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Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (19 November 2021) | Viewed by 35363

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jakub Jurasz

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MDH University, School of Business Society and Engineering, Högskoleplan 1, 722 20, Västerås, Sweden
AGH University, Faculty of Management, Department of Engineering Management, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: renewable energy sources; complementarity; energy storage; water–energy nexus
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Dr. Alexander Kies

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Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Interests: renewable energy; energy systems; machine learning; applied math; linear programming; large-scale power system optimization
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Dr. Pietro E. Campana

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School of Business Society and Engineering , Division of Sustainable Energy Systems, Mälardalen University, 722 20 Västerås, Sweden
Interests: water-food-energy nexus; water production; solar radiation assessment; artificial intelligence; renewable energy
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a widely accepted fact that we need to transform our power systems to sustainable energy in order to mitigate their negative impact on the natural environment and human health. However, the transformation itself is challenging and requires overcoming multiple obstacles. The complexity of the process is increasing due to the highly variable and weather-driven nature of two major new energy sources in the form of solar and wind. Such high stochasticity on the supply side of the energy market drastically changes the operating rules and conditions under which the power system is being managed, controlled, and developed.

We would like to invite you to contribute your articles documenting recent results on Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation. We accept unpublished research, case studies, and review articles on this general topic. We cordially ask you to clearly discuss how a given technology/system/method will contribute to facilitating the process of power system transformation.

Dr. Jakub Jurasz
Dr. Alexander Kies
Dr. Pietro E. Campana
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Renewable energy
Power system transformation
Energy storage technologies
Power to X (P2X)
Sector coupling
Flexibility
Demand-side management
Transmission technologies such as HVDC or FACTS
Novel market concepts
Penetration and curtailment of RE
Grid integration
Reliability and feasibility study
Multi-generation of RE

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 6012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Harvesting and Water Saving in Arid Regions via Solar PV Accommodation in Irrigation Canals

by Ayman Alhejji, Alban Kuriqi, Jakub Jurasz and Farag K. Abo-Elyousr

Energies 2021, 14(9), 2620; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092620 - 3 May 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 4380

Abstract

The Egyptian irrigation system depends mainly on canals that take water from the River Nile; nevertheless, the arid climate that dominates most of the country influences the high rate of water losses, mainly through evaporation. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop a practical approach that helps to accommodate solar photovoltaic (PV) panels over irrigation canals to reduce the water evaporation rate. Meanwhile, a solar PV panel can contribute effectively and economically to an on-grid system by generating a considerable amount of electricity. A hybrid system includes a solar PV panel and a diesel generator. Several factors such as the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), total net present cost, loss of power supply probability, and greenhouse gas emissions should be considered while developing a technoeconomically feasible grid-connected renewable integrated system. A mathematical formulation for the water loss was introduced and the evaporation loss was monthly estimated. Thus, this study also aims to enhance an innovative metaheuristic algorithm based on a cuckoo search optimizer to show the way forward for developing a technoeconomic study of an irrigation system integrated with an on-grid solar PV panel designed for a 20-year lifespan. The results are compared using the mature genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization to delimit the optimal size and configuration of the on-grid system. The optimal technoeconomic feasibility is connected to the graphical information system to delimit the optimal length and direction of the solar PV accommodation covering the canals. Finally, based on the simulated results, the optimal sizing and configuration of the irrigation-system-integrated on-grid solar PV accommodation have less impact on the LCOE without violating any constraint and, at the same time, generating clean energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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13 pages, 3211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Shaping A/W Heat Pumps CO₂ Emissions—Evidence from Poland

by Piotr Jadwiszczak, Jakub Jurasz, Bartosz Kaźmierczak, Elżbieta Niemierka and Wandong Zheng

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061576 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2030

Abstract

Heating and cooling sectors contribute to approximately 50% of energy consumption in the European Union. Considering the fact that heating is mostly based on fossil fuels, it is then evident that its decarbonization is one of the crucial tasks for achieving climate change prevention goals. At the same time, electricity sectors across the globe are undergoing a rapid transformation in order to accommodate the growing capacities of non-dispatchable solar and wind generators. One of the proposed solutions to achieve heating sector decarbonization and non-dispatchable generators power system integration is sector coupling, where heat pumps are perceived as a perfect fit. Air source heat pumps enable a rapid improvement in local air quality by replacing conventional heating sources, but at the same time, they put additional stress on the power system. The emissions associated with heat pump operation are a combination of power system energy mix, weather conditions and heat pump technology. Taking the above into consideration, this paper presents an approach to estimate which of the mentioned factors has the highest impact on heat pump emissions. Due to low air quality during the heating season, undergoing a power system transformation (with a relatively low share of renewables) in a case study located in Poland is considered. The results of the conducted analysis revealed that for a scenario where an air-to-water (A/W) heat pump is supposed to cover space and domestic hot water load, its CO₂ emissions are shaped by country-specific energy mix (55.2%), heat pump technology (coefficient of performance) (33.9%) and, to a lesser extent, by changing climate (10.9%). The outcome of this paper can be used by policy makers in designing decarbonization strategies and funding distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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21 pages, 4615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Hydropower in the Baltic States—Current Status and Potential for Future Development

by Egidijus Kasiulis, Petras Punys, Algis Kvaraciejus, Antanas Dumbrauskas and Linas Jurevičius

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6731; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246731 - 20 Dec 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4358

Abstract

Small hydropower (SHP) plays an important role in the Baltic States as a reliable and efficient source of electricity from renewable sources. This study presents the historical development, current status, and possible trends for the future development of SHP in the Baltic States with insights into the legal background and development policies for SHP in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. For the assessment of hydraulic structures in the Baltic States, the historical data was used supplemented with data from hydropower associations, the national departments of statistics, electricity transmission systems operators, etc. The currently recommended best practice for SHP development is the utilisation of existing sites with available infrastructure. These include old water mill sites and existing dam sites, which, in the Baltic States, number more than 1500. The majority of these sites have their power potential attributed to micro-hydro (<100 kW). In this study the potential of the hydropower capacity at historic, currently nonpowered dams is evaluated and the distribution of the micro-hydro sites within the EU network of protected areas under Natura 2000 and nationally designated areas is presented. The potential electricity generation from such historic sites in the Baltic States is more than 200 GWh/year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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21 pages, 6709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Minimum Head on Low-Head Hydropower Plants Energy Production and Profitability

by Bartosz Ceran, Jakub Jurasz, Robert Wróblewski, Adam Guderski, Daria Złotecka and Łukasz Kaźmierczak

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6728; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246728 - 20 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3808

Abstract

In Poland, existing barrages are characterized by relatively high flow and low head, which is challenging for the effective utilization of theoretical watercourse power. The paper presents the impact of the minimum head of the hydro sets on the annual electricity production of small hydropower plants at low-head locations for two types of water turbines: Archimedes and Kaplan turbines. A developed mathematical model was used to simulate energy yield from Archimedes and Kaplan turbines for a given value of the minimum technical head, depending on the number of installed hydro sets. For economic analysis purposes, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and net present value (NPV) indicators were calculated. The conducted research allowed for comparing Archimedes and Kaplan’s turbine operating conditions and how the minimum head parameter influences their electricity production and utilization time. As concluded in the results, the influence of minimum head in energy production is more distinct for the Archimedes screw technology than for the Kaplan turbine. The research shows that the decrease in energy production associated with the hydro unit’s minimum head parameter is from 0% to 30% for Kaplan, and it is 6% to 52% for Archimedes turbines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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18 pages, 3765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oscillation Damping for Wind Energy Conversion System with Doubly Fed Induction Generator Association with Synchronous Generator

by Farag K. Abo-Elyousr, Hossam S. Abbas, Ali M. Yousef, Nguyen Vu Quynh, Ziad M. Ali and Muhammad Shahzad Nazir

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5067; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195067 - 27 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2309

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to enhance the operation of renewable wind energy conversion (WEC) systems connected to power systems. To achieve this, we consider a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control approach for regulating the effects of a WEC system with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) on the synchronous generator (SG) rotor speed of the interconnected power system. First, we present the mathematical formulation of the interconnected power system comprises a single synchronous generator and a wind turbine with DFIG connected to an infinite bus bar system through a transmission line. We consider that the system is operated under various loading conditions and parameters variation. Second, a frequency damping oscillation observer is designed via Kalman filtering together with an optimal linear quadratic regulator to mitigate the impacts of the WEC system on the SG rotor speed. The performance of the developed interconnected power system is simulated using a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment to verify the effectiveness of the developed controller. In comparison with previously reported results, the proposed approach can stabilize the interconnected power system within 1.28 s compared to 1.3 s without the DFIG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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31 pages, 5651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources in Poland as a Part of Commitment to the Polish and EU Energy Policy

by Józef Paska, Tomasz Surma, Paweł Terlikowski and Krzysztof Zagrajek

Energies 2020, 13(16), 4261; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164261 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7984

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present the state of development of renewable energy sources (RES) in Poland in accordance with the obligations of European Union energy policy. The EU Member States are obliged to adopt different support mechanisms for the development of renewable energy sources, and in consequence to achieve their Directive’s targets. Poland, being a Member State of the EU since 2004, has accepted a target of a 15% share of energy generated from renewable energy sources in final energy consumption, including 19.3% from renewable electricity until 2020. Due to the difficulties with target achievement, the authors found it reasonable to analyze the challenge of RES development in Poland. The article presents energy policy in the EU, as well as the review of measures implemented for renewable energy development. The current state of and perspectives on using renewable energy sources in Poland and in the EU are also depicted. In the article, the authors analyze the relation between reference prices at dedicated RES auctions in Poland and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The paper also provides a description of the renewable energy sources’ development in three areas: electricity, heat and transport biofuels. Its main content, though, refers to the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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21 pages, 2654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Criteria Comparative Analysis of Clean Hydrogen Production Scenarios

by Bartosz Ceran

Energies 2020, 13(16), 4180; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164180 - 12 Aug 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3610

Abstract

Different hydrogen production scenarios need to be compared in regard to multiple, and often distinct aspects. It is well known that hydrogen production technologies based on environmentally-friendly renewable energy sources have higher values of the economic indicators than methods based on fossil fuels. Therefore, how should this decision criterion (environmental) prevail over the other types of decision criteria (technical and economic) to make a scenario where hydrogen production only uses renewable energy sources the most attractive option for a decision-maker? This article presents the results of a multi-variant comparative analysis of scenarios to annually produce one million tons of pure hydrogen (99.999%) via electrolysis in Poland. The compared variants were found to differ in terms of electricity sources feeding the electrolyzers. The research demonstrated that the scenario where hydrogen production uses energy from photovoltaics only becomes the best option for the environmental criterion weighting value at 61%. Taking the aging effect of photovoltaic installation (PV) panels and electrolyzers after 10 years of operation into account, the limit value of the environmental criterion rises to 63%. The carried out analyses may serve as the basis for the creation of systems supporting the development of clean and green hydrogen production technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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19 pages, 3374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complementarity between Combined Heat and Power Systems, Solar PV and Hydropower at a District Level: Sensitivity to Climate Characteristics along an Alpine Transect

by Handriyanti Diah Puspitarini, Baptiste François, Marco Baratieri, Casey Brown, Mattia Zaramella and Marco Borga

Energies 2020, 13(16), 4156; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164156 - 11 Aug 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2349

Abstract

Combined heat and power systems (CHP) produce heat and electricity simultaneously. Their resulting high efficiency makes them more attractive from the energy managers’ perspective than other conventional thermal systems. Although heat is a by-product of the electricity generation process, system operators usually operate CHP systems to satisfy heat demand. Electricity generation from CHP is thus driven by the heat demand, which follows the variability of seasonal temperature, and thus is not always correlated with the fluctuation of electricity demand. Consequently, from the perspective of the electricity grid operator, CHP systems can be seen as a non-controllable energy source similar to other renewable energy sources such as solar, wind or hydro. In this study, we investigate how ‘non-controllable’ electricity generation from CHP systems combines with ‘non-controllable’ electricity generation from solar photovoltaic panels (PV) and run-of-the river (RoR) hydropower at a district level. Only these three energy sources are considered within a 100% renewable mix scenario. Energy mixes with different shares of CHP, solar and RoR are evaluated regarding their contribution to total energy supply and their capacity to reduce generation variability. This analysis is carried out over an ensemble of seventeen catchments in North Eastern Italy located along a climate transect ranging from high elevation and snow dominated head-water catchments to rain-fed and wet basins at lower elevations. Results show that at a district scale, integration of CHP systems with solar photovoltaic and RoR hydropower leads to higher demand satisfaction and lower variability of the electricity balance. Results also show that including CHP in the energy mix modifies the optimal relative share between solar and RoR power generation. Results are consistent across the climate transect. For some districts, using the electricity from CHP might also be a better solution than building energy storage for solar PV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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20 pages, 903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Series PV Hosting Capacity Assessment with Storage Deployment

by Magdalena Bartecka, Grazia Barchi and Józef Paska

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2524; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102524 - 15 May 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

Europe aims to diversify energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. On this field, large PV power growth is observed that may cause problems in existing networks. This paper examines the impact of distributed PV systems on voltage quality in a low voltage feeder in terms of the European standard EN 50160. As the standard defines allowable percentage of violation during one week period, time-series analyses are done to assess PV hosting capacity. The simulations are conducted with 10-minute step and comprise variable load profiles based on Gaussian Mixture Model and PV profiles based on a distribution with experimentally obtained parameters. In addition, the outcomes are compared with “snapshot” simulations. Next, it is examined how energy storage utilization affects the hosting capacity. Several deployments of energy storages are presented with different number and capacity. In particular, a greedy algorithm is proposed to determine the sub-optimal energy storage deployment based on the voltage deviation minimization. The simulations show that time-series analyses in comparison with snapshot analyses give completely different results and change the level of PV hosting capacity. Moreover, incorrect energy storage capacity selection and location may cause even deterioration of power quality in electrical systems with high RES penetration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Power System Transformation)

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