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Geosciences
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Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-earthquake Precursors
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Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-earthquake Precursors

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural Hazards".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2020) | Viewed by 22490

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, Petrou Ralli & Thivon 250, GR-122 44 Aigaleo, Greece
Interests: radon; radon progeny; radon in soil; kHz-MHz electromagnetic radiation; fractal analysis; fractal dimension; long memory; Hurst exponent; DFA; symbolic dynamics; R/S analysis; entropy; Tsallis entropy; earthquakes; pre-seismic precursors; ionizing radiation physics; radiation dosimetry; radiation exposure; radiation protection; X-rays
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Geosciences aims to gather high-quality original research articles, reviews, and technical notes on the topic of “Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-Earthquake Precursors”.

Electromagnetic emissions detected prior to earthquakes provide a potential data source for seismic prediction and research suggests that specific pre-seismic electromagnetic activity can be directly related to specific earthquakes, although it is still an open issue as to the precise links between these electromagnetic emissions and subsequent earthquakes. The precursory electromagnetic frequency range is very wide ranging from ultra-low frequencies (ULF) between 0.001 and 1 Hz, low frequencies (LF) between 1 and 10 kHz, high frequencies (HF) between 40 and 60 MHz to very high frequencies (VHF) up to 300 MHz.

Enhanced radon gas emissions before earthquakes have an equally long history and debate in association with seismic activity. Pre-earthquake activity of radon gas has been observed in groundwater, soil gas, atmosphere, and thermal spas. The related research includes observations in active faults, volcanic processes, and seismotectonic environments.

The problem of earthquake prediction is a significant challenge for the scientific community, with several reported attempts to resolve issues related to the discovery of credible and unambiguous pre-earthquake precursors, especially for strong and catastrophic earthquakes. The whole research is multifaceted and involves diverging measurements and analysis methods. For the above reasons, I would like to invite you to submit articles about your recent work, experimental research, and case studies with respect to the following topics:

  • Electromagnetic disturbances and radon activity variations prior to earthquakes;
  • Remote sensing, survey, and data analysis for earthquake-related electromagnetic and radon observations;
  • Nonlinear phenomena, fractals, and chaos in seismological electromagnetic and radon time-series;
  • Earthquake models and source mechanisms related to electromagnetism and radon emission.

Papers that address the interconnection of the above topics are strongly encouraged. I invite you to send me a short abstract outlining the purpose of the research and the principal results obtained, in order to verify at an early stage if the contribution you intend to submit fits with the objectives of the Special Issue.

Prof. Dimitrios Nikolopoulos
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Geosciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electromagnetism
  • Radon
  • Earthquakes
  • Remote sensing
  • Design of experiments, data analysis: algorithms and implementation, data management
  • Self-organized systems
  • Non-linear dynamics and chaos
  • Fractals
  • Seismic source mechanisms
  • Earthquake models

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 1869 KiB  
Article
Long-Lasting Patterns in 3 kHz Electromagnetic Time Series after the ML = 6.6 Earthquake of 2018-10-25 near Zakynthos, Greece
by Dimitrios Nikolopoulos, Ermioni Petraki, Panayiotis H. Yannakopoulos, Georgios Priniotakis, Ioannis Voyiatzis and Demetrios Cantzos
Geosciences 2020, 10(6), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060235 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2767
Abstract
This paper reports one-month 3 kHz EM disturbances recorded at Kardamas, Ilia, Greece after a strong M L = 6.6 earthquake occurred on 2018/10/25 near Zakynthos and Ilia. During this period 17 earthquakes occurred with magnitudes M L = 4.5 and [...] Read more.
This paper reports one-month 3 kHz EM disturbances recorded at Kardamas, Ilia, Greece after a strong M L = 6.6 earthquake occurred on 2018/10/25 near Zakynthos and Ilia. During this period 17 earthquakes occurred with magnitudes M L = 4.5 and M L = 5.5 and depths between 3 km and 17 km, all near Zakynthos and Ilia. A two-stage, fully computational methodology was applied to the outcomes of five different time-evolving chaos analysis techniques (DFA, fractal dimension analysis through Higuchi, Katz and Sevcik methods and power-law analysis). Via literature-based thresholds, the out-of-threshold results of all chaos analysis methods were located and from these, the common time instances of 13 selected combinations per five, four, three and two methods. Numerous persistent segments were located with DFA exponents between 1.6 ≤ α ≤ 2.0 , fractal dimensions between 1.4 ≤ D ≤ 2.0 and power-law exponents between 2.2 ≤ β ≤ 3.0 . Out of the 17 earthquakes, six earthquakes were jointly matched by 13 selected combinations of five, four, three and two chaos analysis methods, four earthquakes by all combinations of four, three and two, while the remaining seven earthquakes were matched by at least one combination of three methods. All meta-analysis matches are within typical forecast periods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-earthquake Precursors)
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12 pages, 3293 KiB  
Article
Fractal Dimension Analysis Applied to Soil CO2 Fluxes in Campotosto’s Seismic Area, Central Italy
by Simone D’Incecco, Piero Di Carlo, Eleonora Aruffo, Nikolaos Chatzisavvas, Ermioni Petraki, Georgios Priniotakis, Ioannis Voyiatzis, Panayiotis H. Yannakopoulos and Dimitrios Nikolopoulos
Geosciences 2020, 10(6), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060233 - 17 Jun 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2272
Abstract
This article reports fractal dimension analysis applied to soil CO2 fluxes measured in an Italian seismic area. The work was carried out with the use of a calibrated flux chamber unit. The fractal dimension (FD) from isotropic variograms was used as a [...] Read more.
This article reports fractal dimension analysis applied to soil CO2 fluxes measured in an Italian seismic area. The work was carried out with the use of a calibrated flux chamber unit. The fractal dimension (FD) from isotropic variograms was used as a method to understand related scale-dependent phenomena. The aim was to investigate the spatial variability of CO2 flux measurements in four directions (horizontal, vertical, 45° and 135° directions) related to different distances between the measuring points and from a fault. High fractal dimension values were found (2.5 ≤ FD ≤ 3.0). These imply strong anti-persistent behavior near to and far from the fault. Lower fractal dimensions were addressed at longer distances from the fault. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-earthquake Precursors)
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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 3872 KiB  
Article
“Pre-Earthquake” Micro-Structural Effects Induced by Shear Stress on α-Quartz in Laboratory Experiments
by Giovanni Martinelli, Paolo Plescia and Emanuela Tempesta
Geosciences 2020, 10(5), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10050155 - 27 Apr 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2580
Abstract
This paper presents the results of measurements performed on α-quartz subjected to shear stress in dry conditions, to understand the relationship between the shear intensity and the resulting physical and chemical effects. If a shear stress of intensity higher than 100 MPa is [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of measurements performed on α-quartz subjected to shear stress in dry conditions, to understand the relationship between the shear intensity and the resulting physical and chemical effects. If a shear stress of intensity higher than 100 MPa is applied continuously to alpha quartz crystals, they will tend to lose their crystallinity, progressively reduce their friction coefficient (Cof) and change into a low-order material, apparently amorphous under X-ray diffraction, but with a structure different from silica glass. Raman and Pair Distribution Function analyses suggested a structure like cristobalite, a silica polymorph well-known for its auxetic behavior, i.e., having a negative Poisson ratio. This elastic parameter pre-eminently controls the friction coefficient of the material and, if it is negative, the Cof lowering. As a result, the increase in low crystallinity cristobalite is sufficientto explain the lowering of the quartz friction coefficient up to values able to contribute, in principle, to the triggering processes of active faults. This allows hypothesizing a slip induction mechanism that does not include the need to have the interposition of layers of hydrated silica, as invoked by many authors, to justify the low friction coefficients that are achieved in shear stress tests on rocks abundant in quartz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-earthquake Precursors)
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9 pages, 4113 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetic Emissions from Quartz Subjected to Shear Stress: Spectral Signatures and Geophysical Implications
by Giovanni Martinelli, Paolo Plescia and Emanuela Tempesta
Geosciences 2020, 10(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10040140 - 11 Apr 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9610
Abstract
Shear tests on quartz rocks and single quartz crystals have been conducted to understand the possible relationship between the intensity of detectable stress in fault areas and the energy released in the form of electromagnetic waves in the range 30 KHz-1 MHz (LF–MF). [...] Read more.
Shear tests on quartz rocks and single quartz crystals have been conducted to understand the possible relationship between the intensity of detectable stress in fault areas and the energy released in the form of electromagnetic waves in the range 30 KHz-1 MHz (LF–MF). For these tests, a new type of piston-cylinder has been developed, instrumented to collect the electromagnetic signals generated by the quartz during shear stress tests and that allows energy measurements on electromagnetic emissions (EMR) to be performed. The data obtained indicate that shear-stressed quartz crystals can generate electromagnetic emissions in the LF–MF range. These emissions represent a tiny fraction of the total energy dissipated in the fracturing process. The spectrum of radio emissions consists of continuous radiation and overlapping peaks. For the first time, a characteristic migration of peak frequencies was observed, proportional to the evolution of the fracturing process. In particular, the continuous recording of the radio emission spectra shows a migration of the peaks toward higher frequencies, as stress continues over time and smaller and larger fractures form. This migration could be used to distinguish possible natural signals emitted by quartz in tectonically active environments from possible signals of other geophysical and possibly anthropogenic origin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-earthquake Precursors)
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7 pages, 443 KiB  
Article
Negative Anomalies of the Earth’s Electric Field as Earthquake Precursors
by Sergey Smirnov
Geosciences 2020, 10(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10010010 - 25 Dec 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4545
Abstract
Anomalies of the electric field potential gradient have been observed in the near-ground air before earthquakes in different regions of the world. Such anomalies are likely caused by radon air ionization. In this study, the impact of this precursor was estimated according to [...] Read more.
Anomalies of the electric field potential gradient have been observed in the near-ground air before earthquakes in different regions of the world. Such anomalies are likely caused by radon air ionization. In this study, the impact of this precursor was estimated according to continuous observations of the electric field in Kamchatka in 1997–2002. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-earthquake Precursors)
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