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11 pages, 879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Haules Robbins Zaniku, Moses Banda Aron, Kaylin Vrkljan, Kartik Tyagi, Myness Kasanda Ndambo, Gladys Mtalimanja Banda, Revelation Nyirongo, Isaac Mphande, Bright Mailosi, George Talama, Fabien Munyaneza, Emilia Connolly, Luckson Dullie, Dale A. Barnhart and Todd Ruderman

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(10), 5877; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105877 - 19 May 2023

Viewed by 4067

Abstract

COVID-19-related knowledge and behaviors remain essential for controlling the spread of disease, especially among vulnerable patients with advanced, chronic diseases. We prospectively assessed changes over 11 months in COVID-19-related testing, knowledge, and behaviors among patients with non-communicable diseases in rural Malawi using four [...] Read more.

COVID-19-related knowledge and behaviors remain essential for controlling the spread of disease, especially among vulnerable patients with advanced, chronic diseases. We prospectively assessed changes over 11 months in COVID-19-related testing, knowledge, and behaviors among patients with non-communicable diseases in rural Malawi using four rounds of telephone interviews between November 2020 to October 2021. The most commonly reported COVID-19-related risks among patients included visiting health facilities (35–49%), attending mass gatherings (33–36%), and travelling outside the district (14–19%). Patients reporting having experienced COVID-like symptoms increased from 30% in December 2020 to 41% in October 2021. However, only 13% of patients had ever received a COVID-19 test by the end of the study period. Respondents answered 67–70% of the COVID-19 knowledge questions correctly, with no significant changes over time. Hand washing, wearing face masks and maintaining a safe distance were the most frequently reported strategies to prevent the spreading of COVID-19. Wearing face masks significantly improved over time (p < 0.001). Although the majority reported accurate knowledge about COVID-19 and enhanced adherence to infection prevention measures over time, patients commonly visited locations where they could be exposed to COVID-19. Government and other stakeholders should increase COVID-19 testing accessibility to primary and secondary facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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13 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions towards the COVID-19 Pandemic during Different Lockdown Levels among International Students in Taiwan

by Yi-Hao Weng, Wei-Ting Chien, Felix Trejos Prado, Chun-Yuh Yang, Hung-Yi Chiou, Wei-Cheng Lo, Chung Bui and Ya-Wen Chiu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(6), 4944; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064944 - 11 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2111

Abstract

International students face many impediments under the COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives of this study are to assess the association between the perceptions of international students and the lockdown policy for COVID-19. In 2021, three different levels of lockdown policy were enforced, including level [...] Read more.

International students face many impediments under the COVID-19 pandemic. The objectives of this study are to assess the association between the perceptions of international students and the lockdown policy for COVID-19. In 2021, three different levels of lockdown policy were enforced, including level I from January to April, level III from May to July, and level II from August to December. We conducted three surveys for international graduate students using a validated questionnaire during the different lockdown levels. We collected 185, 119, and 83 valid questionnaires in level I, II, and III, respectively. There were linear trends in the correlations of lockdown policy with the knowledge (p = 0.052), attitudes (p = 0.002), and practices (p < 0.001) of COVID-19. In brief, the stricter the lockdown policy, the better the students adhered to sufficient knowledge, positive attitudes, and healthy practices. Furthermore, there were significant linear correlations of lockdown policy with the transportation, school study, leisure, family life, and diet behavior. In conclusion, lockdown policy had important impacts on the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and daily lives of international students. The findings indicated that the lockdown system and its corresponding measures appear to affect perceptions in a positive way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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14 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Precautionary Tale: Individual Decision Making in the Time of COVID-19

by Ann Pearman, MacKenzie L. Hughes, Clara W. Coblenz, Emily L. Smith and Shevaun D. Neupert

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(5), 4597; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054597 - 5 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1552

Abstract

Precaution taking is an important part of managing COVID-19 and has been since the start of the pandemic. Guided by the Health Belief Model, two studies conducted during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic aimed to identify possible individual difference predictors of precautionary [...] Read more.

Precaution taking is an important part of managing COVID-19 and has been since the start of the pandemic. Guided by the Health Belief Model, two studies conducted during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic aimed to identify possible individual difference predictors of precautionary actions. Study 1 was an online, cross-sectional study using 763 adults aged 20–79 years old. Study 2, a 30-day daily diary study, examined daily precautions in 261 persons over the age of 55 years old. Study 1 and Study 2 indicated that COVID-19 knowledge predicted precautionary behaviors. Multilevel models from Study 2 indicated that daily increases in in-person interactions and leaving home were associated with decreases in precautions, but increases in disruption to routine were associated with increases in precautions. In both studies, including concurrent and lagged models in Study 2, significant interactions between information seeking and perceived risk suggested higher information seeking was related to higher precautions for those who consider themselves low risk. Findings highlight the burden of daily precautions and potentially modifiable factors of engagement in precautions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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11 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between the Perception of Behavior Change and Habitual Exercise during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey in Japan

by Daisaku Nishimoto, Shimpei Kodama, Ikuko Nishio, Hyuma Makizako and KU-OHL Project Team

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010356 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

In general, the perception of behavior change may be associated with habitual exercise. However, this association might not be well-understood due to the state of emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study collected data from 1499 internet users aged 20–86 years living in [...] Read more.

In general, the perception of behavior change may be associated with habitual exercise. However, this association might not be well-understood due to the state of emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study collected data from 1499 internet users aged 20–86 years living in Japan who participated in the online survey from 26 to 27 February 2021. Having a perception of behavior change was defined as preparation, action, and maintenance of the transtheoretical model. The habitual exercise was defined as 600 metabolic equivalent min/week or more based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio of habitual exercise and a 95% confidence interval was estimated after adjusting for related factors. We found that perception of behavior change was positively associated with habitual exercise (adjusted odds ratio = 2.41, 95%CI = 1.89–3.08), and similar associations were found in states of emergency (2.69, 1.97–3.69) and non-emergency (2.01, 1.34–3.01). Moreover, women were negatively associated in all analyses with habitual exercise compared to men (0.63, 0.49–0.80; 0.65, 0.44–0.96; 0.62, and 0.45–0.84, respectively). Thus, the perception of behavior change may be involved in the implementation of habitual exercise, suggesting that women face difficulties in engaging in habitual exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

18 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mask-Wearing Behaviors after Two Years of Wearing Masks Due to COVID-19 in Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Miji Kwon and Wonyoung Yang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 14940; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214940 - 13 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3052

Abstract

In Korea, wearing masks in public places has become the norm during the prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This cross-sectional study investigated the mask-wearing behavior of Koreans (n = 433) via online mode living in Seoul and Gwangju after wearing a [...] Read more.

In Korea, wearing masks in public places has become the norm during the prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This cross-sectional study investigated the mask-wearing behavior of Koreans (n = 433) via online mode living in Seoul and Gwangju after wearing a mask in public spaces for two years due to COVID-19. The respondents selected their face masks based on season, gender, age, occupation, mask-wearing hours, mask filter performance, mask shape, and mask color. The general discomfort caused by wearing a mask was divided into physical and speech discomfort, and it was not correlated with anxiety when not wearing a face mask. Speech discomfort caused by wearing a mask was correlated with general discomfort, clear speech, vocal pain, anxiety, and only-indoor mask-off plans. Anxiety when not wearing a mask appeared to affect both indoor and outdoor mask-off plans. The more uncomfortable and less anxious respondents were when not wearing a mask, the sooner they wanted to discontinue wearing masks indoors and outdoors. It is expected that the use of masks will continue in the future and that there may be differences in the place and time of use of masks in Korea and around the world due to new infectious diseases and fine dust. Facial masks can be worn more comfortably and conveniently if the discomfort and anxiety of wearing a mask are improved by considering various behaviors when wearing a mask in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

17 pages, 3320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Insomnia in the Early Post-COVID-19 Recovery Period

by Robert Pudlo, Izabela Jaworska, Anna Szczegielniak, Jacek Niedziela, Zofia Kułaczkowska, Alicja Nowowiejska-Wiewióra, Jerzy Jaroszewicz and Mariusz Gąsior

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114224 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2270

Abstract

Background: Sleep is a complex, reversible process that is responsible for the modulation of various physiological mechanisms. COVID-19-related sleep disorders are affecting different populations with a heterogenous prevalence, yet high rates among infected patients are frequently reported. The aim of the study is [...] Read more.

Background: Sleep is a complex, reversible process that is responsible for the modulation of various physiological mechanisms. COVID-19-related sleep disorders are affecting different populations with a heterogenous prevalence, yet high rates among infected patients are frequently reported. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of insomnia in the early post-COVID-19 recovery period and explore the differences in the results acquired by the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) by gender and selected infection severity parameters. Methods: The data presented in the paper come from a prospective, observational study on COVID-19 complications (SILCOV-19) consisting of 200 COVID-19 patients. The AIS was used for the quantitative measurement of insomnia symptoms based on ICD-10 criteria. Results: 32% (n = 64) of all patients in the study group obtained results indicating sleep disturbances (>5 points on the scale), while 21.5% (n = 43) obtained results indicating insomnia (>10 points on the scale). The analysis of the results obtained by all patients in the AIS showed a significant correlation with the duration of symptoms (Spearman’s rank-order: R = 0.18; p < 0.05), but not with the number of days spent in the hospital or age. Women achieved a higher score in overall AIS, as well as in questions assessing total sleep time, well-being the next day, physical and mental fitness the next day, and sleepiness during the day (p < 0.05). Conclusions: the prevalence of insomnia in the early post-COVID-19 recovery period is high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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17 pages, 3002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Hospital Visits of Rural Residents in Guangdong, China: A Controlled Interrupted Time Series Study

by Wenfang Zhong, Rong Yin, Yan Pan, Xiangliang Zhang, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Li Ling, Xingge Li and Wen Chen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013259 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1795

Abstract

To date, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the healthcare-seeking behavior and utilization of health services in rural areas where healthcare resources are scarce. We aimed to quantify the long-term impact of COVID-19 [...] Read more.

To date, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the healthcare-seeking behavior and utilization of health services in rural areas where healthcare resources are scarce. We aimed to quantify the long-term impact of COVID-19 on hospital visits of rural residents in China. We collected data on the hospitalization of all residents covered by national health insurance schemes in a county in southern China from April 2017 to March 2021. We analyzed changes in residents’ hospitalization visits in different areas, i.e., within-county, out-of-county but within-city, and out-of-city, via a controlled interrupted time series approach. Subgroup analyses based on gender, age, hospital levels, and ICD-10 classifications for hospital visits were examined. After experiencing a significant decline in hospitalization cases after the COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020, the pattern of rural residents’ hospitalization utilization differed markedly by disease classification. Notably, we found that the overall demand for hospitalization utilization of mental and neurological illness among rural residents in China has been suppressed during the pandemic, while the utilization of inpatient services for other common chronic diseases was redistributed across regions. Our findings suggest that in resource-poor areas, focused strategies are urgently needed to ensure that people have access to adequate healthcare services, particularly mental and neurological healthcare, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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17 pages, 2246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applications of Medical Digital Technologies for Noncommunicable Diseases for Follow-Up during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Eman Sobhy Elsaid Hussein, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Shenqiti and Reda Mohamed El-Sayed Ramadan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912682 - 4 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2551

Abstract

Background: Noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) are multifaceted, and the health implications of the COVID-19 pandemic are far-reaching, especially for NCDs. Physical distancing and quarantine can lead to the poor management of NCDs because the visual tracking of them has been replaced with medical [...] Read more.

Background: Noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) are multifaceted, and the health implications of the COVID-19 pandemic are far-reaching, especially for NCDs. Physical distancing and quarantine can lead to the poor management of NCDs because the visual tracking of them has been replaced with medical digital technology, that is, smartphone apps. This study aimed to explore medical digital technology applications for NCDs for follow-up during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The participants in this study were 400 adult patients with NCDs; they were selected by systematic random sampling. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The study was conducted in the outpatient department of Yanbu General Hospital and primary-care health centers in Yanbu Al-Baher, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The tools used in this study were a structured questionnaire to collect the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and their health history, an NCD questionnaire to assess follow-up of the patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a medical digital technologies questionnaire to explore the medical digital technology applications. Results: The mean age of the patients was 47.32 ± 14.362 years, and 62.8% of them were female and 372 were male. Of the patients, 69.2% and 57.5% had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, respectively; 52.4% were followed up monthly, and 29.75% used medical digital technology applications such as Tabeby Online to monitor their health. Furthermore, 71.75% and 75.5% of the patients used the Sehhaty and Tawakkalna medical digital applications, respectively. Overall, 38.7% of the patients were satisfied with using medical digital technology applications used for follow-up during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: The study concluded that the services that use networks, smartphones, and medical digital technology applications on the Saudi Ministry of Health website and mobile applications to improve the quality of the health-care system, and that provide health services for noncommunicable or communicable diseases, are not effective. This is because the patients lack awareness of these services, with most of the chronic patients being elderly with lower levels of education and computer literacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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16 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experiences of Organisations of (or That Serve) Persons with Disabilities during the COVID-19 Pandemic and National Lockdown Period in South Africa

by Naomi Hlongwane, Lieketseng Ned, Emma McKinney, Vic McKinney and Leslie Swartz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12641; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912641 - 3 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2185

Abstract

Organisations have long played an effective role in advocating for and actioning crucial developmental and humanitarian functions around the world, often under challenging conditions, as well as servicing the health needs of persons with disabilities. This article reports on the experiences of organisations [...] Read more.

Organisations have long played an effective role in advocating for and actioning crucial developmental and humanitarian functions around the world, often under challenging conditions, as well as servicing the health needs of persons with disabilities. This article reports on the experiences of organisations of (or that serve) persons with disabilities, hereafter called service providers, during the COVID-19 lockdown period in South Africa beginning 26 March 2020. Organisations participated in an online survey as well as virtual narrative interviews to voice out their experiences. Five major themes emerged: (1) difficulties in keeping the doors open; (2) continued care under lockdown; (3) restructuring of care (4) government systems and policies; and (5) reaching out to offer and receive support. The findings demonstrate that the South African government failed to ensure targeted support to organisations of persons with disabilities. A remarkable feature of the organisations we interviewed for this small study was their agility in responding creatively to the challenges they faced, despite the difficulties. There is a need for government support to include targeted efforts to support organisation of persons with disabilities during pandemics to avoid worsening service gaps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

7 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Level of Dyspnoea in Patients with COVID-19 in Poland

by Monika Gałczyk, Anna Zalewska, Sławomir Chlabicz and Bożena Ewa Kopcych

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912203 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the level of dyspnoea during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Methods: The online questionnaire was conducted among 204 Polish adult respondents with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. The level of dyspnoea was assessed by the modified Medical [...] Read more.

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the level of dyspnoea during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Methods: The online questionnaire was conducted among 204 Polish adult respondents with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. The level of dyspnoea was assessed by the modified Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnoea Scale in Polish. Results: Dyspnoea is most common in patients with severe COVID-19, and the prevalence of dyspnoea in the study population of patients with COVID-19 was low (34% respondents presented with dyspnoea with a score of 1 or higher). Conclusions: There is a need for further investigation and close monitoring of the extent of dyspnoea in different social groups, especially in the event of a prolonged pandemic and the emergence of further waves of COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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20 pages, 680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nutrition, Health and Environment in Indonesia: A Qualitative Investigation of Perspectives from Multi-Disciplinary Experts

by Oyedolapo A. Anyanwu, Elena N. Naumova, Virginia R. Chomitz, Fang Fang Zhang, Kenneth Chui, Martha I. Kartasurya and Sara C. Folta

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811575 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2856

Abstract

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted food systems, health systems and the environment globally, with potentially greater negative effects in many lower-middle income countries (LMICs) including Indonesia. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on [...] Read more.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted food systems, health systems and the environment globally, with potentially greater negative effects in many lower-middle income countries (LMICs) including Indonesia. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on diets, health and the marine environment in Indonesia, based on the perspectives of a multidisciplinary group of informants. Methods: We conducted remote in-depth interviews with 27 key informants from many regions of Indonesia, who are either healthcare providers, nutrition researchers or environmental researchers. Interview question guides were developed based on a socio-ecological framework. We analyzed the data using a qualitative content analysis approach. Results: Informants suggested that while the COVID-19 brought increased awareness about and adherence to good nutrition and health behaviors, the impact was transitory. Informants indicated that healthy food options became less affordable, due to job losses and reduced income, suggesting a likely increase in food insecurity and obesity. Environmental researchers described higher levels of marine pollution from increase in hygienic wastes as well as from plastic packaging from food orders. Conclusions: Our findings reveal perceptions by informants that the increased awareness and adherence to health behaviors observed during the pandemic was not sustained. Our results also suggest that the pandemic may have exacerbated the double-burden paradox and marine pollution in Indonesia. This study offers information for generating hypotheses for quantitative studies to corroborate our findings and inform policies and programs to mitigate the long-term impacts of the COVID-19 on diets, health, and the marine environment in Indonesia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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13 pages, 344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mask-Wearing Perception of Preschool Children in Korea during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Miji Kwon, Eun-Mi Jang and Wonyoung Yang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(18), 11443; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811443 - 11 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2660

Abstract

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, wearing a mask has become a daily routine in Korea over the last two years. This study aims to investigate the mask-wearing perception of preschoolers (ages 4–6). The questionnaire comprised 17 yes-no closed-ended questions and two open-ended questions, [...] Read more.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, wearing a mask has become a daily routine in Korea over the last two years. This study aims to investigate the mask-wearing perception of preschoolers (ages 4–6). The questionnaire comprised 17 yes-no closed-ended questions and two open-ended questions, and interviews of the children were conducted from January to February 2022, 15 months after mandatory mask wearing. Results showed that children were aware of the need to wear a mask to protect themselves and others from the coronavirus, and they perceived it as necessary and a good thing. Most children responded that they did not feel uncomfortable wearing a mask at preschool. This perception was thought to be influenced by the caregivers’ perceptions of the mask in Korea. The way in which 4–5-year-olds perceived the mask differed from the way 6-year-olds did. Children aged between four and five seemed to perceive the mask as a physical self, while children aged six did not. As children who have experienced COVID-19 are growing up, attention is being focused on how the experience of wearing a mask affects their early childhood development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

12 pages, 990 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Proprietary Model of Qualification for In-Hospital Rehabilitation after COVID-19

by Jan Szczegielniak, Anna Szczegielniak, Jacek Łuniewski and Katarzyna Bogacz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(16), 10450; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610450 - 22 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1882

Abstract

Background: Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Poland, 6,128,006 people have been diagnosed, of which 116,798 died. Patients who recovered from COVID-19 and require rehabilitation due to varied impairments should be provided an opportunity to participate in an individualized, complex rehabilitation [...] Read more.

Background: Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Poland, 6,128,006 people have been diagnosed, of which 116,798 died. Patients who recovered from COVID-19 and require rehabilitation due to varied impairments should be provided an opportunity to participate in an individualized, complex rehabilitation program starting from acute care and being continued in the post-acute and long-term rehabilitation phase. It is recommended to offer out-patient and in-hospital rehabilitation procedures depending on the type and persistence of symptoms and dysfunctions. The aim of this paper is to present the qualification process of post-COVID19 patients for an in-hospital complex rehabilitation program developed on the basis of pulmonary physical therapy. Methods: The presented qualification program was developed on the basis of clinical experience of over 2000 patients participating in the pilot program of in-hospital rehabilitation launched in September 2020 and based on the Regulation of the Polish Minister of Health of 13 July 2020. Results: The proposed model of patients’ qualification rests on well-known and validated tools for functional assessment: exercise tolerance assessment, dyspnea intensity assessment, functional fitness assessment, assessment of arterial blood saturation, lung ventilation function assessment, assessment of long-lasting COVID-19 symptoms, and patient’s basic mental health condition. Conclusions: The proposed qualification model for the post-COVID rehabilitation program allows us to introduce adequate qualifications followed by much needed assessment of the health effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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11 pages, 1772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Epidemiology of COVID-19 by Race/Ethnicity in Oklahoma City–County, Oklahoma (12 March 2020–31 May 2021)

by Kapil Khadka, Kunle Adesigbin, Jessica Beetch, Katrin Kuhn and Aaron Wendelboe

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8571; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148571 - 14 Jul 2022

Viewed by 2003

Abstract

We aimed to better understand the racially-/ethnically-specific COVID-19-related outcomes, with respect to time, to respond more effectively to emerging variants. Surveillance data from Oklahoma City–County (12 March 2020–31 May 2021) were used to summarize COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and COVID-19 vaccination status by [...] Read more.

We aimed to better understand the racially-/ethnically-specific COVID-19-related outcomes, with respect to time, to respond more effectively to emerging variants. Surveillance data from Oklahoma City–County (12 March 2020–31 May 2021) were used to summarize COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and COVID-19 vaccination status by racial/ethnic group and ZIP code. We estimated racially-/ethnically-specific daily hospitalization rates, the proportion of cases hospitalized, and disease odds ratios (OR) adjusting for sex, age, and the presence of at least one comorbidity. Hot spot analysis was performed using normalized values of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths generated from incidence rates per 100,000 population. During the study period, there were 103,030 confirmed cases, 3457 COVID-19-related hospitalizations, and 1500 COVID-19-related deaths. The daily 7-day average hospitalization rate for Hispanics peaked earlier than other groups and reached a maximum (3.0/100,000) in July 2020. The proportion of cases hospitalized by race/ethnicity was 6.09% among non-Hispanic Blacks, 5.48% among non-Hispanic Whites, 3.66% among Hispanics, 3.43% among American Indians, and 2.87% among Asian/Pacific Islanders. COVID-19 hot spots were identified in ZIP codes with minority communities. The Hispanic population experienced the first surge in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations, while non-Hispanic Blacks ultimately bore the highest burden of COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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12 pages, 362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors on Symptoms of Anxiety, the Level of Aggression and Alcohol Consumption in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Polish Respondents

by Szymon Florek, Magdalena Piegza, Paweł Dębski, Piotr Gorczyca and Robert Pudlo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(12), 7081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127081 - 9 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of most of the world’s population. The authors of this study decided to identify differences in the intensity of anxiety, aggression and alcohol consumption within the study population. The study was [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of most of the world’s population. The authors of this study decided to identify differences in the intensity of anxiety, aggression and alcohol consumption within the study population. The study was conducted via an Internet survey. It uses Polish adaptations of international scales to assess anxiety (GAD-7), aggression (Buss and Perry Aggression Scale) and alcohol consumption (AUDIT test). A total of 538 people were examined. The surveyed group of respondents does not reflect the structure of Polish society. The group of surveyed women scored higher than men in terms of anxiety, as well as anger and hostility. The examined men were characterized by higher results of alcohol consumption and physical aggression. People between 18 and 49 years of age consumed significantly more alcohol than people aged 50 and over. People aged 18–29 obtained statistically significantly higher scores in generalized aggression and hostility. The relationships between the studied parameters do not differ significantly from those presented in other studies. People under the age of 50 are the group most exposed to the harmful effects of alcohol. Women between the ages of 30 and 49 are most vulnerable to the negative mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a need for further research studies in which the studied group will obtain a greater degree of compliance with the structure of Polish society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

12 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pandemic Experience of First Responders: Fear, Frustration, and Stress

by Ann Scheck McAlearney, Alice A. Gaughan, Sarah R. MacEwan, Megan E. Gregory, Laura J. Rush, Jaclyn Volney and Ashish R. Panchal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4693; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084693 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4828

Abstract

Police officers, firefighters, and paramedics are on the front lines of crises and emergencies, placing them at high risk of COVID-19 infection. A deeper understanding of the challenges facing first responders during the COVID-19 pandemic is necessary to better support this important workforce. [...] Read more.

Police officers, firefighters, and paramedics are on the front lines of crises and emergencies, placing them at high risk of COVID-19 infection. A deeper understanding of the challenges facing first responders during the COVID-19 pandemic is necessary to better support this important workforce. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 first responders during the COVID-19 pandemic, asking about the impact of COVID-19. Data collected from our study interviews revealed that, despite large numbers of COVID-19 infections among the staff of police and fire departments, some—but not all—first responders were concerned about COVID-19. A similar divide existed within this group regarding whether or not to receive a COVID-19 vaccination. Many first responders reported frustration over COVID-19 information because of inconsistencies across sources, misinformation on social media, and the impact of politics. In addition, first responders described increased stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by factors such as the fear of COVID exposure during emergency responses, concerns about infecting family members, and frustration surrounding new work policies. Our findings provide insight into the impact of COVID-19 on first responders and highlight the importance of providing resources for education about COVID-19 risks and vaccination, as well as for addressing first responders’ mental health and well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

17 pages, 1427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

(Mis)Information, Fears and Preventative Health Behaviours Related to COVID-19

by Carmina Castellano-Tejedor, María Torres-Serrano and Andrés Cencerrado

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4539; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084539 - 9 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2862

Abstract

Social and mass media platforms (SMM) are essential tools for keeping people informed about health-promoting practices. However, the potential to spread misinformation or false rumors exists. These might influence preventive health behaviours and incite anxiety and/or fear among the population. A sample of [...] Read more.

Social and mass media platforms (SMM) are essential tools for keeping people informed about health-promoting practices. However, the potential to spread misinformation or false rumors exists. These might influence preventive health behaviours and incite anxiety and/or fear among the population. A sample of 300 adults participated in a survey to understand information needs, fears and preventive health behaviours related to COVID-19 while analyzing differences in COVID-19 acceptance rates. Descriptive-correlational, between-group comparisons and regression analyses were applied. Most of the sample revealed a willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccines (65.4% vs. 34.5%) and was prone to use and trust different SMM without experiencing significant obstacles in managing COVID-19-related information except for the need to ration it from time to time (χ²(2, N = 298) = 6.654, p = 0.036). Preventive behaviours/measures carried out were similar among the people resistant, hesitant or willing to get vaccinated for COVID-19. However, higher self-efficacy was observed in resistant vaccine individuals (F₍₂₎ = 3.163, p = 0.044). Psychological impact (need for psychological support due to COVID-19 situation) in accepting (F_(5, ₁₈₉₎ = 17.539, p < 0.001, R² = 0.317) and hesitant individuals (F_(5, ₇₇₎ = 17.080, p < 0.001, R² = 0.526) was explained by female gender, younger age, threat susceptibility and differential characteristics in terms of psychological symptoms experienced and SMM trust. No explanatory model was obtained for the resistant individuals. SMM could be effective tools to promote COVID-19 health preventive behaviours. However, psychographic characteristics might modulate information-seeking and management as well as self-perceived threat susceptibility and severity. All these factors must be accurately considered when designing different health preventive campaigns for the general public. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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11 pages, 842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Selected Sociodemographic and Clinical Parameters on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Paramedics in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Kamil Piotr Marczewski, Magdalena Piegza, Alicja Zofia Gospodarczyk, Natalia Justyna Gospodarczyk and Krystyn Sosada

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4478; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084478 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

Introduction: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the outbreak of the pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO, World Health Organization) on 11 March 2020, has resulted in the introduction of many restrictions worldwide to contain the rapidly spreading pathogen. [...] Read more.

Introduction: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused the outbreak of the pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO, World Health Organization) on 11 March 2020, has resulted in the introduction of many restrictions worldwide to contain the rapidly spreading pathogen. A particularly vulnerable professional group are paramedics working in Emergency Medical Teams. Aim: The main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of selected sociodemographic and clinical parameters on anxiety and depression symptoms in paramedics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: The study involved 387 paramedics working in Medical Rescue Teams in Poland. The majority of respondents were male (72.35%). In order to achieve the aim of the study, an online diagnostic survey was conducted using a questionnaire of the author’s own design and standardized questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and General Anxiety Disorders (GAD-7). Results: Significantly higher values were observed for all analysed scales in females compared to males. The main factors influencing the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms were gender, seniority at work, family relations, use of sleeping pills. Alcohol consumption increased in this professional group during the pandemic. Conclusions: Females and users of sleep medication who work in the emergency department during a pandemic are more likely to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. A longer length of service and satisfying relationships with family are factors in reducing these symptoms. Paramedics who are in informal relationships and single manifest more emotional problems compared to those who are married. Increased alcohol consumption can be considered as a way of coping with stress. However, further studies in this professional group are needed to assess the further impact of the pandemic on psychiatric symptoms among emergency medical workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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17 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Telephone-Based Structured Communication Simulation Program for the Follow-Up of COVID-19 Cases and Contacts in Primary Care

by María Gracia Adánez-Martínez, Ismael Jiménez-Ruiz, César Carrillo-García, José Luis Díaz-Agea, Antonio Jesús Ramos-Morcillo, Alonso Molina-Rodríguez, María Ruzafa-Martínez and César Leal-Costa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 3915; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073915 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2201

Abstract

(1) The COVID-19 pandemic has had many consequences on health systems worldwide. In the Spanish health system, telephone-based consultations were coupled to in-person consultations. This type of consultation was mainly a challenge for the primary care teams, who had to assume the greatest [...] Read more.

(1) The COVID-19 pandemic has had many consequences on health systems worldwide. In the Spanish health system, telephone-based consultations were coupled to in-person consultations. This type of consultation was mainly a challenge for the primary care teams, who had to assume the greatest load of care provision. The objective of the present study was to discover the satisfaction and perception of health professionals related to a training program on efficient communication based on high-fidelity simulation. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study based on a convergent and parallel mixed method. The satisfaction and perception of 275 health professionals associated with COVID-19 training based on the structured communication model CERCAR© was analyzed. (3) Results: The assessment of the satisfaction with the training and methodology was high. With respect to the transfer of information, the participants gave a high score to the categories of consolidation of learning, applicability to their work, and benefits for the institution. The qualitative results supported these findings. (4) Conclusions: The training program and its virtual modality were well received, and had a high degree of transference. The application of active, online learning methodologies is a relevant format for continuous education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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11 pages, 994 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Outcomes of Elderly Patients Hospitalized with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron B.1.1.529 Variant: A Systematic Review

by Roxana Manuela Fericean, Cristian Oancea, Akash Reddy Reddyreddy, Ovidiu Rosca, Felix Bratosin, Vlad Bloanca, Cosmin Citu, Satish Alambaram, Neeharika Gayatri Vasamsetti and Catalin Dumitru

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032150 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2459

Abstract

The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had an increased rate of spreading among the general population. Although this virus mutation resulted in milder symptoms, those on the vulnerable side of the population are still in danger [...] Read more.

The Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had an increased rate of spreading among the general population. Although this virus mutation resulted in milder symptoms, those on the vulnerable side of the population are still in danger of developing severe symptoms. Thus, this systematic review focused on identifying the clinical outcomes of older age patients (>65) that are hospitalized with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. The research was conducted using four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest Central), with a search query in December 2022 that comprised the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. The inclusion criteria comprised (1) a population of patients older than 65 years, (2) a history of hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and (3) infection with Omicron B.1.1.529 variant. The initial search generated 295 articles, out of which six were included in the systematic review, and a total of 7398 patients. The main findings were that when looking at the elderly population, the mortality and hospitalization rates remained high. This is because older people are more vulnerable and have more comorbidities that interfere with the virus’s progress. However, there is inconsistency in mortality rates, since the data reported by the included studies had different selection criteria based on the severity of the COVID-19 infection. Although no statistically significant differences were found between the unvaccinated and vaccinated groups, patients who got booster doses of vaccination had a lower likelihood of developing severe symptoms, serving as a protective factor for this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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29 pages, 1944 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

A Community-Based Participatory Research Approach to Developing and Testing Social and Behavioural Interventions to Reduce the Spread of SARS-CoV-2: A Protocol for the ‘COPAR for COVID’ Programme of Research with Five Interconnected Studies in the Hong Kong Context

by Alex Molassiotis, Yao Jie Xie, Angela Y. M. Leung, Grace W. K. Ho, Yan Li, Polly Hang-Mei Leung, Hua Li Wang, Catherine Xiao Rui Chen, Danny W. K. Tong, Judy Yuen-man Siu and Joseph T. F. Lau

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13392; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013392 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6453

Abstract

Background: While a number of population preventive measures for COVID-19 exist that help to decrease the spread of the virus in the community, there are still many areas in preventative efforts that need improvement or refinement, particularly as new strains of the virus [...] Read more.

Background: While a number of population preventive measures for COVID-19 exist that help to decrease the spread of the virus in the community, there are still many areas in preventative efforts that need improvement or refinement, particularly as new strains of the virus develop. Some of the key issues currently include incorrect and/or inconsistent use of face masks, low acceptance of early screening or vaccination for COVID-19, vaccine hesitance, and misinformation. This is particularly the case in some vulnerable populations, such as older people with chronic illnesses, ethnic minorities who may not speak the mainstream language well and children. The current protocol introduces a large programme of research through five interrelated studies that all focus on social and behavioural interventions to improve different aspects of community-related preventative indicators. Hence, the specific objectives of the overall programme are to (1) increase early testing for COVID-19 and promote the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the community (Study 1); (2) increase COVID-19-related health literacy and vaccine literacy and promote improved preventative measures in minority ethnic groups, chronically ill populations and caregivers (Study 2); (3) strengthen the public’s motivation to stay at home and avoid nonessential high-risk activities (Study 3); (4) decrease COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (Study 4); and (5) enhance the adherence to COVID-19-related hygiene practices and the uptake of early testing in school children (Study 5). Methods: We will utilise a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach in the proposed studies. All studies will incorporate an intervention development phase in conjunction with key community stakeholders, a feasibility study and an execution stage. A variety of self-reported and objective-based measures will be used to assess various outcomes, based on the focus of each study, in both the short- and long-term, including, for example, the 8-item self-reported eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEAL) and objective measures such as vaccine uptake. Discussion: Theory-driven interventions will address each study’s focus (e.g., social distancing, promotion of vaccine uptake, eHealth education, preventive measures and early detection). Improvements are expected to be seen in the outcomes of vulnerable and high-risk groups. Decreased infection rates are expected due to improved preventative behaviours and increased vaccine uptake. Long-term sustainability of the approach will be achieved through the CBPR model. The publication of this protocol can assist not only in sharing a large-scale and complex community-based design, but will also allow all to learn from this, so that we will have better insight in the future whether sharing of study designs can elicit timely research initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemics and Public Health)

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