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Geosciences
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Marine Geohazards
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Marine Geohazards

A special issue of Geosciences (ISSN 2076-3263).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 13172

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marinos Charalampakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Geodynamics - National Observatory Athens, Hellenic National Tsunami Warning Center, Lofos Nymfon, Thissio, 118-10 Athens, Greece
Interests: marine geophysics; tsunamis; seismology; geology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the last few decades, the scope of activities related to the marine environment has been increasing. The urbanization of the coastal zone, the increase of marine recreational activities and transportation, and the exploration of offshore natural resources have potentially endangered thousands of lives, and infrastructure worth millions of euros. The scientific community is aiming to provide timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information on marine geohazards; geological conditions which can lead to uncontrolled risk or catastrophic events. Climate change can also play a significant role in affecting local geological conditions, which in turn can increase the frequency and intensity of marine geohazards.

This Special Issue, “Marine Geohazards”, aims to bring together new insights from a wide range of disciplines, as well as new innovative approaches in studying geological hazards that will ultimately reduce the threat in coastal communities and the marine environment. State-of-the-art research papers and case studies that reflect the advances in coastal and marine hazards and risks, especially (but not only) in relation to climate change are very welcomed. This Special Issue aims to cover, without being limited to, hazards that may include earthquakes and submarine landslides that can trigger tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, gas migration or build-up that can lead to locally over-pressurized sediments and potential terrain instability, seafloor scour and sediment transport. Innovative methodologies and techniques on bathymetry, imagery, geophysics, and geotechnics, which play an integral role in the evaluation of marine geohazards, are also highly appreciated.

Dr. Marinos Charalampakis
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Geosciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Marine geohazards
  • Natural hazards
  • Slope failure
  • Earthquake and tsunamis
  • Fluid seepage
  • Volcanism
  • Faulting
  • Erosion
  • Bedforms
  • Climate change
  • Global warming

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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28 pages, 6622 KiB  
Article
Earthquake, Fire, and Water: Destruction Sequence Identified in an 8th Century Early Islamic Harbor Warehouse in Caesarea, Israel
by Charles J. Everhardt IV, Hendrik W. Dey, Uzi ‘Ad, Jacob Sharvit, Peter Gendelman, Joel Roskin, Lotem Robins, Roy Jaijel, Ofra Barkai and Beverly N. Goodman-Tchernov
Geosciences 2023, 13(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040108 - 4 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3911
Abstract
An 8th century CE earthquake severely damaged inland cities across the southern-central Levant, but reported evidence of this earthquake along the coastline is scarce. In Caesarea Maritima, archaeologists have found contemporaneous anomalous sand and shelly layers within nearshore structures and interpreted them as [...] Read more.
An 8th century CE earthquake severely damaged inland cities across the southern-central Levant, but reported evidence of this earthquake along the coastline is scarce. In Caesarea Maritima, archaeologists have found contemporaneous anomalous sand and shelly layers within nearshore structures and interpreted them as construction fill, aeolian accumulation, or abandonment debris. Recently, similar sand deposits were exposed in a Roman-to-Islamic harbor-side warehouse. This presented the first opportunity to directly sample and systematically analyze in situ, undisturbed deposits in order to determine their origin and taphonomic (source and transport) history. Two sediment cores from the deposit as well as comparative reference samples from defined contexts were analyzed for grain size distribution, foraminifera (abundance/taphonomy), and relative age (POSL, archaeochronology). The results support the interpretation that the deposit was formed from the transport of offshore marine sediments during a high-energy inundation event, most likely a tsunami associated with the 749 CE earthquake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Geohazards)
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20 pages, 2712 KiB  
Article
Automatic Tsunami Hazard Assessment System: “Tsunami Observer”
by Sergey V. Kolesov, Mikhail A. Nosov, Kirill A. Sementsov, Anna V. Bolshakova and Gulnaz N. Nurislamova
Geosciences 2022, 12(12), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12120455 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2015
Abstract
The current prototype of a fully automatic earthquake tsunami hazard assessment system, “Tsunami Observer”, is described. The transition of the system to the active phase of operation occurs when information about a strong earthquake (Mw ≥ 6.0) is received. In the first [...] Read more.
The current prototype of a fully automatic earthquake tsunami hazard assessment system, “Tsunami Observer”, is described. The transition of the system to the active phase of operation occurs when information about a strong earthquake (Mw ≥ 6.0) is received. In the first stage, the vector field of coseismic displacements of the Earth’s crust is calculated by using the Okada formulas. In the calculations, use is made of data on the coordinates, the seismic moment, the focal mechanism, and the depth of the earthquake, as well as empirical patterns. In the second stage, the initial elevation of the water surface at the tsunami’s focus is determined with the vector field of coseismic displacements of the bottom and the distribution of ocean depths, and the earthquake’s potential energy is calculated. In the third stage, the intensity of the tsunami is estimated on the Soloviev–Imamura scale in accordance with the magnitude of the potential energy by using the empirical relationship that is obtained as a result of a statistical analysis of historical tsunami events. In the final stage, if the energy exceeds the critical value of 109 J, a numerical simulation of the tsunami is performed, which allows the determination of the predominant directions of wave energy propagation and estimation of the runup height on the nearest coast. In this work, data on the operation of the system over the last 3 years are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Geohazards)
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18 pages, 8525 KiB  
Article
Tsunami Detection Model for Sea Level Measurement Devices
by Alessandro Annunziato
Geosciences 2022, 12(10), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100386 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2663
Abstract
Sea level measurements are of critical importance in the verification of tsunami generation. When a large earthquake occurs in a subduction zone and the Regional Tsunami Service Providers of UNESCO/IOC issue alerts, sea level measurements are used to verify tsunami generation and take [...] Read more.
Sea level measurements are of critical importance in the verification of tsunami generation. When a large earthquake occurs in a subduction zone and the Regional Tsunami Service Providers of UNESCO/IOC issue alerts, sea level measurements are used to verify tsunami generation and take further actions (i.e., the evacuation of coastal areas). However, in some cases, if the tsunami source is very close to the coast, there is not enough time between the identification of an event and the issue of alerting bulletins. In addition, when the tsunami is not generated by a large earthquake but rather an atypical source (i.e., landslide or volcanic eruption) or prior information from the earthquake is not available before the arrival of the tsunami, it is of vital importance to have other means for the verification of tsunami generation. The algorithm presented in this paper, already installed in several operational devices, is capable of acquiring, processing and moving data back into the data server of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC-JRC) or any other relevant database; it can also be used for any sea level measurement of interest with corresponding triggering criteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Geohazards)
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14 pages, 2084 KiB  
Perspective
The Contributions of Marine Sediment Cores to Volcanic Hazard Assessments: Present Examples and Future Perspectives
by Chris Satow, Sebastian Watt, Mike Cassidy, David Pyle and Yuqiao Natalie Deng
Geosciences 2023, 13(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040124 - 21 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3280
Abstract
The rigorous assessment of volcanic hazards relies on setting contemporary monitoring observations within an accurate, longer-term geological context. Revealing that geological context requires the detailed fieldwork, mapping and laboratory analysis of the erupted materials. However, many of the world’s most dangerous volcanic systems [...] Read more.
The rigorous assessment of volcanic hazards relies on setting contemporary monitoring observations within an accurate, longer-term geological context. Revealing that geological context requires the detailed fieldwork, mapping and laboratory analysis of the erupted materials. However, many of the world’s most dangerous volcanic systems are located on or near coasts (e.g., the Phlegraean Fields and Vesuvius in Italy), islands (e.g., the volcanic archipelagos of the Pacific, south-east Asia, and Eastern Caribbean), or underwater (e.g., the recently erupting Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai volcano), meaning that much of their erupted material is deposited on the sea bed. The only way to sample this material directly is with seafloor sediment cores. This perspectives paper outlines how marine sediment cores are a vital yet underused resource for assessing volcanic hazards by: (1) outlining the spatio-temporal scope of the marine volcanic record and its main deposit types, (2) providing existing examples where marine sediments have contributed to volcanic hazard assessments; (3) highlighting the Sunda Arc, Indonesia as an example location where marine sediment cores are yet to contribute to hazard assessments, and (4) proposing that marine sediment cores can contribute to our understanding of very large eruptions that have a global impact. Overall, this perspectives paper aims to promote the utility of marine sediment cores in future volcanic hazard assessments, while also providing some basic information to assist researchers who are considering integrating marine sediment cores into their volcanological research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Geohazards)
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