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Shallow Geothermal Energy in Densely Inhabited Areas

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H2: Geothermal".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 June 2024) | Viewed by 16469

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Politecnico di Torino—Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
Interests: shallow geothermal energy; groundwater engineering; carbon footprint
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Guest Editor
Politecnico di Milano–Department of Energy, Via Lambruschini 4A, 20156 Milan, Italy
Interests: energy efficient buildings and HVAC systems; shallow geothermal energy; indoor and outdoor thermal comfort

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Guest Editor
DESTEC Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Interests: hybrid renewable energy systems; energy efficiency in buildings and HVAC systems; geothermal energy; heat transfer in the ground and exergy analysis

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Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), Università di Padova, Via Venezia, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: energy efficiency of building plant system; nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB); building envelope; radiant systems; high efficiency HVAC integrated systems; thermal comfort; renewable energy; ground source heat pump systems; urban energy modelling; modelling and development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Shallow geothermal energy has great potential to avoid pollutant emissions and to reduce the operational costs related to heating and cooling services in buildings. These characteristics make this technology very interesting for large-scale applications in urban areas, as demonstrated by the expansion of open-loop systems (groundwater heat pumps) in several European cities (e.g., Milan, Barcelona, London …). However, this also poses challenges, since shallow geothermal energy is a limited resource that must be properly managed, especially in areas with a high-density heating and/or cooling demand.

The focus of our Special Issue is to provide a platform to discuss the modelling, design and management of shallow geothermal energy in densely inhabited areas. This topic involves many scientific disciplines, including—but not limited to—energy engineering, heat transfer, geology, hydrogeology, chemistry, and economy.

Possible topics include:

  • The propagation of thermal plumes from shallow geothermal systems, both closed- and open-loop;
  • Geochemical alterations and the possible impact on the ecosystem induced by thermal plumes;
  • Subsurface urban heat islands;
  • Synergies with other RES that can reduce the thermal impact of shallow geothermal systems;
  • The sustainable design and management of underground thermal energy storage applications;
  • The potential assessment and advantages of ground-source district heating and cooling systems;
  • Free cooling applications based on direct heat disposal underground;
  • Energy geo-structures (piles, diaphragms, tunnels, etc.);
  • Cost–benefit analysis of ground-source technologies in urban areas compared with alternative RES and no-RES technologies;
  • The regional assessment and mapping of shallow geothermal potential with closed- and open-loop shallow geothermal systems;
  • Opportunities offered by renewable energy communities;
  • Social acceptance of shallow geothermal systems.

Both original research papers and literature reviews will be taken into consideration for publication.

Dr. Alessandro Casasso
Dr. Adriana Angelotti
Dr. Paolo Conti
Dr. Angelo Zarrella
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • shallow geothermal energy
  • ground-source heat pumps
  • subsurface urban heat island
  • thermal plume
  • underground thermal energy storage
  • ground-source district heating and cooling system

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 3772 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Measured and Derived Thermal Conductivities in the Unsaturated Soil Zone of a Large-Scale Geothermal Collector System (LSC)
by Mario Rammler, Hans Schwarz, Jan Wagner and David Bertermann
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031195 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1653
Abstract
The design, energetic performance, and thermal impact of large-scale geothermal collector systems (LSCs) are dependent on the thermal conductivity of unsaturated soils (λ). The aim of this study was to investigate the benefits of two different λ measurement methods using single-needle sensor measuring [...] Read more.
The design, energetic performance, and thermal impact of large-scale geothermal collector systems (LSCs) are dependent on the thermal conductivity of unsaturated soils (λ). The aim of this study was to investigate the benefits of two different λ measurement methods using single-needle sensor measuring devices on a laboratory scale. Since large-scale determinations are required in the context of LSCs, the potential for deriving λ from electrical resistivity tomography measurements (ERTs) was also examined. Using two approaches—the continuous evaporation method and the punctual method—thermal conductivities of soil samples from Bad Nauheim (Germany) were measured. The results were compared with averaged λ derived from three ERT sections. With the evaporation method, significant bulk density changes were observed during the experimental procedure, which were caused by the clay content and the use of repacked samples. The punctual method ensures a sufficiently constant bulk density during the measurements, but only provides a small number of measurement points. The thermal conductivities derived from ERTs show largely minor deviations from the laboratory measurements on average. If further research confirms the results of this study, ERTs could provide a non-invasive and unelaborate thermal exploration of the subsurface in the context of large-scale infrastructure projects such as LSCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shallow Geothermal Energy in Densely Inhabited Areas)
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19 pages, 10293 KiB  
Article
Thermal Impact by Open-Loop Geothermal Heat Pump Systems in Two Different Local Underground Conditions on the Alluvial Fan of the Nagara River, Gifu City, Central Japan
by Randa Permanda and Tomoyuki Ohtani
Energies 2022, 15(18), 6816; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186816 - 18 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2421
Abstract
An alluvial fan is a good area to install open-loop geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems due to shallower aquifers, faster groundwater flow, and fewer land subsidence risks. The natural temperature change in groundwater occurs in alluvial fans due to the recharge of river [...] Read more.
An alluvial fan is a good area to install open-loop geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems due to shallower aquifers, faster groundwater flow, and fewer land subsidence risks. The natural temperature change in groundwater occurs in alluvial fans due to the recharge of river water and faster groundwater flow, and the thermal impact of the open-loop system has not been studied well in such areas. The purpose of this research is to understand the thermal impact of open-loop GHP systems on an alluvial fan. A regional 3D model of groundwater flow with heat transport was created to determine the distribution of flow velocity and temperature of groundwater. After that, two local models with different groundwater velocities were constructed to demonstrate the thermal impact of an open-loop GHP system using one extraction and one injection well. The results indicated that the local model with faster groundwater flow had a smaller thermal impact. The natural temperature change in groundwater causes groundwater temperature to be lower in the summer and higher in winter during the operation in the local model, with faster groundwater flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shallow Geothermal Energy in Densely Inhabited Areas)
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Review

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31 pages, 2691 KiB  
Review
Fifth-Generation District Heating and Cooling Networks Based on Shallow Geothermal Energy: A review and Possible Solutions for Mediterranean Europe
by Jordi García-Céspedes, Ignasi Herms, Georgina Arnó and José Juan de Felipe
Energies 2023, 16(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010147 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 11736
Abstract
This document presents a comprehensive review of research works, regulatory frameworks, technical solutions, and commercial trends related to the integration of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) technologies in modern 5th-generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) networks. This literature and market analysis is contextualized by [...] Read more.
This document presents a comprehensive review of research works, regulatory frameworks, technical solutions, and commercial trends related to the integration of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) technologies in modern 5th-generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) networks. This literature and market analysis is contextualized by the present geopolitical, environmental, and societal scenario in Europe. In this sense, decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector is a crucial piece in the energy transition puzzle to keep global warming below the critical threshold of 1.5 °C by the next century. Moreover, Ukraine war has added urgency to end up with fossil fuel dependency. The most relevant outcome of this literature review is the synergistic relationship between SGE, 5GDHC networks, and urban environments. SGE is most efficiently deployed in urban environments when it is part of a district heating and cooling network, and the modern concept of 5GDHC is the most suitable scenario for it. Since the potential contribution of SGE to the decarbonization of the heating and cooling supply is mostly untapped across Europe, this synergistic effect represents a possible boost. Hybridization with solar photovoltaics and/or storage makes it even more attractive. Outstanding cases are reviewed, challenges for the future are presented, and tools to overcome social reluctance and/or lack of awareness are described, along with a discussion of the stimuli for the deployment of SGE and 5GDHC networks. A particular focus on Mediterranean countries is presented, where SGE systems and DHC networks of any kind show a particularly low deployment compared to the rest of Europe. To this end, the second part of this work evaluates, justifies, and analyzes the possibilities and potentialities of their application in this zone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shallow Geothermal Energy in Densely Inhabited Areas)
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