Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS for Built Heritage

A special issue of Heritage (ISSN 2571-9408).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 24344

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Applied Arts, Hellenic Open University, Patra, Greece
Interests: photogrammetry; image processing; augmented reality; 3D modelling; machine learning

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ephorate of Antiquities of East Attica, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Athina, Greece
Interests: archaeology; photogrammetry; geostructural analysis; lighting

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS applications have a great impact on heritage work and archaeological practice. In archaeological, conservation and restoration practices, data collection and management have always been crucial. However, the way fieldwork is conducted has changed significantly in recent decades as a result of growing digitization in data collection, both in terms of methodology and interpretation. As a result of these changes, new issues concerning accessibility, standardization, and so on emerge.

Close-range photogrammetry and aerial photogrammetry based on historical or new images extract 3D models for recording, documentation and management of the cultural heritage. Terrestrial laser scanning is a terrestrial, active imaging method that acquires a dense 3D point cloud of an object by sending laser pulses to every point of the object and measuring the distance from the device to the target. Airborne lidar is also widely used resulting in 3-dimensional digital surface models of the archaeological sites. Structure From Motion is another technique for extracting 3D models using multiple images. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles also allow the creation of 3D models.

Remote sensing with the utilization of very high-resolution sensors provides images to assist in the monitoring of the progress of maintenance and reconstruction on the surface. It can be used also to monitor the surroundings of a cultural site and document any changes using time series data. GIS has been established as a tool in archaeology for monitoring cultural heritage using functional spatial analysis.

This Special Issue seeks research and review papers covering the algorithms, applications, methodologies and case studies on the recording, documentation and visualization of built heritage. At the same time it seeks to address issues of their impact in the production of archaeological knowledge and discusses the implications of these methods and applications in the work process of the archaeologist, conservator and restorer in the field.

Topics include, but are not limited to:

  • 3D modelling, photogrammetry and retrospective photogrammetry of monuments and archaeological sites;
  • Data processing methods and algorithms;
  • Monitoring and change detection;
  • Visualization and VR/AR/AI applications for archaeology and cultural heritage;
  • Remote sensing for archaeology and cultural heritage;
  • Multi-disciplinary case studies;
  • Reflexive approaches in data acquisition and management.

Machine Learning in cultural heritage.

Dr. Lemonia Ragia
Dr. Dorina Moullou
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 18362 KiB  
Article
Use of LiDAR Technology for the Study and Analysis of Construction Phases and Deformations in the Gothic Church of Biar (Spain)
by Jose Antonio Huesca-Tortosa, Yolanda Spairani-Berrio and Pascual Saura-Gómez
Heritage 2024, 7(1), 122-138; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7010006 - 28 Dec 2023
Viewed by 2379
Abstract
This work provides new data on the church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción in Biar, combining the investigation of documentary sources with the analysis of the geometry obtained using LiDAR technology and the study of stone materials. This monument has a Proto-Renaissance [...] Read more.
This work provides new data on the church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción in Biar, combining the investigation of documentary sources with the analysis of the geometry obtained using LiDAR technology and the study of stone materials. This monument has a Proto-Renaissance façade of great architectural value, as it was the first building in the province of Alicante, in Spain, to use Renaissance decorations at the beginning of the 16th century. Its main façade reflects the four centuries of its construction from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The building has been digitised using LiDAR technology and photogrammetry. The graphic representation of the point cloud obtained from the aforementioned techniques makes it possible to study deformations in colour gradient with respect to a reference plane. The results obtained after the analysis of these data show that the method used in this work has served to detect and corroborate the constructive evolutions of the church obtained from the documentary sources investigated. This work serves as an example for similar works, proposing the incorporation of the analysis of anomalies in the geometry of the facings as a new variable that should be considered to complement the rest of the usual studies, bringing to light deformations and irregularities that at first sight may go unnoticed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS for Built Heritage)
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24 pages, 26594 KiB  
Article
Unfolding WWII Heritages with Airborne and Ground-Based Laser Scanning
by Kathleen Fei-Ching Sit, Chun-Ho Pun, Wallace W. L. Lai, Dexter Kin-Wang Chung and Chi-Man Kwong
Heritage 2023, 6(9), 6189-6212; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6090325 - 4 Sep 2023
Viewed by 2250
Abstract
Considering how difficult it is for a pin in the ocean to be found, painstaking searches among historical documents and eyewitness accounts often end up with more unknowns and questions. We developed a three-tier geo-spatial tech-based approach to discover and unfold the lost [...] Read more.
Considering how difficult it is for a pin in the ocean to be found, painstaking searches among historical documents and eyewitness accounts often end up with more unknowns and questions. We developed a three-tier geo-spatial tech-based approach to discover and unfold the lost WWII heritage features in the countryside of Hong Kong that can be applied in other contexts. It started with an analysis of historical texts, old maps, aerial photos, and military plans in the historical geographic information system (HGIS) Project ‘The Battle of Hong Kong 1941: a Spatial History Project’ by Hong Kong Baptist University to define regions/points of interest. Then, 3D point clouds extracted from the government’s airborne LiDAR were migrated to form a digital terrain model (DTM) for geo-registration in GIS. All point clouds were geo-referenced in HK1980 Grid via accurate positioning using the global navigation satellite system—real-time kinematics (GNSS-RTK). A red relief image map (RRIM) was then used to image the tunnels, trenches, and pillboxes in great detail by calculating the topographical openness. The last tier of the tech work was field work involving ground validation of the findings from the previous two tiers and on-site imaging using terrestrial LiDAR. The ground 3D LiDAR model of the heritage feature was then built and integrated into the DTM. The three-tier tech-based approach developed in this paper is standardised and adopted to streamline the workflow of historical and archaeological studies not only in Hong Kong but also elsewhere. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS for Built Heritage)
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31 pages, 16309 KiB  
Article
Outside Inn: Exploring the Heritage of a Historic Hotel through 360-Panoramas
by Hafizur Rahaman, Erik Champion and David McMeekin
Heritage 2023, 6(5), 4380-4410; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6050232 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3573
Abstract
This research project investigates the potential of 360-panorama tours to improve the situated and contextual interpretation, virtual visitation, and spatial understanding of recorded or simulated built heritage sites. Our chosen case study was the Subiaco Hotel, a significant heritage building designed by Summerhayes [...] Read more.
This research project investigates the potential of 360-panorama tours to improve the situated and contextual interpretation, virtual visitation, and spatial understanding of recorded or simulated built heritage sites. Our chosen case study was the Subiaco Hotel, a significant heritage building designed by Summerhayes Architecture, which we documented using 360-degree photographs and linked with other media to create an interactive 360-panorama tour. Today, 360-degree panorama tours such as Google Street View enable the virtual exploration of heritage sites and historic buildings. They demonstrate limited interaction and immersion across a range of platforms and devices, without the requirement of expensive virtual reality headsets, but typically do not integrate other media to leverage spatially richer ways to communicate the historical developments of architectural interiors and exteriors. The primary goals of this study were to establish a comprehensive step-by-step workflow for creating an interactive tour of a significant heritage site, demonstrate how other media such as text, videos, and 3D models can be linked, gather feedback from cultural heritage professionals, and offer future research directions and development guidelines. Apart from detailing an optimized workflow for developing interactive 360-degree virtual tours for heritage buildings, we also offer guidelines for optimal panoramic tour creation and implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS for Built Heritage)
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14 pages, 273 KiB  
Communication
Interacting with the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Language Model ChatGPT: A Synopsis of Earth Observation and Remote Sensing in Archaeology
by Athos Agapiou and Vasiliki Lysandrou
Heritage 2023, 6(5), 4072-4085; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6050214 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4701
Abstract
In this communication we aim to provide an overview of Earth observation and remote sensing in archaeology following a non-traditional literature review approach, that is, investigating recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and language models. Towards this direction, the generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) [...] Read more.
In this communication we aim to provide an overview of Earth observation and remote sensing in archaeology following a non-traditional literature review approach, that is, investigating recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and language models. Towards this direction, the generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) language model was used to extract relevant information. The ChatGPT language model—recently released by OpenAI—appears to provide an alternative way for retrieving comprehensive information for various thematic topics. ChatGPT is currently operated on a beta version by millions of users worldwide, free of access for a limited period. In this study, specific queries related to Earth observation and remote sensing in archaeology were made by the authors to the ChatGPT. Innovations and limitations are discussed, while a comparison with traditional bibliographic analysis is performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS for Built Heritage)
13 pages, 7378 KiB  
Article
Digital Technologies and the Transformation of Archaeological Labor
by Eric E. Poehler
Heritage 2023, 6(5), 3985-3997; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6050209 - 26 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2070
Abstract
The use of computers and other digital technologies have had a long history in classical archaeology, but in the last decade, advances in software and especially hardware have begun to transform the way that archaeologists work in the field. This paper explores three [...] Read more.
The use of computers and other digital technologies have had a long history in classical archaeology, but in the last decade, advances in software and especially hardware have begun to transform the way that archaeologists work in the field. This paper explores three examples of this phenomenon from my perspective as co-director, director, or assistant director of three different research projects between 2010 and 2019. These are the Pompeii Quadriporticus Project (2010–2013), the Pompeii Artistic Landscape Project (PALP, 2018–present), and the Tharros Archaeological Research Project (TARP, 2019–present). As a whole, these projects trace one history of digital technology’s impact on the organization of archaeological labor, from intensifying work due to increased efficiency, to increasing the pressure due to newly available data sources, and to reorganizing the in-field procedures that at once takes advantage of efficiencies and frees up labor at the trench edge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS for Built Heritage)
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15 pages, 6809 KiB  
Article
Super-Resolution Techniques in Photogrammetric 3D Reconstruction from Close-Range UAV Imagery
by Antigoni Panagiotopoulou, Lazaros Grammatikopoulos, Andreas El Saer, Elli Petsa, Eleni Charou, Lemonia Ragia and George Karras
Heritage 2023, 6(3), 2701-2715; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6030143 - 6 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3271
Abstract
Current Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithms are tools for high-quality 3D model reconstruction, strongly depending on image spatial resolution. In this context, the combination of image Super-Resolution (SR) with image-based 3D reconstruction is turning into an interesting research topic in photogrammetry, around which however [...] Read more.
Current Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithms are tools for high-quality 3D model reconstruction, strongly depending on image spatial resolution. In this context, the combination of image Super-Resolution (SR) with image-based 3D reconstruction is turning into an interesting research topic in photogrammetry, around which however only a few works have been reported so far in the literature. Here, a thorough study is carried out on various state-of-the-art image SR techniques to evaluate the suitability of such an approach in terms of its inclusion in the 3D reconstruction process. Deep-learning techniques are tested here on a UAV image dataset, while the MVS task is then performed via the Agisoft Metashape photogrammetric tool. The data under experimentation are oblique cultural heritage imagery. According to results, point clouds from low-resolution images present quality inferior to those from upsampled high-resolution ones. The SR techniques HAT and DRLN outperform bicubic interpolation, yielding high precision/recall scores for the differences of reconstructed 3D point clouds from the reference surface. The current study indicates spatial image resolution increased by SR techniques may indeed be advantageous for state-of-the art photogrammetric 3D reconstruction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS for Built Heritage)
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Review

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36 pages, 4666 KiB  
Review
Condition Assessment of Heritage Buildings via Photogrammetry: A Scoping Review from the Perspective of Decision Makers
by Mariella De Fino, Rosella Alessia Galantucci and Fabio Fatiguso
Heritage 2023, 6(11), 7031-7066; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6110367 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4256
Abstract
In recent years, advanced digital technologies have driven an outstanding paradigm shift in the field of architectural heritage, particularly for building modelling, historical documentation and touristic promotion. Nonetheless, they show great potentialities in the field of assessment and control of the state of [...] Read more.
In recent years, advanced digital technologies have driven an outstanding paradigm shift in the field of architectural heritage, particularly for building modelling, historical documentation and touristic promotion. Nonetheless, they show great potentialities in the field of assessment and control of the state of conservation of heritage buildings. In particular, close-range and aerial photogrammetry have increasingly relied on low-cost and user-friendly tools and procedures, with a high degree of automation that makes them accessible to specialists who are foremost involved in architectural diagnosis and conservation, rather than in remote sensing sciences. In this framework, this paper provides a scoping review of 117 publications, based on the PRISMA protocol, from Scopus and Web of Science databases, related to the employment of photogrammetric models and methods, with specific focus on the targets and purposes of the diagnostic process, including decay mapping, structural monitoring and modelling, non-destructive investigation and multi-source documentation. In detail, the results point out that current studies mainly support robust processing of large amounts of information from direct observation of surface alterations, systematic correlation between materials, construction characteristics, visible anomalies and experimental measurements, as well as multi-disciplinary collaborative workflows through remote inspection and harmonized data management. Further improvements were identified, including standardization of acquisition procedures, automatization of elaboration pipelines, integration of real-time data, validation of diagnosis decision-making support tools and scalability to networks of assets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS for Built Heritage)
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