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Advances in Applied Thermodynamics
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Advances in Applied Thermodynamics

A special issue of Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300). This special issue belongs to the section "Thermodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2014) | Viewed by 118879

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Brian Agnew

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NewRail - Newcastle Centre for Railway Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE17RU, UK
Interests: thermal power systems; refrigeration; combined cycles; internal combustion engines; finite time thermodynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The concept of entropy originated in the period when thermodynamics was concerned with the conditions under which heat can be converted to work. It was formalized and named (from the Greek εντροπία, transformation) by Rudolf Clausius from considerations of reversible processes. Usually today an irreversible transformation is identified by the Clausius Inequality. In his later work Clausius included irreversible process to derive the Second Law of Thermodynamics as an equality and included a term to account for entropy generation by dissipative processes. A more generalized formulation of the entropy concept, developed by Boltzmann, is associated with disorder or the destruction of the coherence of an initial state. This has been widely adopted in many diverse fields of study including chemistry, biology, cosmology and information science. An indication of the importance of the Second Law of Thermodynamics can be gauged by the following statement made by Sir Arthur Eddington "If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations- then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation-well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the Second Law of Thermodynamics I can offer you no hope". The Second Law played a key role in the development of Classical Thermodynamics in the 20th century with entropy revealing some essential characteristics of the behavior of matter and energy. In moving away from equilibrium states and adopting mathematical techniques from other branches of science the analysis of Carnot has been extended to include thermodynamic systems with fixed rates or durations and constraints on heat or mass transfer surfaces. This exciting development has established the conditions appropriate to time or rate constrained processes and the conditions for optimal configurations of heat and mass exchange processes. It is clear that such techniques will play an important part in energy saving technologies that are so important today.

Prof. Dr. Brian Agnew
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • finite time thermodynamics
  • entropy generation minimization
  • optimization
  • thermodynamic systems

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

721 KiB  
Article
The Q-Exponential Decay of Subjective Probability for Future Reward: A Psychophysical Time Approach
by Taiki Takahashi, Shinsuke Tokuda, Masato Nishimura and Ryo Kimura
Entropy 2014, 16(10), 5537-5545; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16105537 - 21 Oct 2014
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7024
Abstract
This study experimentally examined why subjective probability for delayed reward decays non-exponentially (“hyperbolically”, i.e., q ˂ 1 in the q-exponential discount function) in humans. Our results indicate that nonlinear psychophysical time causes hyperbolic time-decay of subjective probability for delayed reward. Implications for [...] Read more.
This study experimentally examined why subjective probability for delayed reward decays non-exponentially (“hyperbolically”, i.e., q ˂ 1 in the q-exponential discount function) in humans. Our results indicate that nonlinear psychophysical time causes hyperbolic time-decay of subjective probability for delayed reward. Implications for econophysics and neuroeconomics are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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1199 KiB  
Article
An Energetic Analysis of the Phase Separation in Non-Ionic Surfactant Mixtures: The Role of the Headgroup Structure
by José Manuel Hierrezuelo, José Antonio Molina-Bolívar and Cristóbal Carnero Ruiz
Entropy 2014, 16(8), 4375-4391; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16084375 - 4 Aug 2014
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8933
Abstract
The main goal of this paper was to examine the effect of the hydrophilic surfactant headgroup on the phase behavior of non-ionic surfactant mixtures. Four mixed systems composed of an ethoxylated plus sugar-based surfactants, each having the same hydrophobic tail, were investigated. We [...] Read more.
The main goal of this paper was to examine the effect of the hydrophilic surfactant headgroup on the phase behavior of non-ionic surfactant mixtures. Four mixed systems composed of an ethoxylated plus sugar-based surfactants, each having the same hydrophobic tail, were investigated. We found that the hydrophilicity of the surfactant inhibits the tendency of the system to phase separate, which is sensitive to the presence of NaCl. Applying a classical phase separation thermodynamic model, the corresponding energy parameters were evaluated. In all cases, the parameters were found to depend on the type of nonionic surfactant, its concentration in the micellar solution and the presence of NaCl in the medium. The experimental results can be explained by assuming the phase separation process takes place as a result of reduced hydration of the surfactant headgroup caused by a temperature increase. The enthalpy-entropy compensation plot exhibits excellent linearity. We found that all the mixed surfactant systems coincided on the same straight line, the compensation temperature being lower in the presence of NaCl. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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2515 KiB  
Article
How to Determine Losses in a Flow Field: A Paradigm Shift towards the Second Law Analysis
by Heinz Herwig and Bastian Schmandt
Entropy 2014, 16(6), 2959-2989; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16062959 - 26 May 2014
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 11282
Abstract
Assuming that CFD solutions will be more and more used to characterize losses in terms of drag for external flows and head loss for internal flows, we suggest to replace single-valued data, like the drag force or a pressure drop, by field information [...] Read more.
Assuming that CFD solutions will be more and more used to characterize losses in terms of drag for external flows and head loss for internal flows, we suggest to replace single-valued data, like the drag force or a pressure drop, by field information about the losses. These information are gained when the entropy generation in the flow field is analyzed, an approach that often is called second law analysis (SLA), referring to the second law of thermodynamics. We show that this SLA approach is straight-forward, systematic and helpful when it comes to the physical interpretation of the losses in a flow field. Various examples are given, including external and internal flows, two phase flow, compressible flow and unsteady flow. Finally, we show that an energy transfer within a certain process can be put into a broader perspective by introducing the entropic potential of an energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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549 KiB  
Article
Maximum Power of Thermally and Electrically Coupled Thermoelectric Generators
by Pablo Camacho-Medina, Miguel Angel Olivares-Robles, Alexander Vargas-Almeida and Francisco Solorio-Ordaz
Entropy 2014, 16(5), 2890-2903; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16052890 - 23 May 2014
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7049
Abstract
In a recent work, we have reported a study on the figure of merit of a thermoelectric system composed by thermoelectric generators connected electrically and thermally in different configurations. In this work, we are interested in analyzing the output power delivered by a [...] Read more.
In a recent work, we have reported a study on the figure of merit of a thermoelectric system composed by thermoelectric generators connected electrically and thermally in different configurations. In this work, we are interested in analyzing the output power delivered by a thermoelectric system for different arrays of thermoelectric materials in each configuration. Our study shows the impact of the array of thermoelectric materials in the output power of the composite system. We evaluate numerically the corresponding maximum output power for each configuration and determine the optimum array and configuration for maximum power. We compare our results with other recently reported studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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346 KiB  
Article
A Probabilistic Description of the Configurational Entropy of Mixing
by Jorge Garcés
Entropy 2014, 16(5), 2850-2868; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16052850 - 23 May 2014
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6368
Abstract
This work presents a formalism to calculate the configurational entropy of mixing based on the identification of non-interacting atomic complexes in the mixture and the calculation of their respective probabilities, instead of computing the number of atomic configurations in a lattice. The methodology [...] Read more.
This work presents a formalism to calculate the configurational entropy of mixing based on the identification of non-interacting atomic complexes in the mixture and the calculation of their respective probabilities, instead of computing the number of atomic configurations in a lattice. The methodology is applied in order to develop a general analytical expression for the configurational entropy of mixing of interstitial solutions. The expression is valid for any interstitial concentration, is suitable for the treatment of interstitial short-range order (SRO) and can be applied to tetrahedral or octahedral interstitial solutions in any crystal lattice. The effect of the SRO of H on the structural properties of the Nb-H and bcc Zr-H solid solutions is studied using an accurate description of the configurational entropy. The methodology can also be applied to systems with no translational symmetry, such as liquids and amorphous materials. An expression for the configurational entropy of a granular system composed by equal sized hard spheres is deduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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1512 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Biomass-Fuelled Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) Systems Integrated with Subcritical or Transcritical Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs)
by Daniel Maraver, Sylvain Quoilin and Javier Royo
Entropy 2014, 16(5), 2433-2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16052433 - 30 Apr 2014
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8724
Abstract
This work is focused on the thermodynamic optimization of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs), coupled with absorption or adsorption cooling units, for combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) generation from biomass combustion. Results were obtained by modelling with the main aim of providing optimization [...] Read more.
This work is focused on the thermodynamic optimization of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs), coupled with absorption or adsorption cooling units, for combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) generation from biomass combustion. Results were obtained by modelling with the main aim of providing optimization guidelines for the operating conditions of these types of systems, specifically the subcritical or transcritical ORC, when integrated in a CCHP system to supply typical heating and cooling demands in the tertiary sector. The thermodynamic approach was complemented, to avoid its possible limitations, by the technological constraints of the expander, the heat exchangers and the pump of the ORC. The working fluids considered are: n-pentane, n-heptane, octamethyltrisiloxane, toluene and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane. In addition, the energy and environmental performance of the different optimal CCHP plants was investigated. The optimal plant from the energy and environmental point of view is the one integrated by a toluene recuperative ORC, although it is limited to a development with a turbine type expander. Also, the trigeneration plant could be developed in an energy and environmental efficient way with an n-pentane recuperative ORC and a volumetric type expander. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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1195 KiB  
Article
District Heating Mode Analysis Based on an Air-cooled Combined Heat and Power Station
by Pei Feng Li, Zhihua Ge, Zhiping Yang, Yuyong Chen and Yongping Yang
Entropy 2014, 16(4), 1883-1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16041883 - 26 Mar 2014
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8931
Abstract
As an important research subject, district heating with combined heat and power (CHP) has significant potential for energy conservation. This paper utilised a 200 MW air-cooled unit as an actual case and presented a design scheme and energy consumption analysis of three typical [...] Read more.
As an important research subject, district heating with combined heat and power (CHP) has significant potential for energy conservation. This paper utilised a 200 MW air-cooled unit as an actual case and presented a design scheme and energy consumption analysis of three typical CHP modes, including the low vacuum mode (LVM), the extraction condensing mode (ECM), and the absorbing heat pump mode (AHPM). The advantages and disadvantages of each mode (including their practical problems) were analysed, and suggestions for the best mode were proposed. The energy consumption of the three heating modes changed with the heating load. When the heating load was increased, the net power of the entire system decreased to different degrees. In this paper, the energy conservation effect of the LVM was the most ideal, followed by the ECM and the AHPM. Besides, the LVM and AHPM were able to supply larger heat loads than the ECM, which was limited by the minimum cooling flow of the low pressure cylinder. Furthermore, in order to get a more general conclusion, a similar case with an air-cooled 300 MW unit is studied, showing that the fuel consumption levels of ECM and AHPM have changed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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704 KiB  
Article
Applied Thermodynamics: Grain Boundary Segregation
by Pavel Lejček, Lei Zheng, Siegfried Hofmann and Mojmír Šob
Entropy 2014, 16(3), 1462-1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/e16031462 - 12 Mar 2014
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 9217
Abstract
Chemical composition of interfaces—free surfaces and grain boundaries—is generally described by the Langmuir–McLean segregation isotherm controlled by Gibbs energy of segregation. Various components of the Gibbs energy of segregation, the standard and the excess ones as well as other thermodynamic state functions—enthalpy, entropy [...] Read more.
Chemical composition of interfaces—free surfaces and grain boundaries—is generally described by the Langmuir–McLean segregation isotherm controlled by Gibbs energy of segregation. Various components of the Gibbs energy of segregation, the standard and the excess ones as well as other thermodynamic state functions—enthalpy, entropy and volume—of interfacial segregation are derived and their physical meaning is elucidated. The importance of the thermodynamic state functions of grain boundary segregation, their dependence on volume solid solubility, mutual solute–solute interaction and pressure effect in ferrous alloys is demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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474 KiB  
Article
Optimal Thermal Design of a Stacked Mini-Channel Heat Sink Cooled by a Low Flow Rate Coolant
by Liping Pang, Minxing Wang, Wei Wang, Meng Liu and Jun Wang
Entropy 2013, 15(11), 4716-4731; https://doi.org/10.3390/e15114716 - 31 Oct 2013
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6096
Abstract
Application requirements for avionics are often very strict. For example, the heat sinks of avionics need very good temperature uniformity, but the flow rate of coolant is very restricted. In addition, the use of micro-channels is not recommended due to the potential clogging [...] Read more.
Application requirements for avionics are often very strict. For example, the heat sinks of avionics need very good temperature uniformity, but the flow rate of coolant is very restricted. In addition, the use of micro-channels is not recommended due to the potential clogging issue. Considering these design requirements, we will discuss a multiple-objective optimal design method to obtain a good stacked mini-channel structure for avionics applications. In our thermal design, the design variables are the mini-channel geometry parameters. Temperature uniformity, entropy generation, max temperature of heat sink and pump work are chosen as the objective functions. A Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) and Fluent solver are used together to minimize multiple objective functions subject to constraints, and locate the Pareto front. By analyzing the multiple objective optimal results, we can draw the conclusion that the objective functions of Tmax and sg have same effect on the optimization, and the multiple optimal results are a set and not a single value. If mostly focusing on the temperature uniformity, we can recommend some optimal structures to design a stacked mini-channel heat sink. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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1683 KiB  
Article
Infrared Cloaking, Stealth, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
by Daniel P. Sheehan
Entropy 2012, 14(10), 1915-1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/e14101915 - 15 Oct 2012
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 8438
Abstract
Infrared signature management (IRSM) has been a primary aeronautical concern for over 50 years. Most strategies and technologies are limited by the second law of thermodynamics. In this article, IRSM is considered in light of theoretical developments over the last 15 years that [...] Read more.
Infrared signature management (IRSM) has been a primary aeronautical concern for over 50 years. Most strategies and technologies are limited by the second law of thermodynamics. In this article, IRSM is considered in light of theoretical developments over the last 15 years that have put the absolute status of the second law into doubt and that might open the door to a new class of broadband IR stealth and cloaking techniques. Following a brief overview of IRSM and its current thermodynamic limitations, theoretical and experimental challenges to the second law are reviewed. One proposal is treated in detail: a high power density, solid-state power source to convert thermal energy into electrical or chemical energy. Next, second-law based infrared signature management (SL-IRSM) strategies are considered for two representative military scenarios: an underground installation and a SL-based jet engine. It is found that SL-IRSM could be technologically disruptive across the full spectrum of IRSM modalities, including camouflage, surveillance, night vision, target acquisition, tracking, and homing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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385 KiB  
Article
Equivalence of Partition Functions Leads to Classification of Entropies and Means
by Michel S. Elnaggar and Achim Kempf
Entropy 2012, 14(8), 1317-1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/e14081317 - 27 Jul 2012
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6183
Abstract
We derive a two-parameter family of generalized entropies, Spq, and means mpq. To this end, assume that we want to calculate an entropy and a mean for n non-negative real numbers {x1,…,xn [...] Read more.
We derive a two-parameter family of generalized entropies, Spq, and means mpq. To this end, assume that we want to calculate an entropy and a mean for n non-negative real numbers {x1,…,xn}. For comparison, we consider {m1,…,mk} where mi = m for all i = 1,…,k and where m and k are chosen such that the lp and lq norms of {x1,…,xn} and {m1,…,mk} coincide. We formally allow k to be real. Then, we define k, log k, and m to be a generalized cardinality kpq, a generalized entropy Spq, and a generalized mean mpq respectively. We show that this family of entropies includes the Shannon and Rényi entropies and that the family of generalized means includes the power means (such as arithmetic, harmonic, geometric, root-mean-square, maximum, and minimum) as well as novel means of Shannon-like and Rényi-like forms. A thermodynamic interpretation arises from the fact that the lp norm is closely related to the partition function at inverse temperature β = p. Namely, two systems possess the same generalized entropy and generalized mean energy if and only if their partition functions agree at two temperatures, which is also equivalent to the condition that their Helmholtz free energies agree at these two temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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1036 KiB  
Article
Association of Finite-Dimension Thermodynamics and a Bond-Graph Approach for Modeling an Irreversible Heat Engine
by Yuxiang Dong, Amin El-Bakkali, Michel Feidt, Georges Descombes and Christelle Périlhon
Entropy 2012, 14(7), 1234-1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/e14071234 - 12 Jul 2012
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7130
Abstract
In recent decades, the approach known as Finite-Dimension Thermodynamics has provided a fruitful theoretical framework for the optimization of heat engines operating between a heat source (at temperature Ths) and a heat sink (at temperature Tcs). We will [...] Read more.
In recent decades, the approach known as Finite-Dimension Thermodynamics has provided a fruitful theoretical framework for the optimization of heat engines operating between a heat source (at temperature Ths) and a heat sink (at temperature Tcs). We will show in this paper that the approach detailed in a previous paper [1] can be used to analytically model irreversible heat engines (with an additional assumption on the linearity of the heat transfer laws). By defining two dimensionless parameters, the intensity of internal dissipation and heat leakage within a heat engine were quantified. We then established the analogy between an endoreversible heat engine and an irreversible heat engine by using the apparent temperatures (Tcs → Tλ,φ cs, Ths → Tλ,φ hs) and apparent conductances (Kh → Kλ h, Kc → Kλ c). We thus found the analytical expression of the maximum power of an irreversible heat engine. However, these apparent temperatures should not be used to calculate the conversion efficiency at the optimal operating point by analogy with the case of an endoreversible heat engine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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119 KiB  
Article
Open Problems on Information and Feedback Controlled Systems
by Francisco J. Cao and Manuel Feito
Entropy 2012, 14(4), 834-847; https://doi.org/10.3390/e14040834 - 19 Apr 2012
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6784
Abstract
Feedback or closed-loop control allows dynamical systems to increase their performance up to a limit imposed by the second law of thermodynamics. It is expected that within this limit, the system performance increases as the controller uses more information about the system. However, [...] Read more.
Feedback or closed-loop control allows dynamical systems to increase their performance up to a limit imposed by the second law of thermodynamics. It is expected that within this limit, the system performance increases as the controller uses more information about the system. However, despite the relevant progresses made recently, a general and complete formal development to justify this statement using information theory is still lacking. We present here the state-of-the-art and the main open problems that include aspects of the redundancy of correlated operations of feedback control and the continuous operation of feedback control. Complete answers to these questions are required to firmly establish the thermodynamics of feedback controlled systems. Other relevant open questions concern the implications of the theoretical results for the limitations in the performance of feedback controlled flashing ratchets, and for the operation and performance of nanotechnology devices and biological systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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399 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design of ORC Systems with a Low-Temperature Heat Source
by Mohammed Khennich and Nicolas Galanis
Entropy 2012, 14(2), 370-389; https://doi.org/10.3390/e14020370 - 21 Feb 2012
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 7560
Abstract
A numerical model of subcritical and trans-critical power cycles using a fixed-flowrate low-temperature heat source has been validated and used to calculate the combinations of the maximum cycle pressure (Pev) and the difference between the source temperature and the maximum working [...] Read more.
A numerical model of subcritical and trans-critical power cycles using a fixed-flowrate low-temperature heat source has been validated and used to calculate the combinations of the maximum cycle pressure (Pev) and the difference between the source temperature and the maximum working fluid temperature (DT) which maximize the thermal efficiency (ηth) or minimize the non-dimensional exergy losses (β), the total thermal conductance of the heat exchangers (UAt) and the turbine size (SP). Optimum combinations of Pev and DT were calculated for each one of these four objective functions for two working fluids (R134a, R141b), three source temperatures and three values of the non-dimensional power output. The ratio of UAt over the net power output (which is a first approximation of the initial cost per kW) shows that R141b is the better working fluid for the conditions under study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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596 KiB  
Article
The Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium Approach to Far-From-Local-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
by Gian Paolo Beretta, James C. Keck, Mohammad Janbozorgi and Hameed Metghalchi
Entropy 2012, 14(2), 92-130; https://doi.org/10.3390/e14020092 - 30 Jan 2012
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 8251
Abstract
The Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium (RCCE) method for the description of the time-dependent behavior of dynamical systems in non-equilibrium states is a general, effective, physically based method for model order reduction that was originally developed in the framework of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. A generalized [...] Read more.
The Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium (RCCE) method for the description of the time-dependent behavior of dynamical systems in non-equilibrium states is a general, effective, physically based method for model order reduction that was originally developed in the framework of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics. A generalized mathematical formulation is presented here that allows including nonlinear constraints in non-local equilibrium systems characterized by the existence of a non-increasing Lyapunov functional under the system’s internal dynamics. The generalized formulation of RCCE enables to clarify the essentials of the method and the built-in general feature of thermodynamic consistency in the chemical kinetics context. In this paper, we work out the details of the method in a generalized mathematical-physics framework, but for definiteness we detail its well-known implementation in the traditional chemical kinetics framework. We detail proofs and spell out explicit functional dependences so as to bring out and clarify each underlying assumption of the method. In the standard context of chemical kinetics of ideal gas mixtures, we discuss the relations between the validity of the detailed balance condition off-equilibrium and the thermodynamic consistency of the method. We also discuss two examples of RCCE gas-phase combustion calculations to emphasize the constraint-dependent performance of the RCCE method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Applied Thermodynamics)
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