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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2020) | Viewed by 29183

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Antonella Ragusa

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Guest Editor

The Institute of Marine Engineering (INM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via di Vallerano 139, 00128 Rome, Italy
Interests: electromagnetic compatibility; computational electromagnetics; smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Alistair Duffy

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Guest Editor

School of Engineering and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
Interests: electromagnetics; electromagnetic compatibility; numerical modelling; measurement techniques; validation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern power distribution and transmission networks are undergoing a (r)evolution due to the constant introduction of new technologies, most of them based on the use of “smart” solutions, information communication technology (ICT) systems, new sophisticated control schemes, etc. Moreover, the use of HVDC transmission systems, with more capability to deliver and utility for connecting offshore renewable energy sources to land, are under development. Increasingly, sophisticated protection technologies and online diagnosis techniques are being introduced to detect and to prevent faults on power networks or blackouts in order to avoid the interruption of the power supply and thereby improve the electricity security of the transmission and distribution systems.

Electricity security refers to the power system’s capability to withstand events or incidents producing abnormal system conditions, or provide contingencies, i.e., failures or outages of system components, with minimum acceptable service disruption. Modern networks are subject to a wide range of disturbances, both natural disturbances, such as lightning strikes and faults induced by weather conditions (ice, falling trees, storms), and man-made disturbances, due to switching devices and intentional electromagnetic interference, and IEMI. Furthermore, HVDC lines are often built in parallel with existing HVAC transmission lines, increasing the possibilities of electromagnetic coupling among them.

These disturbances can lead to effects ranging from sensitive load damage and insulation deterioration, even to power supply interruption and blackout.

It is clear that the electromagnetic environment of power networks is becoming increasingly complex, with new challenges that need addressing. This Special Issue is concerned with the development of new models and simulation techniques for power networks together with interfacing techniques of different simulation tools, to cover one or more of the issues before exposed. Papers that address electricity security will be particularly welcomed.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include but are not limited to:

Simulation of power transmission line electromagnetic transients;
Numerical modelling;
New modelling techniques in frequency and time domain to simulate power networks involving phenomena with a wide range of frequencies;
Multiphysics simulations;
Co-simulation of transmission–distribution–communication models;
Aging of structures due to electrical and mechanical stress;
Hard and soft fault detection techniques;
HVDC and HVAC networks;
Online power network diagnosis techniques;
EMI and IEMI;
Lightning strikes.

Dr. Antonella Ragusa
Dr. Alistair Duffy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

numerical modelling
computational Electromagnetics
EMC
EMI
IEMI
reliability
electricity security
faults detection
HVDC
HVAC
power transmission line
multi-physics simulations

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Modeling Partial Discharge Phenomena and Propagation in Power Networks Using the Transmission-Line Matrix Method

by Antonella Ragusa, Hugh Sasse and Alistair Duffy

Energies 2021, 14(3), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030689 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2029

Abstract

Partial discharge (PD), where high field strengths on power cables cause charge build up and discharge within a dielectric at sites of imperfections or inhomogeneities, can lead to noise issues and potential failure of the dielectric. This paper presents the first stage of a research activity that aims to develop a transmission-line matrix (TLM)-based simulation “workbench” useful to investigate PD events in a transmission line. The proposed approach allows the predicting of the electromagnetic disturbances generated by the PD event, and the analysis of external field coupling, such as from intentional electromagnetic interference or lightning, which can add to the field stresses. The paper is focused on defining the right modeling method to simulate PD phenomena in a transmission line context. The best approach to integrate the PD model with the model of the transmission line, useful to describe the propagation of the conducted and radiated emissions produced by PD, is analyzed. A first workbench is proposed, and the first simulation results are described. The paper concludes with the topics of further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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23 pages, 4765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Failure Prevention and Malfunction Localization in Underground Medium Voltage Cables

by Igor Aizenberg, Riccardo Belardi, Marco Bindi, Francesco Grasso, Stefano Manetti, Antonio Luchetta and Maria Cristina Piccirilli

Energies 2021, 14(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010085 - 25 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2797

Abstract

A smart monitoring system capable of detecting and classifying the health conditions of MV (Medium Voltage) underground cables is presented in this work. Using the analysis technique proposed here, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of catastrophic failures in medium voltage underground lines, for which it is generally difficult to realize maintenance operations and carry out punctual inspections. This prognostic method is based on Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) and can be used online during normal network operation, resulting in a minimally invasive tool. In order to obtain the good results shown in the simulation section, it is necessary to develop a lamped equivalent circuit of the network branch under consideration. The standard π-model is used in this paper to analyse sections of a medium voltage cable and the parameter variations with temperature are used to classify the state of health of the line. In fact, the variation of the electrical parameters produces a corresponding variation in the frequency response. The proposed system is based on the use of a complex neural network with feedforward architecture. It processes the frequency response, allowing the classification of the cable conditions with an accuracy higher than 90%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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16 pages, 9746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Crossarm Brace Application on a 275 kV Fiberglass-Reinforced Polymer Crossarm Subjected to a Lightning Impulse

by Muhammad Syahmi Abd Rahman, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Muhamad Safwan Ab-Rahman, Miszaina Osman, Shamsul Fahmi Mohd Nor and Noorlina Mohd Zainuddin

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6248; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236248 - 27 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2592

Abstract

The crossarm is an important component of transmission towers, providing insulation for transmission lines at different voltage ratings. Recently, composite crossarms were widely used as a composite tower component and were found to be the most favorable choice for replacing old wooden crossarms. Owing to the satisfactory pilot operation and multiple sets of testing, fiberglass-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite crossarms have been used in Malaysia in both 132 and 275 kV transmission lines since the late 1990′s. Since then, some modifications have been proposed to improve the mechanical performance of the crossarm, in order to ensure the reliability of its performance. In this investigation, the effect of a proposed improvement, achieved by installing a brace for the crossarm, was investigated numerically. A simulation study was conducted, with a consideration of the lightning impulse voltage (LIV) and swing angle exhibited by the crossarm. The potential and electric field (E-Field) distribution were analyzed and are presented in this paper. It was found that the potential distribution and E-Field strength for the crossarm and the surrounding air were greatly affected by the installation of the brace. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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23 pages, 7405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Proximity Effect in Twin Line with Round Conductors Placed in Conductive Medium

by Paweł Jabłoński, Dariusz Kusiak, Tomasz Szczegielniak and Zygmunt Piątek

Energies 2020, 13(22), 6087; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226087 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1990

Abstract

Power lines are often placed in ground or sea water, which are weakly conductive media. In the paper, a new analytical formula, taking into account the proximity effect in a twin line placed in a weakly conductive medium, is derived, and the effect of the conductive medium is considered. In the first step, one of the wires is replaced by a current filament, and the solution is sought for magnetic vector potential around the filament. In the next step, an analytical formula for eddy currents induced in a long straight conductor of circular cross-section placed near to the current filament in the extensive conductive medium is found by using the method of separation of variables. The correctness of the formula is checked by comparison with the results obtained via other methods like finite and boundary element methods. Then, the effect of various parameters on the eddy current distribution is tested. Next, the proximity effect in a twin symmetrical line is considered, and the effect of the conductivity of the surrounding medium is investigated. The results indicate that the conductive medium weakens the proximity effect, but in typical cases (ground and sea water), the effect is very small. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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19 pages, 6473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clarke Transformation Solution of Asymmetrical Transients in Three-Phase Circuits

by Diego Bellan

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5231; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195231 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5118

Abstract

This work deals with the use of the Clarke transformation for the theoretical derivation of circuit models for the analysis of asymmetrical transients in three-phase circuits. Asymmetrical transients occur when only one or two phases of a three-phase power system are involved in a switch operation. Such a condition is critical from a theoretical viewpoint since the Clarke transformation is based on the assumption of circuit symmetry between the three phases. If the symmetry assumption is not met, the equivalent circuits in the transformed variables α, β, and 0 are not uncoupled. The literature concerning numerical approaches for asymmetrical transient analysis is very rich, but a comprehensive and rigorous analytical investigation of circuit models within the framework of the Clarke transformation is still lacking. Contrary to numerical approaches, analytical solutions provide deeper insight into the phenomenon and allow for theoretical interpretation and better understanding of the transient behavior. The proposed circuit models show that the β variables are always uncoupled with α and 0 variables, whereas coupling between α and 0 variables can be properly represented by an ideal transformer. Moreover, in the case of single-line switching, the β variables have no transient, i.e., they keep the steady-state behavior. Transient properties can be readily and effectively observed by representing the trajectory of the space vector on the complex plane. All the analytical results have been checked numerically through the Simulink (Matlab R2020a, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) implementation of a specific three-phase circuit introduced to illustrate the main theoretical issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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18 pages, 6679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Distortion of Signal Propagation Modes Due to Dynamic Loading in Medium-Voltage Cables

by Peter Wouters and Armand van Deursen

Energies 2020, 13(17), 4436; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174436 - 27 Aug 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2013

Abstract

Temperature variation from dynamic cable loading affects the propagation characteristics of transient signals. The distortion of modal signal components as a function of temperature in a three-phase medium-voltage cable is investigated. The temperature influence arises mainly through the complex insulation permittivity, which has a non-linear relationship with temperature. Near the maximum operating temperature of the cross-linked polyethylene insulation, the propagation velocity increases by 0.56% per degree centigrade but is an order of magnitude less sensitive at ambient temperature. The paper presents modeling results based on cable impedance and admittance matrices obtained from electromagnetic field simulation, taking into account the time-varying temperature distribution in the cable cross-section. The results are verified by applying Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation analysis. In the time domain, signal patterns shift when the modal propagation velocities change upon cable loading. Moreover, separation of degenerate modes is observed when the cable phase conductors carry an unbalanced current. The perspectives for exploiting the temperature dependency of signal propagation for pinpointing cable defects and for dynamic rating of underground power cables are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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19 pages, 2449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solving the Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Using Marine Predators Algorithm Considering the Uncertainties in Load and Wind-Solar Generation Systems

by Mohamed Ebeed, Ayman Alhejji, Salah Kamel and Francisco Jurado

Energies 2020, 13(17), 4316; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174316 - 20 Aug 2020

Cited by 80 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

The optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem is an important issue to assign the most efficient and secure operating point of the electrical system. The ORPD became a strenuous task, especially with the high penetration of renewable energy resources due to the intermittent and stochastic nature of wind speed and solar irradiance. In this paper, the ORPD is solved using a new natural inspired algorithm called the marine predators’ algorithm (MPA) considering the uncertainties of the load demand and the output powers of wind and solar generation systems. The scenario-based method is applied to handle the uncertainties of the system by generating deterministic scenarios from the probability density functions of the system parameters. The proposed algorithm is applied to solve the ORPD of the IEEE-30 bus system to minimize the power loss and the system voltage devotions. The result verifies that the proposed method is an efficient method for solving the ORPD compared with the state-of-the-art techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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11 pages, 3746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partial Discharge Measurements in a High Voltage Gas Insulated Transmission Line Insulated with CO₂

by Phillip Widger, Daniel Carr, Alistair Reid, Meirion Hills, Chris Stone and A. (Manu) Haddad

Energies 2020, 13(11), 2891; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112891 - 5 Jun 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2914

Abstract

This paper uses practical experimentation to analyse the effect of replacing SF₆ with pure CO₂ in conventional gas insulated transmission line sections by studying partial discharge measurements taken with applied voltages up to 242 kV (rms). The results can also help in understanding the properties of new alternative gas mixtures which can be utilised with a ratio of up to and over 95% CO₂. The experiments undertaken involved filling a gas insulated line demonstrator with 3 bars of CO₂ and applying voltages up to 242 kV in both clean conditions and particle-contaminated enclosure conditions. The results demonstrate that CO₂ can be used to insulate gas equipment without breakdown at high voltage, however, a higher gas-filling pressure may be needed to reduce the partial discharge found in the tests presented in this paper. Another aspect of the work showed that partial discharge (PD) measurements from internal ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensors compared with a direct measurement from a capacitive divider both clearly showed the effect of contaminating particles in CO₂. However, the PD divider measurements also showed considerable external PD on the outside of the gas compartment, leading to the conclusion that UHF sensors are still regarded as having the highest sensitivity and noise immunity for gas insulated switchgear (GIS) or gas insulated transmission line (GIL) systems including when the equipment is insulated with CO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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24 pages, 4989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Detection and Classification of Shunt Compensated Transmission Line Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Naive Bayes Classifier

by Elhadi Aker, Mohammad Lutfi Othman, Veerapandiyan Veerasamy, Ishak bin Aris, Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab and Hashim Hizam

Energies 2020, 13(1), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010243 - 3 Jan 2020

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 4450

Abstract

This paper presents the methodology to detect and identify the type of fault that occurs in the shunt compensated static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) transmission line using a combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Naive Bayes (NB) classifiers. To study this, the network model is designed using Matlab/Simulink. Different types of faults, such as Line to Ground (LG), Line to Line (LL), Double Line to Ground (LLG) and the three-phase (LLLG) fault, are applied at disparate zones of the system, with and without STATCOM, considering the effect of varying fault resistance. The three-phase fault current waveforms obtained are decomposed into several levels using Daubechies (db) mother wavelet of db4 to extract the features, such as the standard deviation (SD) and energy values. Then, the extracted features are used to train the classifiers, such as Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP), Bayes and the Naive Bayes (NB) classifier to classify the type of fault that occurs in the system. The results obtained reveal that the proposed NB classifier outperforms in terms of accuracy rate, misclassification rate, kappa statistics, mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), percentage relative absolute error (% RAE) and percentage root relative square error (% RRSE) than both MLP and the Bayes classifier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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