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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H1: Petroleum Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (23 April 2023) | Viewed by 27875

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Dr. Gan Feng

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Interests: rock mechanics; geothermal exploitation; shale gas exploitation
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Dr. Qingxiang Meng

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School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Interests: multiscale analysis; rock mechanics; numerical simulation
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Dr. Fei Wu

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State Key Laboratory for the Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Controls, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: rock mechanics
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Dr. Gan Li

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
Interests: soft rock support; numerical simulation; tunnel support
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Greetings from the guest editors of the Energies Special Issue on “Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology”.

We cordially invite you to submit your high-quality manuscripts to the Special Issue of the journal Energies on advanced coal, petroleum, and nature gas exploration technology. This Special Issue will cover a broad range of topics concerning coal, petroleum, nature gas, coalbed methane, shale oil, combustible ice, and other fossil energy, including exploration, reservoir characterization, machine learning applications, well logging, and geological aspects, and approach those topics from both an exploration and a production standpoint. We invite papers on innovative technical developments, reviews, case studies, as well as analytical and assessment papers from different disciplines that are relevant to the topic.

Dr. Gan Feng
Prof. Dr. Qingxiang Meng
Prof. Dr. Fei Wu
Dr. Gan Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

unconventional resources
reservoir characterization
enhanced oil recovery
multiphase flow
numerical simulation
energy efficiency
petroleum geology
hydraulic fracturing

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

5 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas Exploration Technology

by Gan Feng, Hongqiang Xie, Qingxiang Meng, Fei Wu and Gan Li

Energies 2022, 15(23), 8976; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238976 - 28 Nov 2022

Viewed by 2378

Abstract

Oil, coal, and natural gas are traditional fossil energy sources and the main components of primary energy consumption globally [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 3125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Evolution Law of Deep Rock Cracks and the Mechanism of Graded Gradient Support

by Zijie Hong, Zhenhua Li, Feng Du, Zhengzheng Cao and Chun Zhu

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031183 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1597

Abstract

The surrounding rock of deep roadway is mostly composed of fractured rock. The deformation of roadway surrounding rock is complicated, which not only involves the stress change, but also involves the support means. This paper aims to study the deformation and fracture evolution law of surrounding rock in deep underground engineering. According to the stress rebalancing characteristics, after roadway excavation, the development and evolution characteristics of surrounding rock cracks are studied. At the same time, different seepage zones are divided according to the relationship between surrounding rock failure and its total stress–strain, that is, complete seepage zone, seepage shielding zone, and proto-rock seepage zone. The crack distribution characteristics of surrounding rock are studied, and the graded control of gradient support is proposed. In the broken area, the gradient bearing shell outside the roadway is achieved by means of bolting and high-strength grouting. As the cracks and pore sizes in the plastic zone gradually decrease along the radial stress direction of the roadway, and the open cracks gradually change into closed cracks, it is difficult for ordinary grouting materials to complete better consolidation and filling. Therefore, small particle size grouting reinforcement materials are studied. The plastic zone (fracture zone) is reinforced with nano-scale grouting material, and the internal three-dimensional gradient bearing shell is formed by combining with the anchor cable. This research plays an important guiding role in the stability of deep roadway surrounding rock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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10 pages, 1742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Characterisation Method of Effective Two-Phase Seepage Flow in the Construction of Gas Storage Reservoirs

by Guoying Jiao, Shijie Zhu, Fei Xie, Shuhe Yang, Zuping Xiang and Jiangen Xu

Energies 2023, 16(1), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010242 - 26 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1352

Abstract

During the rebuilding of a gas reservoir, repeated “strong injection and mining” processes change the seepage capacities of gas and water. Hence, accurately determining the seepage laws of gas and water in a gas storage reservoir is crucial. In this study, a standard relative permeability test was conducted with a one-dimensional core. Additionally, a gas reservoir injection and mining simulation experiment was conducted with a two-dimensional plate. The results show that the relative permeability curve obtained by the one-dimensional core test did not accurately reflect the operation characteristics of the gas storage and the change in the seepage law during the gas reservoir construction. Furthermore, in the two-dimensional plate experiment, the operation mode was restored using the plane radial flow formula, the mutual relationship between the gas and water’s effective permeability under different injection stages was established, and the multi-cycle injection operation was accurately described. This method lays the foundation for the construction of gas reservoirs and the establishment of the multi-phase seepage law for gas reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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17 pages, 2477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Accuracy of Fracture Criteria in Predicting Fracture Characteristics of Granite with Different Occurrence Depths

by Chenbo Liu, Gan Feng, Hongqiang Xie, Jilan Wang, Zhipan Duan, Ye Tao, Gongda Lu, Huining Xu, Yaoqing Hu, Chun Li, Yuefei Hu, Qiuhong Wu and Lu Chen

Energies 2022, 15(23), 9248; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239248 - 6 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

The fracture network of a deep geothermal reservoir forms the place for heat exchange between injected fluid and rock mass with high temperature. The fracture resistance ability of reservoir rocks will affect the formation of fracture-network structure, heat exchange and transmission characteristics, and reservoir mechanical stability. However, there are few reports on the fracture toughness and trajectory prediction of geothermal reservoirs with different depths. In this paper, the modified maximum tangential stress criterion (MMTS) is analyzed. The results show that the experimental data are significantly different from the theoretical estimate of MMTS under the influence of different occurrence depths. It is found that the fracture process zone (FPZ) seriously affects the accuracy of predicting fracture initiation angle and mixed-mode (I+II) fracture toughness by MMTS. The FPZ value, considering the influence of different occurrence depths, is modified, and the accuracy of MMTS in predicting the fracture mechanical characteristics of granite is improved. In addition, the mechanical test results show that the Brazilian splitting strength (σ_t) of granite fluctuates increase with the increase in temperature. With the increase in deviatoric stress, the Brazilian splitting strength and the Brazilian splitting modulus of rock show a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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12 pages, 9236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Mechanism of Water Blocking in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs Based on Centrifugal and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods

by Jianye Zhang, Yong Tang, Hongfeng Wang, Lan Huang, Faming Liao, Yongbing Liu and Yiming Chen

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6680; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186680 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1600

Abstract

Tight sandstone gas reservoirs are characterized by deep burial, high pressure, tight matrix, fracture development, and the prevalence of edge and bottom water. Because of the small pore throats, the phenomenon of capillary force is evident. In addition, the low permeability of the reservoir and the difference in fluid properties make the gas reservoir undergo severe water-blocking damage. In this paper, centrifugal and nuclear magnetic resonance methods are used. The relationship between pore throat characteristics, fluid distribution, and gas reservoir water-blocking mechanism is studied and analyzed. The experimental results show that fracture formation increases the porosity of the small pores and expands the pore size distribution. It is conducive to the displacement of the bound water in the small pore space and the reduction in the bound water saturation. When increasing the same displacement pressure, the core porosity increases. More residual water in the tiny pores is converted to moveable water, thereby reducing the capillary resistance. The high-angle penetration fractures and complex seam networks are created by fractures. They connect the pores to form a fracture network structure, which is conducive to the communication of seepage channels. The increase in porosity and the creation of a complex fracture network make the water inrush along the fractures more even in the process of mining. This slows the advance speed of the water invasion front and reduces the damage of water blocking. The results enhance the understanding of the water invasion mechanism of edge and bottom water so as to improve the recovery factors of tight sandstone gas reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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18 pages, 6702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Axial Flow and Swirling Flow on Particle Pickup in Horizontal Pneumatic Conveying

by Yun Ji, Yating Hao, Ning Yi, Tianyuan Guan, Dianrong Gao and Yingna Liang

Energies 2022, 15(17), 6126; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176126 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

Pneumatic conveying is widely used in coal mining. As the lowest conveying velocity of materials, the pickup velocity is the key to the study of gas–solid two-phase flow. In this study, the pickup velocity of pebble particles was experimentally investigated. When the particle size is 3–9 mm, the airflow velocity was found to suitably describe the results as a function of the pickup velocity and have a high correlation. When the swirl number is 0.2, the optimal swirl number was found for which the highest particle pickup ratio was observed. Based on four different methods, namely, visual observation, mass weighing, coefficient of difference analysis, and determination of the peak-average ratio of the pressure drop in the flow field to measure the pickup velocity of the spraying material, the results showed that the accuracy of the particle pickup velocity obtained through visual observation was the lowest, and when the mass–loss rate of the particle was selected as the measurement index of the pickup velocity, the accuracy was the highest. The results will help to realize the long-distance transportation of spraying materials in inclined roadway under the shaft. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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16 pages, 5896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth and Distribution of Coal-Measure Source Rocks in Mixed Platform: A Case Study of Carboniferous in Bamai Area, Southwest Tarim Basin, China

by Siyu Su, Yongqiang Zhao, Renhai Pu, Shuo Chen, Tianyu Ji and Wei Yao

Energies 2022, 15(15), 5712; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155712 - 5 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1437

Abstract

Coal-measure source rocks are generally developed in marsh facies under a humid climate and are rarely reported in a carbonate platform or a mixed platform. Carboniferous seawater intruded from west to east in the Tarim Basin, and mixed platform deposits of interbedded mudstone and carbonate developed in the southwest of the basin. In recent years, with the deepening of the exploration, nearly 20 m coal seams and carbonaceous mudstone source rocks have been found in the Carboniferous lagoon’s tidal-flat background. The hydrocarbon generation potential, development, and distribution of these coal-measure source rocks have become an important issue for oil and gas exploration. Coal seams and carbonaceous mudstones were found in the Carboniferous formation of wells BT5, BT10, and Lx2. The hydrocarbon prospect, development, and distribution characteristics of these coal formations have become an important research topic. The authors conducted organic geochemical tests and analyses of core and samples drill cuttings from multiple wells in the study area, combined with research focused on the identification and distribution of coal seams, dark mudstones, and depositional facies via logging cross plots of different lithology and 3D seismic inversion. The results show that coal-measure source rocks in the BT5 well are related to the set of delta-lagoon sedimentary systems widely developed in the Carboniferous Karashayi Formation. The maximum cumulative thickness of coal-measure source rocks is about 20 m, with total organic carbon (TOC) contents of 0.15–60%, kerogen types II₂-III, and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values of 0.78–1.65%. The rocks have generally low maturity in the northwestern area and high maturity in the southeastern area, and the maturity changes as the burial depth changes. The effective hydrocarbon source rocks such as coal, carbonaceous mudstone, and dark mudstone all show acoustic time (AC) greater than 300 µs/m, and density (DEN) less than 2.3 g/cm³, but possess different gamma ray (GR) values. The GR value is less than 75 API for coal, between 75–100 API for carbonaceous mudstone, and greater than 100 API for dark mudstones. The distribution of source rocks can be identified in the area between the wells according to a 3D seismic inversion impedance (IMP) of less than 7333 m/s·g/cm³. The development and controlled factors of coal-measure source rocks of delta facies in the mixed platform have a significant role for oil and gas exploration of Upper Paleozoic in this area. The coal measure and sandstones of delta in the Carboniferous are expected to form self-generation and self-storage pools in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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14 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the Inlet Velocity on Oil–Water Two-Phase Vapor Separation Efficiency by the Hydrocyclone

by Shuai Zhao, Jipeng Sun, Shuli Wang and Zhihui Sun

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4900; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134900 - 4 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1733

Abstract

The density of tar vapor and water vapor produced by coal pyrolysis is different. Different centrifugal forces will be generated when they flow through the hydrocyclone. The water vapor and tar vapor are divided into inner and outer layers. According to this phenomenon, the moisture in the tar can be removed. In this paper, a Eulerian gas–liquid two-phase flow model is established by numerical simulation to study the effect of inlet velocity on the separation effect of a designed hydrocyclone (split ratio 0.2). The results show that the inlet velocity and moisture content have an influence on the volume distribution characteristics, tangential velocity, axial velocity, pressure drop distribution, and separation efficiency of tar vapor and water vapor in the hydrocyclone. When the inlet velocity increases from 2.0 to 12.0 m/s, the central swirl intensity increases, and the negative pressure sweep range at the overflow outlet increases. The axial velocity increased from 2.8 to 14.9 m/s, tar vapor content at the overflow outlet decreased from 74% to 37%, and at the underflow outlet increased from 89% to 92%. When the moisture content is lower than 10%, the hydrocyclone with the split ratio of 0.20 is no longer suitable for the separation of oil–water two-phase vapor. However, when the water content is higher than 20%, the purity of tar vapor at the underflow outlet can reach 92%, and the overflow outlet needs multistage separation to realize tar purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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12 pages, 4552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stratigraphic Constraints on Sandy Conglomerates in Huanghekou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, via In Situ U-Pb Dating of Vein Calcite and Detrital Zircons, and XRD Analysis

by Wei Wang, Xianghua Yang, Hongtao Zhu and Li Huang

Energies 2022, 15(11), 3880; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113880 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1852

Abstract

The discovery of the BZ19-6 large-scale condensate gas field illustrates the great potential of the sandy conglomerate reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin. However, the stratigraphic correlation of the sandy conglomerate sequence in northern Huanghekou Sag remains a challenge due to the lack of syn-depositional volcanic layers and biostratigraphic constraints. The challenge limits understanding the regional strata distribution and further exploration deployment. In this study, we conducted in situ U-Pb dating of vein calcite and detrital zircons of the sandy conglomerate samples from borehole BZ26-A. The vein calcite age and the youngest age of detrital zircons provide the upper and lower bounds of the depositional age, respectively. We also correlated the samples with those from well-understood strata through a comparison of XRD mineral components. The absolute age of 47.0 Ma of the vein calcite and the youngest detrital zircon age of 103.5 Ma suggest the sedimentary sequence is supposed to be referred to as the Kongdian Formation (65–50.5 Ma). The XRD data and petrological analysis suggest that the lithostratigraphy of the Kongdian Formation in Huanghekou Sag could be divided into at least three members, with Member 3 consisting of red sediment deposited in a hot and dry climate; Member 2 and Member 1 deposited as fan delta with major parent rock of Mesozoic volcanic rocks and Precambrian meta-granitoid, respectively. Member 1 shows significant potential for energy exploration due to high brittle mineral components and fracture development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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18 pages, 19431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wave Velocity in Sandstone and Mudstone under High Temperature and Overpressure in Yinggehai Basin

by Zichun Liu, Xiangdong Du, Zhenyu Zhu and Xin Li

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2615; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072615 - 3 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2960

Abstract

Wave velocity under different pressure and temperature (PT) conditions plays an important role in the exploration of oil and gas reservoirs. We obtained the mineral composition and porosity of 20 underground sandstone and mudstone samples in Yinggehai Basin via X-ray diffraction and porosity measurements. Using high-frequency ultrasound, the P- and S-wave velocities of four samples under high temperature and overpressure conditions were found to vary significantly, owing to the material composition and porosity. According to the comparison between the experimental conclusion and the well-logging data, the genesis of false bright spot and dark spot gas reservoirs in the study area was analyzed. The variation in P-wave velocity under different temperature and pressure conditions was explained with the PT coefficient. The traditional pressure–velocity and temperature–velocity prediction methods were improved and applied to well-logging data. Herein, the velocity of P- or S-waves of sand and mudstone under high temperature and overpressure via rock physics experiments and the genesis of false bright spot and dark spot gas reservoirs in the Yinggehai Basin was observed. Overall, the results serve as a theoretical basis for seismic exploration in the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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19 pages, 3060 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Review of Intelligent Unmanned Mining Current Situation and Development Trend

by Kexue Zhang, Lei Kang, Xuexi Chen, Manchao He, Chun Zhu and Dong Li

Energies 2022, 15(2), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020513 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 6969

Abstract

Intelligent unmanned mining is a key process in coal mine production, which has direct impact on the production safety, coal output, economic benefits and social benefits of coal mine enterprises. With the rapid development and popularization of 5G+ intelligent mines and coal mine intelligent equipment in China, the intelligentization of intelligent unmanned mining has become an important research topic. Especially with the promulgation of some Chinese policies and regulations, intelligent unmanned mining technology has become one of the key technologies of coal mine production. To understand the connotation, status quo and development trends of intelligent unmanned mining, this paper takes the relationship between key technologies and engineering application of intelligent unmanned mining in China as the perspective. It is proposed that the intelligent unmanned mining technology is in the whole process of working face mining. A research structure of unmanned follow-up operation and safe patrol is changing to the mode of intelligent adaptive mining, followed by the basic concepts and characteristics of intelligent unmanned mining. Relevant researches that maybe beneficial to the proposed research content are reviewed in four layers, which include basic theory, key technology, mining mode, and overall design system theory and technology. Finally, the current intelligent unmanned mining mode and future trends in this field in China are summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coal, Petroleum and Nature Gas Exploration Technology)

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