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17 pages, 6523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Reducing Sugars on the Structural and Flavor Properties of the Maillard Reaction Products of Lycium barbarum Seed Meal

by Tao Chen, Chao-Kun Wei, Tong Li, Hui-Lin Zhang, Zhi-Jing Ni, Mohammad Rizwan Khan and Zhao-Jun Wei

Foods 2023, 12(23), 4346; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234346 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2099

Abstract

Lycium barbarum seed meal contains a variety of bioactive compounds, but the use of L. barbarum seed meal in the food industry is rare. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reducing sugars on the structural and flavor properties of the Maillard [...] Read more.

Lycium barbarum seed meal contains a variety of bioactive compounds, but the use of L. barbarum seed meal in the food industry is rare. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reducing sugars on the structural and flavor properties of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) of the Lycium barbarum seed meal hydrolysate (LSH). The results showed that the flavors and tastes of the MRPs were affected by reducing sugars. In comparison to oligosaccharides, monosaccharides were more suitable for the development of MRPs with good sensory qualities. The structural characteristics of L. barbarum seed meal precursor MRPs were also affected by reducing sugars. The MRPs produced with the participation of monosaccharides had higher ultraviolet absorption and browning than the MRPs produced with oligosaccharides. The molecular weights of the MRPs were found to be 128–500 Da and 500–1000 Da. Compared to the MRPs made from other sugars, xylose-meridian products (X-MRPs) had a stronger meaty flavor. The mellowness and continuity of the MRPs made from monosaccharides were superior to those made from oligosaccharides. The MRPs formed by L. barbarum seed meal exhibited the characteristics of umami and meat flavor. MRPs with better flavors may be used to develop new types of seasoning salts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)

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16 pages, 11596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversifying the Flavor of Black Rice Wines through Three Different Regional Xiaoqus in China and Unraveling Their Core Functional Microorganisms

by Aoxing Tang and Bangzhu Peng

Foods 2023, 12(19), 3576; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193576 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1428

Abstract

The flavor of black rice wine (BRW) can be diversified by the Xiaoqus, from different regions; however, the functional microbiota that contributes to its flavor remains unclear. Accordingly, this study selected three regional Xiaoqus from Sichuan Dazhu (Q1), Jiangxi Yingtan (Q2), and Hubei [...] Read more.

The flavor of black rice wine (BRW) can be diversified by the Xiaoqus, from different regions; however, the functional microbiota that contributes to its flavor remains unclear. Accordingly, this study selected three regional Xiaoqus from Sichuan Dazhu (Q1), Jiangxi Yingtan (Q2), and Hubei Fangxian (Q3) as starters to investigate flavor compounds and microbial communities during BRW brewing. Results indicated that altogether 61 flavor substances were identified, 16 of which were common characteristic flavor compounds (odor activity value > 0.1). Each BRW possessed unique characteristic flavor compounds. O2PLS and Spearman’s correlation analysis determined that characteristic flavor compounds of BRW were mainly produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, non-Saccharomyces yeasts, and lactic acid bacteria, with the common core functional strains being Wickerhamomyces and Pediococcus, and with their unique core functional strain likely causing a unique characteristic flavor. This study could promote the high-quality development of the black rice wine industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)

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15 pages, 1766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in the Sensory Odor Profile during Chorizo Maturation and Their Relationship with Volatile Compound Patterns by Partial Least Square Regression (PLS)

by Rosa Pilar Carmona-Escutia, Edith Ponce-Alquicira, María Dolores García-Parra, Socorro Josefina Villanueva-Rodríguez and Héctor B. Escalona-Buendía

Foods 2023, 12(5), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12050932 - 22 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2384

Abstract

Odor is one of the most important attributes to determine the overall acceptance of a product. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the changes in the odor profile and the volatile compounds during thirty-three days of ripening to obtain the pattern [...] Read more.

Odor is one of the most important attributes to determine the overall acceptance of a product. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the changes in the odor profile and the volatile compounds during thirty-three days of ripening to obtain the pattern of volatile compounds necessary to integrate the odor profile of chorizo (fermented sausage), using Partial Least Squares (PLS). The chili and pork meat odors were predominant during the first five days, vinegar and fermented odors at days twelve and nineteen days, and finally a rancid odor predominated at the end. Only the vinegar, rancid, and fermented odors could be predicted with a good fit model, with the R² coefficient above 0.5, using linear PLS, and the pork meat odor using logarithmic PLS. Each group of volatile compounds interacted in different ways; esters had a positive influence on the vinegar and rancid odors, but a negative on the fermented odor. Some volatile compounds contributed to more than one odor, such as hexanal, ethanol, and ethyl octanoate. This work allowed us to understand the pattern of volatile compounds required to generate some of the specific odors of chorizo; further studies are required to explore the effect of other food components on these patterns of odors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)

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22 pages, 5968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Huanglongbing on the Volatile Organic Compound Profile of Fruit Juice and Peel Oil in ‘Ray Ruby’ Grapefruit

by Maria Aparecida da Cruz, Anne Plotto, Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi, Rui Pereira Leite Junior and Jinhe Bai

Foods 2023, 12(4), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040713 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2457

Abstract

Along with orange and mandarin, grapefruit production in Florida has declined sharply due to Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). HLB affects the volatile profiles of juice and peel oil in oranges, but there is [...] Read more.

Along with orange and mandarin, grapefruit production in Florida has declined sharply due to Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). HLB affects the volatile profiles of juice and peel oil in oranges, but there is limited information on grapefruit. In this research, ‘Ray Ruby’ grapefruit were harvested in 2020 and 2021 from healthy (HLB−) and HLB-affected (HLB+) trees. Peel oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the volatiles were analyzed by direct injection of the oil samples into gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatiles in the juice were analyzed by headspace (HS)-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC-MS. HLB significantly altered the volatile profiles of peel oil and juice in ‘Ray Ruby’ grapefruit. Juice samples of HLB+ fruits had lower decanal, nonanal, and octanal, important citrus juice flavor compounds. HLB+ samples also showed reduced content of nonterpene compounds, other aliphatic and terpene aldehydes, and terpene ketones. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butanoate were increased in HLB+ juice samples, indicating an HLB-induced stress response. The most abundant compounds D-limonene and β-caryophyllene, as well as other sesquiterpenes, were increased in HLB+ juice and peel oil samples. On the other hand, the oxidative/dehydrogenated terpenes were increased by HLB in peel oil but decreased in the juice sample. Nootkatone, the key grapefruit volatile was consistently reduced by HLB in both peel oil and juice samples. The impact of HLB on nootkatone deteriorated the quality of both juice and peel oil in grapefruits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)

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13 pages, 5359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of HS-SPME-GC-MS for the Determination of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Ningxiang Pork

by Hu Gao, Fang Yang, Bangqiang Zhu, Shishu Yin, Yawei Fu, Yiyang Li, Yinchang Liao, Meng Kang, Yuebo Zhang, Jun He, Yulong Yin and Kang Xu

Foods 2023, 12(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12020297 - 8 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2896

Abstract

This study attempts to explore the suitable conditions for the detection of volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) in Ningxiang pork by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Ningxiang pigs were harvested from a slaughterhouse and a longissimus dorsi sample was collected from [...] Read more.

This study attempts to explore the suitable conditions for the detection of volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) in Ningxiang pork by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Ningxiang pigs were harvested from a slaughterhouse and a longissimus dorsi sample was collected from each animal. The VFCs of Ningxiang pork can be strongly impacted by the detection conditions (columns, weight of meat samples, heat treatment time, equilibrium conditions, and extraction conditions) that need to be optimized. Our results also provided the optimal test conditions: weighing 5 g of meat samples, grinding for 30 s in a homogenizer, heat treatment at 100 °C for 30 min, equilibration at 70 °C for 30 min, and extraction at 100 °C for 50 min. Furthermore, the feasibility and representativeness of the test method were confirmed based on principal component analysis and a comparison of the three pork VFCs. These findings offer researchers a unified and efficient pretreatment strategy to research pork VFCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)

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17 pages, 2109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Changes in the Volatile Compounds of Tea Made from Summer Tea Leaves by GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS

by Jiyuan Xu, Ying Zhang, Fei Yan, Yu Tang, Bo Yu, Bin Chen, Lirong Lu, Liren Yuan, Zhihua Wu and Hongbing Chen

Foods 2023, 12(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010146 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3565

Abstract

Compared with spring tea, summer tea has the advantages of economy and quantity. However, research on the aroma characteristics of summer tea is currently limited. In this study, summer fresh tea leaves (castanopsis. sinensis, cv. Fuliangzhong) (FTLs) were processed intoblack tea [...] Read more.

Compared with spring tea, summer tea has the advantages of economy and quantity. However, research on the aroma characteristics of summer tea is currently limited. In this study, summer fresh tea leaves (castanopsis. sinensis, cv. Fuliangzhong) (FTLs) were processed intoblack tea (BT) and green tea (GT). The changes in the volatile compounds during the tea processing were quantified using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and head space-solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and then analyzed on the basis of relative odor activity value (ROAV). Results showed low amounts of flavor compounds, such as linalool oxides, geraniol, and sulcatone, were found in FTLs, but after processing, high amounts of the same in BT and GT. Summer BT and GT contained characteristic compounds similar to spring tea, including linalool, geraniol, (E,E)-2,4-decdienal, β-ionone, methyl salicylate, geranyl acetone, and decanal. All these compounds have high content and ROAV values, which give the same flavor to summer teas as spring tea. This study confirmed that summer fresh tea leaves were suitable to produce black and green tea with good flavor. Monitoring changes in aroma compounds by GC-IMS coupled with GC-MS, the quality of summer tea is expected to be promoted towards the quality of spring tea by improving processing methods for valuable-tea production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)

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15 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Volatile Flavor Substances in the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica Mushroom and Its Maillard Reaction Products Based on E-Nose and GC-IMS

by Ning Yang, Shasha Zhang, Pei Zhou, Weisi Zhang, Xiaoli Luo, Jingjing Cao and Dafeng Sun

Foods 2022, 11(24), 4056; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244056 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

An electronic nose (E-Nose) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were used to analyze the volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) of the enzymatic hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica and its Maillard reaction products (MRPs). E-Nose sensors have strong response signals to sulfide, nitrogen oxides, alcohols, [...] Read more.

An electronic nose (E-Nose) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) were used to analyze the volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) of the enzymatic hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica and its Maillard reaction products (MRPs). E-Nose sensors have strong response signals to sulfide, nitrogen oxides, alcohols, and aldehyde ketone, and the aroma profile was increased after the Maillard reaction (MR). According to GC-IMS, A total of 84 known compounds were identified. Aldehydes, ketones and alcohols are the main VFCs. After MR, the concentrations of some alcohols decreased, and the concentration of pyrazines and ketones increased. Principal component analysis (PCA) and similarity analysis showed that the enzymatic hydrolysate and MRPs were different and could be effectively distinguished. In conclusion, this study clarified the changes in VFCs before and after the MR. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the quality control and flavor changes during the processing of Lanmaoa asiatica and provide a new method for flavor analysis of edible mushrooms and their products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)

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18 pages, 3334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Sea Buckthorn Juice during Fermentation Based on Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry

by Dan Wu, Qile Xia, Huan Cheng, Qichun Zhang, Yanbin Wang and Xingqian Ye

Foods 2022, 11(21), 3471; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11213471 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2611

Abstract

Sea buckthorn is rich in polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activities. However, it is very sour, and its odor is slightly unpleasant, so it requires flavor improvement. Fermentation is one potential method. Sea buckthorn juice was fermented at 37 °C for 72 h and [...] Read more.

Sea buckthorn is rich in polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activities. However, it is very sour, and its odor is slightly unpleasant, so it requires flavor improvement. Fermentation is one potential method. Sea buckthorn juice was fermented at 37 °C for 72 h and then post-fermented at 4 °C for 10 days. The flavor-related properties of the sea buckthorn juice were evaluated during fermentation, including the pH, total soluble solids (TSS), color, sensory evaluation, and volatile flavors. The sea buckthorn fermented juice had a low pH. The total soluble solids decreased from 10.60 ± 0.10% to 5.60 ± 0.12%. The total color change was not more than 20%. Fermentation increased the sweet odor of the sea buckthorn juice, but the fruity flavor decreased and the bitter flavor increased. A total of 33 volatile flavors were identified by headspace gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC–IMS), including 24 esters, 4 alcohols, 4 terpenes, and 1 ketone. Their total relative contents were 79.63–81.67%, 10.04–11.76%, 1.56–1.22%, and 0.25–0.55%, respectively. The differences in the characteristic volatile molecular species of the sea buckthorn juice at different fermentation stages could be visually discerned using fingerprint maps. Through principal component analysis (PCA), the total flavor difference of the sea buckthorn juice at different fermentation stages could be effectively distinguished into three groups: the samples fermented for 0 h and 12 h were in one group, the samples fermented for 36 h, 48 h, 60 h, and 72 h were in another group, and the samples fermented for 24 h were in another group. It is suggested that sea buckthorn juice be fermented for 36 h to improve its flavor. GC–IMS and PCA are effective methods of identifying and distinguishing the flavor characteristics of sea buckthorn juice. The above results can provide a theoretical basis for studying the changes in sea buckthorn’s characteristics as a result of fermentation, particularly with regard to its flavor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Flavor Analysis of Foods and Their Volatile Profile)

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