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19 pages, 1934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Shared Mobility Services during the Pandemic: Modeling Aspects of Transportation

by Katarzyna Turoń, Andrzej Kubik and Feng Chen

Energies 2021, 14(9), 2622; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092622 - 3 May 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3959

Abstract

The global spread of the COVID-19 virus has led to difficulties in many branches of the economy, including significant effects on the urban transport industry. Thus, countries around the world have introduced different mobility policies during the pandemic. Due to government restrictions and [...] Read more.

The global spread of the COVID-19 virus has led to difficulties in many branches of the economy, including significant effects on the urban transport industry. Thus, countries around the world have introduced different mobility policies during the pandemic. Due to government restrictions and the changed behaviors of transport users, companies providing modern urban mobility solutions were forced to introduce new business practices to their services. These practices are also apparent in the context of the electric shared mobility industry. Although many aspects and problems of electric shared mobility have been addressed in scientific research, pandemic scenarios have not been taken into account. Noticing this research gap, we aimed to update a previously developed model of factors that influence the operation of electric shared mobility by incorporating aspects related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on this industry. This article aims to identify the main factors influencing the electric shared mobility industry during the COVID-19 and post-lockdown periods, together with their operation areas and the involved stakeholders. The research was carried out on the basis of expert interviews, social network analysis (SNA), and the use of the R environment. The article also presents sustainable transport management recommendations for cities and transport service operators, which can be implemented after a lockdown caused by an epidemic. The results in this paper can be used to support transport modeling and the creation of new policies, business models, and sustainable development recommendations. The contents will also be helpful to researchers worldwide in preparing literature reviews for articles related to sustainable management in the COVID-19 pandemic reality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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20 pages, 3943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of the Flexibility Potential through Smart Charging of Battery Electric Vehicles and the Effects on the Future Electricity Supply System in Germany

by Felix Guthoff, Nikolai Klempp and Kai Hufendiek

Energies 2021, 14(9), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092383 - 22 Apr 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

Electrification offers an opportunity to decarbonize the transport sector, but it might also increase the need for flexibility options in the energy system, as the uncoordinated charging process of battery electric vehicles (BEV) can lead to a demand with high simultaneity. [...] Read more.

Electrification offers an opportunity to decarbonize the transport sector, but it might also increase the need for flexibility options in the energy system, as the uncoordinated charging process of battery electric vehicles (BEV) can lead to a demand with high simultaneity. However, coordinating BEV charging by means of smart charging control can also offer substantial flexibility potential. This potential is limited by restrictions resulting from individual mobility behavior and preferences. It cannot be assumed that storage capacity will be available at times when the impact of additional flexibility potential is highest from a systemic point of view. Hence, it is important to determine the flexibility available per vehicle in high temporal (and spatial) resolution. Therefore, in this paper a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo simulation is carried out based on a vast empirical data set to quantify mobility profiles as accurately as possible and to subsequently derive charging load profiles. An hourly flexibility potential is derived and integrated as load shift potential into a linear optimization model for the simultaneous cost-optimal calculation of the dispatch of technology options and long-term capacity planning to meet a given electricity demand. It is shown that the costs induced by BEV charging are largely determined by the profile costs from the combination of the profiles of charging load and renewable generation, and not only by the additional energy and capacity demand. If the charging process can be flexibly controlled, the storage requirement can be reduced and generation from renewable energies can be better integrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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23 pages, 4269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Policies Affect the Dissemination of Electric Passenger Cars Worldwide

by Marina Siebenhofer, Amela Ajanovic and Reinhard Haas

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2093; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082093 - 9 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3611

Abstract

Road transportation is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gas emissions. The EU set the target to reduce overall transport emissions by 60% by 2050 compared to 1990. Electric mobility is considered a proper means to achieve this goal. Battery electric vehicles [...] Read more.

Road transportation is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gas emissions. The EU set the target to reduce overall transport emissions by 60% by 2050 compared to 1990. Electric mobility is considered a proper means to achieve this goal. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are a mature technology. The high investment costs, limited driving range and a charging infrastructure that is not extensive yet are currently the main challenges. This work analyses how policies affect the dissemination of BEVs in selected countries with remarkable market shares of BEVs. The core objective is to investigate how policies affect BEV economics compared to conventional car economics. Financial policies and their effects on BEVs for the major markets of China, the USA and Europe were analysed. To do so, the total cost of ownership (TCO) was calculated for each country. The major conclusions were: (i) The investment cost of a car had the most significant impact on the TCO; (ii) Low TCO as an incentive was not enough to ensure successful BEV dissemination; (iii) Non-monetary incentives such as access to certain zones and the usage of bus lanes for BEVs combined with registration taxes, low electricity prices and high fuel prices were very favourable conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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19 pages, 23264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Stochastic Electricity Demand of Electric Vehicles Based on Traffic Surveys—The Case of Austria

by Albert Hiesl, Jasmine Ramsebner and Reinhard Haas

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061577 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2429

Abstract

Battery-powered electric mobility is currently the most promising technology for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, alongside hydrogen-powered vehicles, provided that the electricity used comes 100% from renewable energy sources. To estimate its electricity demand both nationwide and in individual smaller communities, a [...] Read more.

Battery-powered electric mobility is currently the most promising technology for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, alongside hydrogen-powered vehicles, provided that the electricity used comes 100% from renewable energy sources. To estimate its electricity demand both nationwide and in individual smaller communities, a calculation based assessment on driving profiles that are as realistic as possible is required. The developed model based analysis presented in this paper for the creation of driving and thus electricity load profiles makes it possible to build different compositions of driving profiles. The focus of this paper lies in the analysis of motorised private transport, which makes it possible to assess future charging and load control potentials in a subsequent analysis. We outline the differences in demand and driving profiles for weekdays as well as for Saturdays, Sundays and holidays in general. Furthermore, the modelling considers the length distribution of the individual trips per trip purpose and different start times. The developed method allows to create individual driving and electric vehicle (EV) demand profiles as well as averaged driving profiles, which can then be scaled up and analysed for an entire country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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20 pages, 4144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromobility and Flexibility Management on a Non-Interconnected Island

by Enea Mele, Anastasios Natsis, Aphrodite Ktena, Christos Manasis and Nicholas Assimakis

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051337 - 1 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

The increasing penetration of electrical vehicles (EVs), on the way to decarbonizing the transportation sector, presents several challenges and opportunities for the end users, the distribution grid, and the electricity markets. Uncontrollable EV charging may increase peak demand and impact the grid stability [...] Read more.

The increasing penetration of electrical vehicles (EVs), on the way to decarbonizing the transportation sector, presents several challenges and opportunities for the end users, the distribution grid, and the electricity markets. Uncontrollable EV charging may increase peak demand and impact the grid stability and reliability, especially in the case of non-interconnected microgrids such as the distribution grids of small islands. On the other hand, if EVs are considered as flexible loads and distributed storage, they may offer Vehicle to Grid (V2G) services and contribute to demand-side management through smart charging and discharging. In this work, we present a study on the penetration of EVs and the flexibility they may offer for services to the grid, using a genetic algorithm for optimum valley filling and peak shaving for the case of a non-interconnected island where the electricity demand is several times higher during the summer due to the influx of tourists. Test cases have been developed for various charging/discharging strategies and mobility patterns. Their results are discussed with respect to the current generating capacity of the island as well as the future case where part of the electricity demand will have to be met by renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic plants, in order to minimize the island’s carbon footprint. Higher EV penetration, in the range of 20–25%, is enabled through smart charging strategies and V2G services, especially for load profiles with a large difference between the peak and low demands. However, the EV penetration and available flexibility is subject to the mobility needs and limited by the population and the size of the road network of the island itself rather than the grid needs and constraints. Limitations and challenges concerning efficient V2G services on a non-interconnected microgrid are identified. The results will be used in the design of a smart charging controller linked to the microgrid’s energy management system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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25 pages, 1824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Vehicles Ready for Breakthrough in MaaS? Consumer Adoption of E-Car Sharing and E-Scooter Sharing as a Part of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)

by Paula Brezovec and Nina Hampl

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041088 - 19 Feb 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6541

Abstract

Current mobility trends indicate that the popularity of privately-owned cars will decrease in the near future. One reason for this development is the diffusion of mobility services such as car or bike sharing, or Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) bundles. Especially, MaaS bundles have the potential [...] Read more.

Current mobility trends indicate that the popularity of privately-owned cars will decrease in the near future. One reason for this development is the diffusion of mobility services such as car or bike sharing, or Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) bundles. Especially, MaaS bundles have the potential to respond to environmental issues and provide reliable mobility to users, thus illustrating the possibilities of being mobile without owning a car. Most of the past research on MaaS bundles, however, has focused on bigger cities that already have good infrastructural bases. Building on previous work in the MaaS field, we conducted a choice-based conjoint survey (n = 247) in Austria to investigate consumer preferences for MaaS packages in a suburban area. Further, we gathered data on the consumers’ willingness to pay, especially for including electric vehicles in the form of e-car sharing and e-scooter sharing in MaaS packages. The results highlight the importance of package price as the attribute with the highest impact on purchase intention. Further, participants in our study most preferred MaaS packages that included e-car sharing to ones with e-scooter sharing. Using latent class analysis, we classified the respondents into three different segments with varying preferences for MaaS bundle features, and conducted market simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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20 pages, 5354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discussing the Actual Impact of Optimizing Cost and GHG Emission Minimal Charging of Electric Vehicles in Distributed Energy Systems

by Maximilian Schulz and Kai Hufendiek

Energies 2021, 14(3), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030786 - 2 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

Electric vehicles represent a promising opportunity to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets in the transport sector. Integrating them comprehensively into the energy system requires smart control strategies for the charging processes. In this paper we concentrate on charging processes at the end [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles represent a promising opportunity to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets in the transport sector. Integrating them comprehensively into the energy system requires smart control strategies for the charging processes. In this paper we concentrate on charging processes at the end users home. From the perspective of an end user, optimizing of charging electric vehicles might strive for different targets: cost minimization of power purchase for the individual household or—as proposed more often recently—minimization of GHG emissions. These targets are sometimes competing and cannot generally be achieved at the same time as the results show. In this paper, we present approaches of considering these targets by controlling charging processes at the end users home. We investigate the influence of differently designed optimizing charging strategies for this purpose, considering the electrical purchase cost as well as the GHG emissions and compare them with the conventional uncontrolled charging strategy using the example of a representative household of a single family. Therefore, we assumed a detailed trip profile of such a household equipped with a local generation and storage system at the same time. We implemented the mentioned strategies and compare the results concerning effects on annual GHG emissions and annual energy purchase costs of the household. Regarding GHG emissions we apply a recently proposed approach by other authors based on hourly emission factors. We discuss the effectivity of this approach and derive, that there is hardly no real impact on actual GHG emissions in the overall system. As incorporating this GHG target into the objective function increases cost, we appraise such theoretical GHG target therefore counterproductive. In conclusion, we would thus like to appeal for dynamic electricity prices for decentralised energy systems, leading at the same time to cost efficient charging of electric vehicles unfolding clear incentives for end users, which is GHG friendly at the end. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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18 pages, 5641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Mobility in Cities: The Case of Vienna

by Amela Ajanovic, Marina Siebenhofer and Reinhard Haas

Energies 2021, 14(1), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010217 - 4 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4625

Abstract

Environmental problems such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are especially challenging in urban areas. Electric mobility in different forms may be a solution. While in recent years a major focus was put on private electric vehicles, e-mobility in public transport is [...] Read more.

Environmental problems such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are especially challenging in urban areas. Electric mobility in different forms may be a solution. While in recent years a major focus was put on private electric vehicles, e-mobility in public transport is already a very well-established and mature technology with a long history. The core objective of this paper is to analyze the economics of e-mobility in the Austrian capital of Vienna and the corresponding impact on the environment. In this paper, the historical developments, policy framework and scenarios for the future development of mobility in Vienna up to 2030 are presented. A major result shows that in an ambitious scenario for the deployment of battery electric vehicles, the total energy demand in road transport can be reduced by about 60% in 2030 compared to 2018. The major conclusion is that the policies, especially subsidies and emission-free zones will have the largest impact on the future development of private and public e-mobility in Vienna. Regarding the environmental performance, the most important is to ensure that a very high share of electricity used for electric mobility is generated from renewable energy sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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28 pages, 4466 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Points Based on Efficient Use of Chargers and Providing Private Charging Spaces

by Lukáš Dvořáček, Martin Horák, Michaela Valentová and Jaroslav Knápek

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6750; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246750 - 21 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4197

Abstract

Electric vehicles are a mobility innovation that can help significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. However, increasing numbers of electric vehicles require the construction of a dense charging infrastructure with a sufficient number of chargers. Based on the identified requirements [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles are a mobility innovation that can help significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. However, increasing numbers of electric vehicles require the construction of a dense charging infrastructure with a sufficient number of chargers. Based on the identified requirements for existing electric vehicle users and potential new customers, the paper proposes a charging point model for an urban area equipped with a local transformer station and a sufficient number of low-power chargers. In particular, the model focuses on efficient use of chargers throughout the day, considering private rental of chargers paid by residents in the evening. The model uses an optimization method that compares the non-covered fixed costs due to unsold electricity to nonresidents and the annualized costs of building an additional transformer. The proposed optimal charging point solution was tested in a case study using real data capturing users’ habits and their arrivals in and departures from the car park. As our model results show, the great benefit of a park-and-ride car park equipped with chargers consists of a simple increase in car park efficiency, ensuring sufficient numbers of private charging lots, optimizing operating costs, and supporting the development of electromobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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19 pages, 4993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selecting E-Mobility Transport Solutions for Mountain Rescue Operations

by Christian Wankmüller, Maximilian Kunovjanek, Robert Gennaro Sposato and Gerald Reiner

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6613; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246613 - 15 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3268

Abstract

This study introduces e-mobility for humanitarian purposes and presents the first investigation of innovative e-mobility transport solutions (e.g., e-bike, e-stretcher, and drone) for mountain rescue. In practice, it is largely unclear which e-mobility transport solutions might be suitable and what selection attributes are [...] Read more.

This study introduces e-mobility for humanitarian purposes and presents the first investigation of innovative e-mobility transport solutions (e.g., e-bike, e-stretcher, and drone) for mountain rescue. In practice, it is largely unclear which e-mobility transport solutions might be suitable and what selection attributes are to be considered. The subsequent study supports the technology selection process by identifying and measuring relevant selection attributes to facilitate the adoption of e-mobility in this domain. For the purpose of this study, a multi-method research approach that combines qualitative and quantitative elements was applied. In the first step, results of a systematic search for attributes in literature were combined with inputs gained from unstructured expert interviews and discussions. The perceived importance of the identified selection attributes was then measured by analyzing survey data of 341 rescue workers using the best-worst scaling methodology. Finally, the results were reiterated in another expert discussion to assess their overall validity. Study results indicate that e-mobility transport solutions need to primarily enhance operational performance and support the safety of mountain rescue personnel. Surprisingly, economic and sustainability aspects are less of an issue in the process of technology selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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31 pages, 4130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Impacts of Charging Concepts for Battery Electric Vehicles: A Comparison of On-Board and Off-Board Charging Systems Based on a Life Cycle Assessment

by Mona Kabus, Lars Nolting, Benedict J. Mortimer, Jan C. Koj, Wilhelm Kuckshinrichs, Rik W. De Doncker and Aaron Praktiknjo

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6508; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246508 - 9 Dec 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5167

Abstract

We investigate the environmental impacts of on-board (based on alternating current, AC) and off-board (based on direct current, DC) charging concepts for electric vehicles using Life Cycle Assessment and considering a maximum charging power of 22 kW (AC) and 50 kW (DC). Our [...] Read more.

We investigate the environmental impacts of on-board (based on alternating current, AC) and off-board (based on direct current, DC) charging concepts for electric vehicles using Life Cycle Assessment and considering a maximum charging power of 22 kW (AC) and 50 kW (DC). Our results show that the manufacturing of chargers provokes the highest contribution to environmental impacts of the production phase. Within the chargers, the filters could be identified as main polluters for all power levels. When comparing the results on a system level, the DC system causes less environmental impact than the AC system in all impact categories. In our diffusion scenarios for electric vehicles, annual emission reductions of up to 35 million kg CO₂-eq. could be achieved when the DC system is used instead of the AC system. In addition to the environmental assessment, we examine economic effects. Here, we find annual savings of up to 8.5 million euros, when the DC system is used instead of the AC system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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36 pages, 10216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Second Life Batteries Used in Energy Storage for Frequency Containment Reserve Service

by Lukáš Janota, Tomáš Králík and Jaroslav Knápek

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6396; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236396 - 3 Dec 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4281

Abstract

The new Li-ion battery systems used in electric vehicles have an average capacity of 50 kWh and are expected to be discarded when they reach approximately 80% of their initial capacity, because they are considered to no longer be sufficient for traction purposes. [...] Read more.

The new Li-ion battery systems used in electric vehicles have an average capacity of 50 kWh and are expected to be discarded when they reach approximately 80% of their initial capacity, because they are considered to no longer be sufficient for traction purposes. Based on the official national future development scenarios and subsequent mathematical modeling of the number of electric vehicles (EVs), up to 400 GWh of storage capacity in discharged batteries will be available on the EU market by 2035. Therefore, since the batteries still have a considerable capacity after the end of their first life, they could be used in many stationary applications during their second life, such as support for renewables, flexibility, energy arbitrage, peak shaving, etc. Due to the high output power achieved in a short time, one of the most promising applications of these batteries are ancillary services. The study assesses the economic efficiency of the used batteries and presents several main scenarios depending on the likely future development of the interconnected EU regulatory energy market. The final results indicate that the best results of second-life batteries utilization lie in the provision of Frequency Containment Reserve Service, both from a technical and economic point of view. The internal rate of return fluctuates from 8% to 21% in the realistic scenario, and it supports the idea that such systems might be able to be in operation without any direct financial subsidies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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23 pages, 8600 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Efficient Load Management for BEV Charging Infrastructure in Multi-Apartment Buildings

by Jasmine Ramsebner, Albert Hiesl and Reinhard Haas

Energies 2020, 13(22), 5927; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225927 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3545

Abstract

Interest in and demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is growing strongly due to the increasing awareness of climate change and specific decarbonization goals. One of the largest challenges remains the provision of large-scale, efficient charging infrastructure in multi-apartment buildings. Successful load management [...] Read more.

Interest in and demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is growing strongly due to the increasing awareness of climate change and specific decarbonization goals. One of the largest challenges remains the provision of large-scale, efficient charging infrastructure in multi-apartment buildings. Successful load management (LM) for BEV charging directly influences the technical requirements and the economic and environmental aspects of charging infrastructure and can prevent costly distribution grid expansion. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate potential LM approaches in multi-apartment buildings to avoid an increase in existing electricity demand peaks with BEV diffusion. Using our model parameters, off-peak charging achieved a 40% reduction in the building’s demand peak at 100% BEV diffusion compared to uncontrolled charging and reduced the correlation between BEV charging and the national share of thermal power generation. The most efficient charging capacity in the private network was achieved at 0.44 kW/BEV. A verification of the model results with the demonstration phase of the “Urcharge” project supports our overall findings. Our results outline the advantages of LM across a large-scale BEV charging network to control the impact on the electricity system along with the diffusion of e-mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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17 pages, 648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Different Charging Strategies for Electric Vehicles in an Austrian Office Site

by Carlo Corinaldesi, Georg Lettner, Daniel Schwabeneder, Amela Ajanovic and Hans Auer

Energies 2020, 13(22), 5858; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225858 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4421

Abstract

Electric vehicles represent a necessary alternative for wheeled transportation to meet the global and national targets specified in the Paris Agreement of 2016. However, the high concentration of electric vehicles exposes their harmful effects on the power grid. This reflects negatively on electricity [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles represent a necessary alternative for wheeled transportation to meet the global and national targets specified in the Paris Agreement of 2016. However, the high concentration of electric vehicles exposes their harmful effects on the power grid. This reflects negatively on electricity market prices, making the charging of electric vehicles less cost-effective. This study investigates the economic potential of different charging strategies for an existing office site in Austria with multiple charging infrastructures. For this purpose, a proper mathematical representation of the investigated case study is needed in order to define multiple optimization problems that are able to determine the financial potential of different charging strategies. This paper presents a method to implement electric vehicles and stationary battery storage in optimization problems with the exclusive use of linear relationships and applies it to a real-life use case with measured data to prove its effectiveness. Multiple aspects of four charging strategies are investigated, and sensitivity analyses are performed. The results show that the management of the electric vehicles charging processes leads to overall costs reduction of more than 30% and an increase in specific power-related grid prices makes the charging processes management more convenient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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30 pages, 3337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Bidirectionally Chargeable Electric Vehicles into the Electricity Markets

by Timo Kern, Patrick Dossow and Serafin von Roon

Energies 2020, 13(21), 5812; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215812 - 6 Nov 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6247

Abstract

Replacing traditional internal combustion engine vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs) proves to be challenging for the transport sector, particularly due to the higher initial investment. As EVs could be more profitable by participating in the electricity markets, the aim of this paper is [...] Read more.

Replacing traditional internal combustion engine vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs) proves to be challenging for the transport sector, particularly due to the higher initial investment. As EVs could be more profitable by participating in the electricity markets, the aim of this paper is to investigate revenue potentials when marketing bidirectionally chargeable electric vehicles in the spot market. To simulate a realistic marketing behavior of electric vehicles, a mixed integer linear, rolling horizon optimization model is formulated considering real trading times in the day-ahead and intraday market. Results suggest that revenue potentials are strongly dependent on the EV pool, the user behavior and the regulatory framework. Modeled potential revenues of EVs of current average size marketed with 2019 German day-ahead prices are found to be at around 200 €/EV/a, which is comparable to other findings in literature, and go up to 500 €/EV/a for consecutive trading in German day-ahead and intraday markets. For future EVs with larger batteries and higher efficiencies, potential revenues for current market prices can reach up to 1300 €/EV/a. This study finds that revenues differ widely for different European countries and future perspectives. The identified revenues give EV owners a clear incentive to participate in vehicle-to-grid use cases, thereby increasing much needed flexibility for the energy system of the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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23 pages, 1033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Profitable Decarbonization through E-Mobility

by Gürkan Kumbaroğlu, Cansu Canaz, Jonathan Deason and Ekundayo Shittu

Energies 2020, 13(16), 4042; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164042 - 5 Aug 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3833

Abstract

This paper focuses on the interdependent relationship of power generation, transportation and CO

_{2}

emissions to evaluate the impact of electric vehicle deployment on power generation and CO

_{2}

emissions. The value of this evaluation is in the employment of a large-scale, bottom-up, [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the interdependent relationship of power generation, transportation and CO

_{2}

emissions to evaluate the impact of electric vehicle deployment on power generation and CO

_{2}

emissions. The value of this evaluation is in the employment of a large-scale, bottom-up, national energy modeling system that encompasses the complex relationships of producing, transforming, transmitting and supplying energy to meet the useful demand characteristics with great technological detail. One of such models employed in this analysis is the BUEMS model. The BUEMS model provides evidence of win-win policy options that lead to profitable decarbonization using Turkey’s data in BUEMS. Specifically, the result shows that a ban on diesel fueled vehicles reduces lifetime emissions as well as lifetime costs. Furthermore, model results highlight the cost-effective emission reduction potential of e-buses in urban transportation. More insights from the results indicate that the marginal cost of emission reduction through e-bus transportation is much lower than that through other policy measures such as carbon taxation in transport. This paper highlights the crucial role the electricity sector plays in the sustainability of e-mobility and the value of related policy prescriptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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Review

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25 pages, 5653 KiB

Open AccessReview

On the Historical Development and Future Prospects of Various Types of Electric Mobility

by Amela Ajanovic, Reinhard Haas and Manfred Schrödl

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041070 - 18 Feb 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5227

Abstract

Environmental problems such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are caused by almost all transport modes. A potential solution to these problems could be electric mobility. Currently, efforts to increase the use of various types of electric vehicles are under way virtually [...] Read more.

Environmental problems such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are caused by almost all transport modes. A potential solution to these problems could be electric mobility. Currently, efforts to increase the use of various types of electric vehicles are under way virtually worldwide. While in recent years a major focus was put on the electrification of passenger cars, electricity has already, for more than hundred years, been successfully used in some public transport modes such as tramways and metros. The core objective of this paper is to analyze the historical developments and the prospects of electric mobility in different transport modes and their potential contribution to the solution of the current environmental problems. With respect to the latter, we analyze the effect of the electricity generation mix on the environmental performance of electric vehicles. In addition, we document major policies implemented to promote various types of e-mobility. Our major conclusions are: (i) The policies implemented will have a major impact on the future development of electric mobility; (ii) The environmental benignity of electric vehicles depends to a large extent on the electricity generation mix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Electric Mobility: Systemic, Economic and Environmental Issues)

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