Food Gels: Gelling Process and Novel Applications

A special issue of Gels (ISSN 2310-2861). This special issue belongs to the section "Gel Chemistry and Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2023) | Viewed by 5158

Special Issue Editors

College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
Interests: protein gel; food science; food chemistry

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Guest Editor
College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
Interests: lipid; starch; gel

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Guest Editor
College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Interests: food chemistry; novel technologies; health benefits; processing properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
Interests: livestock product processing and quality safety control; meat science and postmortem muscle biochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue on “Food Gels” is dedicated to recent developments from theoretical and fundamental aspects to the characterization and applications of food gels. The intrinsic gel formation mechanisms and structural and mechanical properties of food gels are critical to food properties and stability. Within this context, a broad range of subjects, including structure and dynamics, molecular modeling and simulation, and applications of gels, will be discussed. The gelation mechanism depends on the nature of the gelling agent(s) and the conditions of gel formation, such as temperature, pH, concentration of gelling agents, etc. These factors can affect the process of gel formation as well as gel texture, the most critical factor for consumer acceptance. The gel-forming ability of proteins or polysaccharide is one of the most important functional characteristics in some common food products. For example, thermally induced protein–protein association is recognized as a key molecular event in the transition of a viscous myofibrillar protein sol-to-gel matrix during meat processing. The formed protein gels are important because they contribute greatly to meat binding, water entrapment, and fat immobilization in processed meat products.

Since it is impossible to cover all aspects of food gel science in one issue, this Special Issue will contain only a few representative examples, illustrating the complexity of the food gel: the gelling process and novel applications. It is hoped that the topics will stimulate new research and discoveries in the field of food gels.

Dr. Mangang Wu
Dr. Baomiao Ding
Prof. Dr. Wangang Zhang
Dr. Rui Liu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • gel
  • protein
  • gelation
  • rheological properties
  • texture
  • synthesis, characterization, and applications
  • structural and mechanical properties
  • rheological properties

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2208 KiB  
Article
Effects of Transglutaminase on Myofibrillar Protein Composite Gels with Addition of Non-Meat Protein Emulsion
by Mangang Wu, Qing Yin, Junjie Bian, Yuyu Xu, Chen Gu, Junying Jiao, Jingjing Yang and Yunlin Zhang
Gels 2023, 9(11), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9110910 - 17 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1524
Abstract
The emulsions prepared by three non-meat proteins, sodium caseinate (SC), soy protein isolate (SPI) and egg white protein (EPI), were individually added to the continuous phase of myofibrillar protein (MP) sol to form MP composite gels to simulate meat products. The research aimed [...] Read more.
The emulsions prepared by three non-meat proteins, sodium caseinate (SC), soy protein isolate (SPI) and egg white protein (EPI), were individually added to the continuous phase of myofibrillar protein (MP) sol to form MP composite gels to simulate meat products. The research aimed to investigate the effects of Transglutaminase (TGase) on the physicochemical properties, microstructure and water phase distribution of non-meat protein emulsion MP composite gels. The results of this study revealed that TGase played a crucial role in forming a tight gel network structure in the composite gels. This enhanced their ability to retain water and improved their overall gel strength. Additionally, TGase increased the gel formation temperature of myofibrillar proteins. Electrophoresis analysis showed that when catalyzed by TGase, there was a lighter band compared to those not catalyzed by TGase. This indicated that the addition of TGase facilitated cross-linking interactions between meat proteins and non-meat proteins in the composite gels. Furthermore, microscopy observations demonstrated that composite gels treated with TGase exhibited a more uniform microstructure. This could be attributed to an acceleration in relaxation time T2. The uniform network structure restricted the movement of water molecules in the gel matrix, thereby improving its water-holding capacity. Overall, these findings highlight how incorporating non-meat proteins into myofibrillar systems can be effectively achieved through enzymatic treatment with TGase. Such modifications not only enhanced important functional properties but also contributed towards developing alternative meat products with improved texture and moisture retention abilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Gels: Gelling Process and Novel Applications)
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16 pages, 4061 KiB  
Article
Impact of Silicon Addition on the Development of Gelled Pork Lard Emulsions with Controlled Lipid Digestibility for Application as Fat Replacers
by Susana Cofrades, Marina Hernández-Martín, Alba Garcimartín, Arancha Saiz, M. Elvira López-Oliva, Juana Benedí and María Dolores Álvarez
Gels 2023, 9(9), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9090728 - 7 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1373
Abstract
Pork lard gelled emulsions stabilized with two proteins [soy protein concentrate (SPC) or a pork rind protein extract (PRP)], both with and without added silicon (Si) from diatomaceous earth powder, were gelled by microbial transglutaminase and к-carrageenan. These gelled emulsions (GEs), intended as [...] Read more.
Pork lard gelled emulsions stabilized with two proteins [soy protein concentrate (SPC) or a pork rind protein extract (PRP)], both with and without added silicon (Si) from diatomaceous earth powder, were gelled by microbial transglutaminase and к-carrageenan. These gelled emulsions (GEs), intended as fat replacers, were evaluated in different aspects, including microstructure and technological properties during chilling storage. In addition, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) with an analysis of lipolysis and lipid digestibility was also evaluated. All GEs showed adequate technological properties after 28 days of chilling storage, although the SPC-stabilized GEs showed better gravitational and thermal stability (~4% and ~6%, respectively) during chilling storage than the PRP-stabilized ones (~8 and ~12%, respectively). PRP developed larger flocculates restricting pancreatic lipase-mediated lipolysis during intestinal digestion. The addition of Si to both GE structures protected them against disruption during in vitro digestion. Accordingly, Si appears to slow down fat digestion, as reflected by higher triacylglycerides content after GID (15 and 22% vs. 10 and 18% in GEs without Si) and could become a potential candidate for use in the development of healthier meat products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Gels: Gelling Process and Novel Applications)
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13 pages, 3616 KiB  
Article
Sucrose Esters as Oleogelators in Mono or Binary Structured Oleogels Using Different Oleogelation Routes
by Thais Lomonaco Teodoro da Silva and Sabine Danthine
Gels 2023, 9(5), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9050399 - 10 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1516
Abstract
Sucrose esters (SE) have been investigated as structuring agents in oleogels. Due to the low structuration power of SE as single agent, this component has recently been explored in combination with other oleogelators to form multicomponent systems. This study aimed to evaluate binary [...] Read more.
Sucrose esters (SE) have been investigated as structuring agents in oleogels. Due to the low structuration power of SE as single agent, this component has recently been explored in combination with other oleogelators to form multicomponent systems. This study aimed to evaluate binary blends of SEs with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (HLBs) with lecithin (LE), monoglycerides (MGs) and hard-fat (HF), according to their physical properties. The following SEs, SP10-HLB2, SP30-HLB6, SP50-HLB11, and SP70-HLB15, were structured using three different routes: “traditional”, “ethanol” and “foam-template”. All binary blends were made using a 10% oleogelator in 1:1 proportion for binary mixtures; they were then evaluated for their microstructure, melting behavior, mechanical properties, polymorphism and oil-binding capacity. SP10 and SP30 did not form well-structure and self-standing oleogels in any combination. Although SP50 showed some potential blends with HF and MG, their combination with SP70 led to even more well-structured oleogels, with a higher hardness (~0.8 N) and viscoelasticity (160 kPa), and 100% oil-binding capacity. This positive result might be attributed to the reinforcement of the H-bond between the foam and the oil by MG and HF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Gels: Gelling Process and Novel Applications)
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