model that simultaneously minimizes costs and environmental emissions through goal programming. The economic costs considered include retrofitting investment costs, together with fuel, transport, and processing costs, while environmental emissions may come from transport, treatment, and combustion activities. This model incorporates the consideration of feedstock quality and its impact on storage, transportation, and pre-treatment requirements, as well as conversion yield and equipment efficiency. These considerations are shown to be important drivers of network decisions, emphasizing the importance of managing biomass and coal blend ratios to ensure that acceptable fuel properties are obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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17 pages, 3275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Cooling Utility System with Continuous Self-Learning Performance Models

by Ron-Hendrik Peesel, Florian Schlosser, Henning Meschede, Heiko Dunkelberg and Timothy G. Walmsley

Energies 2019, 12(10), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101926 - 20 May 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3258

Abstract

Prerequisite for an efficient cooling energy system is the knowledge and optimal combination of different operating conditions of individual compression and free cooling chillers. The performance of cooling systems depends on their part-load performance and their condensing temperature, which are often not continuously [...] Read more.

Prerequisite for an efficient cooling energy system is the knowledge and optimal combination of different operating conditions of individual compression and free cooling chillers. The performance of cooling systems depends on their part-load performance and their condensing temperature, which are often not continuously measured. Recorded energy data remain unused, and manufacturers’ data differ from the real performance. For this purpose, manufacturer and real data are combined and continuously adapted to form part-load chiller models. This study applied a predictive optimization algorithm to calculate the optimal operating conditions of multiple chillers. A sprinkler tank offers the opportunity to store cold-water for later utilization. This potential is used to show the load shifting potential of the cooling system by using a variable electricity price as an input variable to the optimization. The set points from the optimization have been continuously adjusted throughout a dynamic simulation. A case study of a plastic processing company evaluates different scenarios against the status quo. Applying an optimal chiller sequencing and charging strategy of a sprinkler tank leads to electrical energy savings of up to 43%. Purchasing electricity on the EPEX SPOT market leads to additional costs savings of up to 17%. The total energy savings highly depend on the weather conditions and the prediction horizon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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12 pages, 5699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Model to Evaluate the Effect of Passive Techniques in Tube-In-Tube Helical Heat Exchanger

by Miyer Valdes, Juan G. Ardila, Dario Colorado and Beatris A. Escobedo-Trujillo

Energies 2019, 12(10), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101912 - 18 May 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2626

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of twist in the internal tube in a tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger keeping constant one type of ridges. To meet this goal, a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was carried out. The effects [...] Read more.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of twist in the internal tube in a tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger keeping constant one type of ridges. To meet this goal, a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was carried out. The effects of the fluid flow rate on the heat transfer were studied in the internal and annular flow. A commercial CFD package was used to predict the flow and thermal development in a tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger. The simulations were carried out in counter-flow mode operation with hot fluid in the internal tube side and cold fluids in the annular flow. The internal tube was modified with a double passive technique to provide high turbulence in the outer region. The numerical results agree with the reported data, the use of only one passive technique in the internal tube increases the heat transfer up to 28.8% compared to smooth tube. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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20 pages, 4444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Field Effect on the Thermal Decomposition and Co-combustion of Straw with Solid Fuel Pellets

by Inesa Barmina, Antons Kolmickovs, Raimonds Valdmanis, Maija Zake, Sergejs Vostrikovs, Harijs Kalis and Uldis Strautins

Energies 2019, 12(8), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081522 - 22 Apr 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2844

Abstract

The aim of this study was to provide more effective use of straw for energy production by co-firing wheat straw pellets with solid fuels (wood, peat pellets) under additional electric control of the combustion characteristics at thermo-chemical conversion of fuel mixtures. Effects of [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to provide more effective use of straw for energy production by co-firing wheat straw pellets with solid fuels (wood, peat pellets) under additional electric control of the combustion characteristics at thermo-chemical conversion of fuel mixtures. Effects of the DC electric field on the main combustion characteristics were studied experimentally using a fixed-bed experimental setup with a heat output up to 4 kW. An axisymmetric electric field was applied to the flame base between the positively charged electrode and the grounded wall of the combustion chamber. The experimental study includes local measurements of the composition of the gasification gas, flame temperature, heat output, combustion efficiency and of the composition of the flue gas considering the variation of the bias voltage of the electrode. A mathematical model of the field-induced thermo-chemical conversion of combustible volatiles has been built using MATLAB. The results confirm that the electric field-induced processes of heat and mass transfer allow to control and improve the main combustion characteristics thus enhancing the fuel burnout and increasing the heat output from the device up to 14% and the produced heat per mass of burned solid fuel up to 7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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24 pages, 4677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Energy Supply Options of a Manufacturing Plant by the Application of the P-Graph Framework

by András Éles, László Halász, István Heckl and Heriberto Cabezas

Energies 2019, 12(8), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081484 - 18 Apr 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3842

Abstract

Industrial applications nowadays are facing the complexity of the problem of finding an optimal energy supply composition. Heating and electricity needs vary throughout a year and need to be addressed. There is usually power available from the market, but a company has other [...] Read more.

Industrial applications nowadays are facing the complexity of the problem of finding an optimal energy supply composition. Heating and electricity needs vary throughout a year and need to be addressed. There is usually power available from the market, but a company has other investment options to consider, such as solar power, or utilization of local biomass. Fixed and proportional investment and operational costs must be compared to long-term cost-efficiency. The P-Graph framework is an effective tool in the design and synthesis of process networks, and is capable of showing optimal decisions. In the present work, a new P-Graph model was implemented to address the synthesis of the energy supply options of a manufacturing plant in Hungary. Compared to the original approach, a multi-periodic scheme was applied for heating and electricity demands. Also, the pelletizer and biogas plant investments are modeled in the P-Graph with a new technique that better reflects equipment capacities and flexible input ratios. The best solutions in this case study in terms of total costs are listed. It can be concluded that a long-term investment horizon is needed for the incorporation of sustainable energy sources into the system to be cost-efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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18 pages, 3201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LCA-Based Comparison of Two Organic Fraction Municipal Solid Waste Collection Systems in Historical Centres in Spain

by Jara Laso, Isabel García-Herrero, María Margallo, Alba Bala, Pere Fullana-i-Palmer, Angel Irabien and Rubén Aldaco

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071407 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5881

Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection is an important issue in the development and management of smart cities, having a significant influence on environmental sustainability. Door-to-door and pneumatic collection are two systems that represent a way of arranging waste collection in city´s historic areas [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection is an important issue in the development and management of smart cities, having a significant influence on environmental sustainability. Door-to-door and pneumatic collection are two systems that represent a way of arranging waste collection in city´s historic areas in Spain where conventional street-side container collection is not feasible. Since door-to-door collection generates significant direct greenhouse gas emissions from trucks, pneumatic collection emerges as an alternative to the trucking system. While this technology apparently reduces local direct air emissions, it suffers from a large energy demand derived from vacuum production for waste suction. The introduction of new normative frameworks regarding the selective collection of the biodegradable fraction makes necessary a comprehensive analysis to assess the influence of this fraction collection and its subsequent recycling by anaerobic digestion. As a novelty, this work compares both conventional door-to-door and pneumatic collection systems from a life cycle approach focusing on the biodegradable waste. Results indicate that, in spite of the fact electricity production and consumption have a significant influence on the results, the energy savings from the recycling of the organic fraction are higher than the energy requirements. Therefore, the pneumatic collection could be an environmentally-friendly option for MSW management under a circular economy approach in Spanish city´s historic areas, since wastes could be a material or energy source opportunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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16 pages, 2886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Large-Scale Production of Chitosan Microbeads Modified with Nanoparticles Based on Exergy Analysis

by Samir Meramo-Hurtado, Adriana Herrera-Barros and Ángel González-Delgado

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071200 - 28 Mar 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3337

Abstract

Novel technologies for bio-adsorbent production are being evaluated on the lab-scale in order to find the most adequate processing alternative under technical parameters. However, the poor energy efficiency of promising technologies can be a drawback for large-scale production of these bio-adsorbents. In this [...] Read more.

Novel technologies for bio-adsorbent production are being evaluated on the lab-scale in order to find the most adequate processing alternative under technical parameters. However, the poor energy efficiency of promising technologies can be a drawback for large-scale production of these bio-adsorbents. In this work, exergy analysis was used as a computer-aided tool to evaluate from the energy point of view, the behavior of three bio-adsorbent production topologies at large scale for obtaining chitosan microbeads modified with magnetic and photocatalytic nanoparticles. The routes were modeled using an industrial process simulation software, based on experimental results and information reported in literature. Mass, energy and exergy balances were performed for each alternative, physical and chemical exergies of streams and chemical species were calculated according to the thermodynamic properties of biomass components and operating conditions of stages. Exergy efficiencies, total process irreversibilities, energy consumption, and exergy destruction were calculated for all routes. Route 2 presents the highest process irreversibilities and route 3 has the highest exergy of utilities. Exergy efficiencies were similar for all simulated cases, which did not allow to choose the best alternative under energy viewpoint. Exergy sinks for each topology were detected. As values of exergy efficiency were under 3%, it was shown that there are process improvement opportunities in product drying stages and washing water recovery for the three routes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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17 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of an Air-PCM Heat Exchanger in Passive Cooling of Buildings: A Simulation Study on the Energy Saving Potential in Different European Climates

by Pavel Charvát, Lubomír Klimeš and Martin Zálešák

Energies 2019, 12(6), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061133 - 22 Mar 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3439

Abstract

The energy saving potential (ESP) of passive cooling of buildings with the use of an air-PCMheat exchanger (cold storage unit) was investigated through numerical simulations. One of the goals of the study was to identify the phase change temperature of a PCM that [...] Read more.

The energy saving potential (ESP) of passive cooling of buildings with the use of an air-PCMheat exchanger (cold storage unit) was investigated through numerical simulations. One of the goals of the study was to identify the phase change temperature of a PCM that would provide the highest energy saving potential under the specific climate and operating conditions. The considered air-PCM heat exchanger contained 100 aluminum panels filled with a PCM. The PCM had a thermal storage capacity of 200 kJ/kg in the phase change temperature range of 4

^{\circ}

C. The air-PCM heat exchanger was used to cool down the outdoor air supplied to a building during the day, and the heat accumulated in the PCM was rejected to the outdoors at night. The simulations were conducted for 16 locations in Europe with the investigated time period from 1 May–30 September. The outdoor temperature set point of 20

^{\circ}

C was used for the utilization of stored cold. In the case of the location with the highest ESP, the scenarios with the temperature set point and without the set point (which provides maximum theoretical ESP) were compared under various air flow rates. The average utilization rate of the heat of fusion did not exceed 50% in any of the investigated scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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34 pages, 7760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Process Integration Method for Total Site Cooling, Heating and Power Optimisation with Trigeneration Systems

by Khairulnadzmi Jamaluddin, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, Zainuddin Abdul Manan, Khaidzir Hamzah and Jiří Jaromír Klemeš

Energies 2019, 12(6), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061030 - 16 Mar 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4500

Abstract

Research and development on integrated energy systems such as cogeneration and trigeneration to improve the efficiency of thermal energy as well as fuel utilisation have been a key focus of attention by researchers. Total Site Utility Integration is an established methodology for the [...] Read more.

Research and development on integrated energy systems such as cogeneration and trigeneration to improve the efficiency of thermal energy as well as fuel utilisation have been a key focus of attention by researchers. Total Site Utility Integration is an established methodology for the synergy and integration of utility recovery among multiple processes. However, Total Site Cooling, Heating and Power (TSCHP) integration methods involving trigeneration systems for industrial plants have been much less emphasised. This paper proposes a novel methodology for developing an insight-based numerical Pinch Analysis technique to simultaneously target the minimum cooling, heating and power requirements for a total site energy system. It enables the design of an integrated centralised trigeneration system involving several industrial sites generating the same utilities. The new method is called the Trigeneration System Cascade Analysis (TriGenSCA). The procedure for TriGenSCA involves data extraction, constructions of a Problem Table Algorithm (PTA), Multiple Utility Problem Table Algorithm (MU PTA), Total Site Problem Table Algorithm (TS PTA) and estimation of energy sources by a trigeneration system followed by construction of TriGenSCA, Trigeneration Storage Cascade Table (TriGenSCT) and construction of a Total Site Utility Distribution (TSUD) Table. The TriGenSCA tool is vital for users to determine the optimal size of utilities for generating power, heating and cooling in a trigeneration power plant. Based on the case study, the base fuel source for power, heating and cooling is nuclear energy with a demand load of 72 GWh/d supplied by 10.8 t of Uranium-235. Comparison between conventional PWR producing power, heating and cooling seperately, and trigeneration PWR system with and without integration have been made. The results prove that PWR as a trigeneration system is the most cost-effective, enabling 28% and 17% energy savings as compared to conventional PWR producing power, heating and cooling separately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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14 pages, 2172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Jan Najser, Petr Buryan, Sergej Skoblia, Jaroslav Frantik, Jan Kielar and Vaclav Peer

Energies 2019, 12(6), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12060963 - 13 Mar 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3628

Abstract

Nowadays, thermochemical biomass conversion appears to be a very promising way to process heat and steam generation, for use in a cogeneration unit engine, or for example in gas turbines producing electrical energy. The biggest problem regarding using the syngas in internal combustion [...] Read more.

Nowadays, thermochemical biomass conversion appears to be a very promising way to process heat and steam generation, for use in a cogeneration unit engine, or for example in gas turbines producing electrical energy. The biggest problem regarding using the syngas in internal combustion engines, are pollutants, which have quite an inauspicious influence on their proper working. This article deals with the establishment of the distribution size of solid particles captured by the fiber filters in the syngas with a suitable cleaning design. Gas was produced in the fixed-bed “Imbert” type generator. Filter cake, which contained pollutants, was captured on a filter and then analyzed. Based on single total solid particles (TSP) components, we conclude that this includes its partial elimination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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17 pages, 7446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Robust Total Site Heat Recovery Loops via Monte Carlo Simulation

by Florian Schlosser, Ron-Hendrik Peesel, Henning Meschede, Matthias Philipp, Timothy G. Walmsley, Michael R. W. Walmsley and Martin J. Atkins

Energies 2019, 12(5), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050930 - 10 Mar 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3404

Abstract

For increased total site heat integration, the optimal sizing and robust operation of a heat recovery loop (HRL) are prerequisites for economic efficiency. However, sizing based on one representative time series, not considering the variability of process streams due to their discontinuous operation, [...] Read more.

For increased total site heat integration, the optimal sizing and robust operation of a heat recovery loop (HRL) are prerequisites for economic efficiency. However, sizing based on one representative time series, not considering the variability of process streams due to their discontinuous operation, often leads to oversizing. The sensitive evaluation of the performance of an HRL by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation requires sufficient historical data and performance models. Stochastic time series are generated by distribution functions of measured data. With these inputs, one can then model and reliably assess the benefits of installing a new HRL. A key element of the HRL is a stratified heat storage tank. Validation tests of a stratified tank (ST) showed sufficient accuracy with acceptable simulation time for the variable layer height (VLH) multi-node (MN) modelling approach. The results of the MC simulation of the HRL system show only minor yield losses in terms of heat recovery rate (HRR) for smaller tanks. In this way, costs due to oversizing equipment can be reduced by better understanding the energy-capital trade-off. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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25 pages, 10173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics in Horizontal, Three-Dimensional Enhanced Tubes

by Zhi-Chuan Sun, Xiang Ma, Lian-Xiang Ma, Wei Li and David J. Kukulka

Energies 2019, 12(5), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050927 - 10 Mar 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4352

Abstract

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerants R134A and R410A inside a smooth tube, as well as inside two newly developed surface-enhanced tubes. The internal surface structures of the two enhanced tubes are comprised of [...] Read more.

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerants R134A and R410A inside a smooth tube, as well as inside two newly developed surface-enhanced tubes. The internal surface structures of the two enhanced tubes are comprised of protrusions/dimples and petal-shaped bumps/cavities. The equivalent inner diameter of all tested tubes is 11.5 mm, and the tube length is 2 m. The experimental test conditions included saturation temperatures of 6 °C and 10 °C; mass velocities ranging from 70 to 200 kg/(m²s); and heat fluxes ranging from 10 to 35 kW/m², with inlet and outlet vapor quality of 0.2 and 0.8. It was observed that the enhanced tubes exhibit excellent flow boiling heat transfer performance. This can be attributed to the complex surface patterns of dimples and petal arrays that increase the active heat transfer area; in addition, more nucleation sites are produced, and there is also an increased interfacial turbulence. Results showed that the boiling heat transfer coefficient of the enhanced surface tubes was 1.15–1.66 times that of the smooth tubing. Also, effects of the flow pattern and saturated temperature are discussed. Finally, a comparison of several existing flow boiling heat transfer models using the data from the current study is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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16 pages, 5158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Dimple Effects on Heat Transfer Enhancement with Impinging Jets

by Parkpoom Sriromreun and Paranee Sriromreun

Energies 2019, 12(5), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050813 - 1 Mar 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3299

Abstract

This research was aimed at studying the numerical and experimental characteristics of the air flow impinging on a dimpled surface. Heat transfer enhancement between a hot surface and the air is supposed to be obtained from a dimple effect. In the experiment, 15 [...] Read more.

This research was aimed at studying the numerical and experimental characteristics of the air flow impinging on a dimpled surface. Heat transfer enhancement between a hot surface and the air is supposed to be obtained from a dimple effect. In the experiment, 15 types of test plate were investigated at different distances between the jet and test plate (B), dimple diameter (d) and dimple distance (E_r and E_θ). The testing fluid was air presented in an impinging jet flowing at Re = 1500 to 14,600. A comparison of the heat transfer coefficient was performed between the jet impingement on the dimpled surface and the flat plate. The velocity vector and the temperature contour showed the different air flow characteristics from different test plates. The highest thermal enhancement factor (TEF) was observed under the conditions of B = 2 d, d = 1 cm, E_r= 2 d, E_θ = 1.5 d and Re = 1500. This TEF was obtained from the dimpled surface and was 5.5 times higher than that observed in the flat plate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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18 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cost-Optimal Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis Based on a Flexible Cost Functions Framework

by Matthias Rathjens and Georg Fieg

Energies 2019, 12(5), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050784 - 26 Feb 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3749

Abstract

In this article an approach to incorporate a flexible cost functions framework into the cost-optimal design of heat exchanger networks (HENs) is presented. This framework allows the definition of different cost functions for each connection of heat source and sink independent of process [...] Read more.

In this article an approach to incorporate a flexible cost functions framework into the cost-optimal design of heat exchanger networks (HENs) is presented. This framework allows the definition of different cost functions for each connection of heat source and sink independent of process stream or utility stream. Therefore, it is possible to use match-based individual factors to account for different fluid properties and resulting engineering costs. Layout-based factors for piping and pumping costs play an important role here as cost driver. The optimization of the resulting complex mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem is solved with a genetic algorithm coupled with deterministic local optimization techniques. In order to show the functionality of the chosen approach one well studied HEN synthesis example from literature for direct heat integration is studied with standard cost functions and also considering additional piping costs. Another example is presented which incorporates indirect heat integration and related pumping and piping costs. The versatile applicability of the chosen approach is shown. The results represent designs with lower total annual costs (TAC) compared to literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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17 pages, 4455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Operational Adjustment of a Community-Based Off-Grid Polygeneration Plant using a Fuzzy Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model

by Aristotle T. Ubando, Isidro Antonio V. Marfori III, Kathleen B. Aviso and Raymond R. Tan

Energies 2019, 12(4), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040636 - 16 Feb 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3656

Abstract

Community-based off-grid polygeneration plants based on micro-hydropower are a practical solution to provide clean energy and other essential utilities for rural areas with access to suitable rivers. Such plants can deliver co-products such as purified water and ice for refrigeration, which can improve [...] Read more.

Community-based off-grid polygeneration plants based on micro-hydropower are a practical solution to provide clean energy and other essential utilities for rural areas with access to suitable rivers. Such plants can deliver co-products such as purified water and ice for refrigeration, which can improve standards of living in such remote locations. Although polygeneration gives advantages with respect to system efficiency, the interdependencies of the integrated process units may come as a potential disadvantage, due to susceptibility to cascading failures when one of the system components is partially or completely inoperable. In the case of a micro-hydropower-based polygeneration plant, a drought may reduce electricity output, which can, in turn, reduce the level of utilities available for use by the community. The study proposes a fuzzy mixed-integer linear programming model for the optimal operational adjustment of an off-grid micro-hydropower-based polygeneration plant seeking to maximize the satisfaction levels of the community utility demands, which are represented as fuzzy constraints. Three case studies are considered to demonstrate the developed model. The use of a diesel generator for back-up power is considered as an option to mitigate inoperability during extreme drought conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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23 pages, 26704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performant and Simple Numerical Modeling of District Heating Pipes with Heat Accumulation

by Libor Kudela, Radomir Chylek and Jiri Pospisil

Energies 2019, 12(4), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040633 - 16 Feb 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3922

Abstract

This paper compares approaches for accurate numerical modeling of transients in the pipe element of district heating systems. The distribution grid itself affects the heat flow dynamics of a district heating network, which subsequently governs the heat delays and entire efficiency of the [...] Read more.

This paper compares approaches for accurate numerical modeling of transients in the pipe element of district heating systems. The distribution grid itself affects the heat flow dynamics of a district heating network, which subsequently governs the heat delays and entire efficiency of the distribution. For an efficient control of the network, a control system must be able to predict how “temperature waves” move through the network. This prediction must be sufficiently accurate for real-time computations of operational parameters. Future control systems may also benefit from the accumulation capabilities of pipes. In this article, the key physical phenomena affecting the transients in pipes were identified, and an efficient numerical model of aboveground district heating pipe with heat accumulation was developed. The model used analytical methods for the evaluation of source terms. Physics of heat transfer in the pipe shells was captured by one-dimensional finite element method that is based on the steady-state solution. Simple advection scheme was used for discretization of the fluid region. Method of lines and time integration was used for marching. The complexity of simulated physical phenomena was highly flexible and allowed to trade accuracy for computational time. In comparison with the very finely discretized model, highly comparable transients were obtained even for the thick accumulation wall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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20 pages, 4663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporating the Concept of Flexible Operation in the Design of Solar Collector Fields for Industrial Applications

by Guillermo Martínez-Rodríguez, Amanda L. Fuentes-Silva, Juan R. Lizárraga-Morazán and Martín Picón-Núñez

Energies 2019, 12(3), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030570 - 12 Feb 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3308

Abstract

This work introduces the concept of flexible operation in the design of solar thermal utility systems for low temperature processes. The design objectives are: (a) The supply of the thermal needs of the process (heat duty and minimum required temperature), and (b) the [...] Read more.

This work introduces the concept of flexible operation in the design of solar thermal utility systems for low temperature processes. The design objectives are: (a) The supply of the thermal needs of the process (heat duty and minimum required temperature), and (b) the maximization of the operating time during the day. The approach shows how the network structure is defined by adjusting the mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of the working fluid to achieve the smallest collector surface area. This work emphasizes the need to specify the solar network structure, which is comprised of two main elements: The number of lines in parallel and the number of collectors in series in each line. The former of these two design specifications is related to the heat load that the system will supply, while the latter is directly related to the delivery temperature. A stepwise design approach is demonstrated using two case studies where it is shown that the detailed design of the solar collector network structure is fundamental for a successful thermal integration with minimum investment. In this paper, the design methodology is based on flat-plate solar collectors, but it can be extended to any other type of low temperature solar technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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17 pages, 3647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Fired Equipment within the Framework of Low-Cost Modelling Systems

by Dominika Fialová and Zdeněk Jegla

Energies 2019, 12(3), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030520 - 7 Feb 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4151

Abstract

Fired equipment suffers from local overloading and fouling of heat transfer surfaces, products are not of the required quality, and operating costs are increased due to the high pressure drop of process fluids. Such operational issues are affected by the non-uniform distribution of [...] Read more.

Fired equipment suffers from local overloading and fouling of heat transfer surfaces, products are not of the required quality, and operating costs are increased due to the high pressure drop of process fluids. Such operational issues are affected by the non-uniform distribution of fluid flow and heat flux variability. Detailed numerical analyses are often applied to troubleshoot these problems. However, is this common practice effective? Is it not better to prevent problems from occurring by using quality equipment design? It is, according to the general consensus. Still, the experience of designing fired apparatuses reveals that the established standards do not reflect the real maldistribution sufficiently. In addition, as found from the given overview of modelling approaches, the radiant chamber and the convection section are usually analysed separately without significant continuity. A comprehensive framework is hence introduced. The proposed procedure clearly defines the interconnection of traditional thermal-hydraulic calculations and low-cost modelling systems for radiant and convection sections. A suitable combination of simplified methods allows for the reliable design of complex equipment and fast identification of problematic areas. The utilisation of selected low-cost models, i.e., the second phase of the systematic framework, is presented regarding the example of a steam boiler. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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23 pages, 2547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Complexity, Controllability and Observability of Heat Exchanger Networks Based on Structural Analysis of Network Representations

by Daniel Leitold, Agnes Vathy-Fogarassy and Janos Abonyi

Energies 2019, 12(3), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030513 - 6 Feb 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3701

Abstract

The design and retrofit of Heat Exchanger Networks (HENs) can be based on several objectives and optimisation algorithms. As each method results in an individual network topology that has a significant effect on the operability of the system, control-relevant HEN design and analysis [...] Read more.

The design and retrofit of Heat Exchanger Networks (HENs) can be based on several objectives and optimisation algorithms. As each method results in an individual network topology that has a significant effect on the operability of the system, control-relevant HEN design and analysis are becoming more and more essential tasks. This work proposes a network science-based analysis tool for the qualification of controllability and observability of HENs. With the proposed methodology, the main characteristics of HEN design methods are determined, the effect of structural properties of HENs on their dynamical behaviour revealed, and the potentials of the network-based HEN representations discussed. Our findings are based on the systematic analysis of almost 50 benchmark problems related to 20 different design methodologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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19 pages, 5488 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exergy-Based and Economic Evaluation of Liquefaction Processes for Cryogenics Energy Storage

by Sarah Hamdy, Francisco Moser, Tatiana Morosuk and George Tsatsaronis

Energies 2019, 12(3), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030493 - 4 Feb 2019

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 5934

Abstract

Cryogenics-based energy storage (CES) is a thermo-electric bulk-energy storage technology, which stores electricity in the form of a liquefied gas at cryogenic temperatures. The charging process is an energy-intensive gas liquefaction process and the limiting factor to CES round trip efficiency (RTE). During [...] Read more.

Cryogenics-based energy storage (CES) is a thermo-electric bulk-energy storage technology, which stores electricity in the form of a liquefied gas at cryogenic temperatures. The charging process is an energy-intensive gas liquefaction process and the limiting factor to CES round trip efficiency (RTE). During discharge, the liquefied gas is pressurized, evaporated and then super-heated to drive a gas turbine. The cold released during evaporation can be stored and supplied to the subsequent charging process. In this research, exergy-based methods are applied to quantify the effect of cold storage on the thermodynamic performance of six liquefaction processes and to identify the most cost-efficient process. For all liquefaction processes assessed, the integration of cold storage was shown to multiply the liquid yield, reduce the specific power requirement by 50–70% and increase the exergetic efficiency by 30–100%. The Claude-based liquefaction processes reached the highest exergetic efficiencies (76–82%). The processes reached their maximum efficiency at different liquefaction pressures. The Heylandt process reaches the highest RTE (50%) and the lowest specific power requirement (1021 kJ/kg). The lowest production cost of liquid air (18.4 €/ton) and the lowest specific investment cost (<700 €/kW_char) were achieved by the Kapitza process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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16 pages, 3061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Energy Consumption, GHG Emission, and Cost of Seawater Desalination in China

by Xuexiu Jia, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Petar Sabev Varbanov and Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi

Energies 2019, 12(3), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030463 - 31 Jan 2019

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 9344

Abstract

Seawater desalination is considered a technique with high water supply potential and has become an emerging alternative for freshwater supply in China. The increase of the capacity also increases energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, which has not been well investigated in [...] Read more.

Seawater desalination is considered a technique with high water supply potential and has become an emerging alternative for freshwater supply in China. The increase of the capacity also increases energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, which has not been well investigated in studies. This study has analyzed the current development of seawater desalination in China, including the capacity, distribution, processes, as well as the desalted water use. Energy consumption and GHG emissions of overall desalination in China, as well as for the provinces, are calculated covering the period of 2006–2016. The unit product cost of seawater desalination plants specifying processes is also estimated. The results showed that 1) The installed capacity maintained increased from 2006 to 2016, and reverse osmosis is the major process used for seawater desalination in China. 2) The energy consumption increased from 81 MWh/y to 1,561 MWh/y during the 11 years. The overall GHG emission increase from 85 Mt CO_2eq/y to 1,628 Mt CO_2eq/y. Tianjin had the largest GHG emissions, following are Hebei and Shandong, with emissions of 4.1 Mt CO_2eq/y, 2.2 Mt CO_2eq/y. and 1.0 Mt CO_2eq/y. 3) The unit product cost of seawater desalination is higher than other water supply alternatives, and it differentiates the desalination processes. The average unit product cost of the reverse osmosis process is 0.96 USD and 2.5 USD for the multiple-effect distillation process. The potential for future works should specify different energy forms, e.g. heat and power. Alternatives of process integration should be investigated—e.g. efficiency of using the energy, heat integration, and renewables in water desalination, as well as the utilization of total site heat integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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13 pages, 4509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of Longitudinal Residual Stresses and Deflections in a T-joint Welded Structure Using a Local Preheating Technique

by Mato Perić, Ivica Garašić, Sandro Nižetić and Hrvoje Dedić-Jandrek

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3487; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123487 - 14 Dec 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4079

Abstract

In this paper a numerical analysis of a T-joint fillet weld is performed to investigate the influences of different preheat temperatures and the interpass time on the longitudinal residual stress fields and structure deflections. In the frame of the numerical investigations, two thermo-mechanical [...] Read more.

In this paper a numerical analysis of a T-joint fillet weld is performed to investigate the influences of different preheat temperatures and the interpass time on the longitudinal residual stress fields and structure deflections. In the frame of the numerical investigations, two thermo-mechanical finite element models, denoted M2 and M3, were analyzed and the results obtained were then compared with the model M1, where the preheating technique was not applied. It is concluded that by applying the preheat temperature prior to the start of welding the post-welding deformations of welded structures can be significantly reduced. The increase of the preheat temperature increased the longitudinal residual stress field at the ends of the plates. The influence of the interpass time between two weld passes on the longitudinal residual stress state and plate deflection was investigated on two preheated numerical models, M4 and M5, with an interpass time of 60 s and 120 s, respectively. The results obtained were then compared with the preheated model M3, where there was no time gap between the two weld passes. It can be concluded that with the increase of interpass time, the plate deflections significantly increase, while the influence of the interpass time on the longitudinal residual stress field can be neglected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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18 pages, 3340 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessing Energy and Environmental Efficiency of the Spanish Agri-Food System Using the LCA/DEA Methodology

by Jara Laso, Daniel Hoehn, María Margallo, Isabel García-Herrero, Laura Batlle-Bayer, Alba Bala, Pere Fullana-i-Palmer, Ian Vázquez-Rowe, Angel Irabien and Rubén Aldaco

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3395; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123395 - 4 Dec 2018

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6315

Abstract

Feeding the world’s population sustainably is a major challenge of our society, and was stated as one of the key priorities for development cooperation by the European Union (EU) policy framework on food security. However, with the current trend of natural resource exploitation, [...] Read more.

Feeding the world’s population sustainably is a major challenge of our society, and was stated as one of the key priorities for development cooperation by the European Union (EU) policy framework on food security. However, with the current trend of natural resource exploitation, food systems consume around 30% of final energy use, generating up to 30% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Given the expected increase of global population (nine billion people by 2050) and the amount of food losses and waste generated (one-third of global food production), improving the efficiency of food systems along the supply chain is essential to ensure food security. This study combines life-cycle assessment (LCA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the efficiency of Spanish agri-food system and to propose improvement actions in order to reduce energy usage and GHG emissions. An average energy saving of approximately 70% is estimated for the Spanish agri-food system in order to be efficient. This study highlights the importance of the DEA method as a tool for energy optimization, identifying efficient and inefficient food systems. This approach could be adopted by administrations, policy-makers, and producers as a helpful instrument to support decision-making and improve the sustainability of agri-food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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10 pages, 1871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Particulate Matter Produced by Micro-Scale Biomass Combustion in an Oxygen-Lean Atmosphere

by Jan Poláčik, Ladislav Šnajdárek, Michal Špiláček, Jiří Pospíšil and Tomáš Sitek

Energies 2018, 11(12), 3359; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123359 - 1 Dec 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3029

Abstract

This article extends earlier research by the authors that was devoted to the experimental evaluation of ultra-fine particles produced by the laboratory combustion of beechwood samples. These particles can have severe influence on human health. The current paper presents a parametrical study carried [...] Read more.

This article extends earlier research by the authors that was devoted to the experimental evaluation of ultra-fine particles produced by the laboratory combustion of beechwood samples. These particles can have severe influence on human health. The current paper presents a parametrical study carried out to assess the influence of the composition of the atmosphere and the temperature on the production of ultra-fine particles during the micro-scale combustion process. The paper presents a laboratory procedure that incorporate the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and detailed monitoring of the size distribution of the produced fine particles. The study utilises the laboratory scale identification of the formation and growth of the fine particles during the temperature increase of beech wood samples. It also compares the particle emissions produced by beech heartwood and beech bark. The size of the emitted particles is very strongly influenced by the concentration of light volatiles released from the heated wood sample. From the experimental study, decreasing oxygen content in the atmosphere generally results in higher particulate matter (PM) production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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Review

Jump to: Research

32 pages, 3379 KiB

Open AccessReview

Towards Efficient and Clean Process Integration: Utilisation of Renewable Resources and Energy-Saving Technologies

by Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Petar Sabev Varbanov, Paweł Ocłoń and Hon Huin Chin

Energies 2019, 12(21), 4092; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214092 - 26 Oct 2019

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 5743

Abstract

The strong demand for sustainable energy supplies had escalated the discovery, and intensive research into cleaner energy sources, as well as efficient energy management practices. In the context of the circular economy, the efforts target not only the optimisation of resource utilisation at [...] Read more.

The strong demand for sustainable energy supplies had escalated the discovery, and intensive research into cleaner energy sources, as well as efficient energy management practices. In the context of the circular economy, the efforts target not only the optimisation of resource utilisation at various stages, but the products’ eco-design is also emphasized to extend their life spans. Based on the concept of comprehensive circular integration, this review discusses the roles of Process Integration approaches, renewable energy sources utilisation and design modifications in addressing the process of energy and exergy efficiency improvement. The primary focus is to enhance the economic and environmental performance through process analysis, modelling and optimisation. The paper is categorised into sections to show the contribution of each aspect clearly, namely: (a) Design and numerical study for innovative energy-efficient technologies; (b) Process Integration—heat and power; (c) Process energy efficiency or emissions analysis; (d) Optimisation of renewable energy resources supply chain. Each section is assessed based on the latest contribution of this journal’s Special Issue from the 21st conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES 2018). The key results are highlighted and summarised within the broader context of the state of the art development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from PRES 2018: The 21st Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction)

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