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Environment–Macromycetes (Fungi)–Edible Fungi
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Environment–Macromycetes (Fungi)–Edible Fungi

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 15308

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jerzy Falandysz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Sciences and Public Health, University of Gdańsk, 63 Wita Stwosza Str., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
Interests: environmental chemistry; food chemistry and toxicology; mushrooms; halogenated POPs; trace elements; heavy metals and radionuclides
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Roland Treu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, T9S 3A3, Canada
Interests: mycology; fungal ecology; applied mycology
Dr. Ji Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China
Interests: ecology; fungi; medicinal plants; element cycling

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Macromycetes are fungi forming fruiting bodies (sporocarps, mushrooms) that are visible to the naked eye. Many macromycetes have been used by humans as a source of food and medicine for thousands of years, and some species played a role in traditional ceremonies, sometimes with spiritual, mind-altering effects. Other species have caused fatal poisonings due to a variety of toxic metabolites produced in the fruiting bodies. Sporocarps of fungi contain numerous biologically active organic compounds as well as secondary products of various natures. In addition, mushrooms contain minerals important to human and animal nutrition as well as potentially toxic metallic and metalloid elements. Many edible species contain selenium, which is an antioxidant that occurs in fungi in a greater concentration than in other foods both of plant or animal origin. Some macromycetes produce sclerotia, consisting of a dense mass of mycelium buried in the substrate and are used in sub-tropical and tropical countries by humans as a food source. Sclerotia of some fungi contain compounds with pharmacological activity and are used in traditional medicines. On the other hand, mycelium is able to efficiently absorb various environmental contaminants including persistent organohalogenated compounds, heavy metals, and radionuclides from the substrate which are subsequently accumulated in their fruiting bodies. In the case of heavy metals, the possible toxicity depends on the species of mushroom as well as on the element biochemistry. Processing and preservation of edible and medicinal mushrooms may change their chemical composition. This Special Issue will present the latest findings in these areas and collate works through an open call to all researchers working in this field who would like to present their work in this dedicated issue.

Prof. Dr. Jerzy Falandysz
Dr. Roland Treu
Dr. Ji Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • Fungal active constituents
  • Minerals
  • Fungi and human health
  • Bioconcentration
  • Element biochemistry
  • Heavy metals
  • Toxins
  • Nuclides
  • Medicinal fungi
  • Functional foods

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 1410 KiB  
Communication
210Po and 210Pb in King Bolete (Boletus edulis) and Related Mushroom Species: Estimated Effective Radiation Dose and Geospatial Distribution in Central and Eastern Europe
by Dagmara Strumińska-Parulska, Aleksandra Moniakowska, Grzegorz Olszewski and Jerzy Falandysz
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189573 - 11 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1988
Abstract
210Po and 210Pb occur naturally and are the most radiotoxic isotopes of the uranium (U) decay chain. Samples of Boletus edulis and related mushroom species, including B. pinophilus, B. reticulatus, B. luridus and B. impolitus, collected from Poland [...] Read more.
210Po and 210Pb occur naturally and are the most radiotoxic isotopes of the uranium (U) decay chain. Samples of Boletus edulis and related mushroom species, including B. pinophilus, B. reticulatus, B. luridus and B. impolitus, collected from Poland and Belarus were investigated for the activity concentrations of these isotopes and also for their potential health risk through adult human consumption. The results showed that spatially, the occurrence of 210Po and 210Po was heterogeneous, with activities varying from 0.91 to 4.47 Bq∙kg−1 dry biomass and from 0.82 to 5.82 Bq∙kg−1 db, respectively. Caps and stipes of the fruiting bodies showed similar levels of contamination. Consumption of boletes foraged in Poland could result in exposure to a combined radiation dose of 10 µSv∙kg−1 db from both isotopes. This dose is not significant compared to the total annual effective radiation dose of 210Po and 210Pb (54–471 µSv∙kg−1) from all sources, suggesting that these mushrooms are comparatively safe for human consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment–Macromycetes (Fungi)–Edible Fungi)
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15 pages, 1314 KiB  
Article
Bioaccumulation of Macronutrients in Edible Mushrooms in Various Habitat Conditions of NW Poland—Role in the Human Diet
by Ryszard Malinowski, Zofia Sotek, Małgorzata Stasińska, Katarzyna Malinowska, Patrycja Radke and Alicja Malinowska
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8881; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168881 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2753
Abstract
Recently, the interest in mushroom consumption has been growing, since their taste and low calorific value are appreciated, but also due to their nutritional value. In determining the usefulness of mushrooms in the human diet, it is important to consider the conditions of [...] Read more.
Recently, the interest in mushroom consumption has been growing, since their taste and low calorific value are appreciated, but also due to their nutritional value. In determining the usefulness of mushrooms in the human diet, it is important to consider the conditions of their occurrence to perform the assessment of bioaccumulation of minerals. The aim of the study was: (a) to determine the content of selected macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) in fruiting bodies of Boletus edulis, Imleria badia, Leccinum scabrum and the soils, (b) to determine their bioaccumulation potential taking into account the habitat conditions, and (c) an attempt to estimate their role in covering the requirement for macronutrients of the human organism. The research material was obtained in the NW of Poland: Uznam and Wolin, the Drawa Plain and the Ińsko Lakeland. In the soil, we determined the content of organic matter, pH, salinity and the content of absorbable and general forms of macronutrients. The content of macronutrients in mushrooms was also determined. Chemical analyses were performed using the generally accepted test methods. The study showed that in NW Poland, B. edulis grew on the acidic soils of Arenosols, and I. badia and L. scabrum grew on Podzols. The uptake of K, Mg and Ca by the tested mushrooms was positively, and P and Na negatively correlated with the content of these elements in the soil. The acidity of the soil affected the uptake of K and Mg by mushrooms. There was no effect of the amount of organic matter in the soil noticed on the content of macronutrients (except sodium) in mushrooms. Among the studied macronutrients, none of the mushrooms accumulated Ca, while P and K were generally accumulated in the highest amounts, regardless of the species. Each of the other elements was usually accumulated at a similar level in the fruiting bodies of the species we studied. The exception was I. badia, which accumulated higher amounts of Mg compared to B. edulis and L. scabrum. Mushrooms can enrich the diet with some macronutrients, especially in P and K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment–Macromycetes (Fungi)–Edible Fungi)
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18 pages, 883 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Polish Wild Mushrooms as Beta-Glucan Sources
by Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska and Anna Maria Witkowska
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 7299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197299 - 6 Oct 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4814
Abstract
Mushroom beta-glucans show immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant features. Numerous papers have been published in the last years on fungal polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans, demonstrating their various biological activities. However substantial data about beta-glucan contents in many mushroom species, especially wild mushrooms, are still missing. [...] Read more.
Mushroom beta-glucans show immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant features. Numerous papers have been published in the last years on fungal polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans, demonstrating their various biological activities. However substantial data about beta-glucan contents in many mushroom species, especially wild mushrooms, are still missing. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to evaluate β-glucans in 18 species of wild mushrooms and three species of commercial mushrooms for comparison purposes. The contents of β-glucans were determined by the Megazyme method and with the Congo red method, which differ in analytical procedure. Among wild mushrooms, the highest mean β-glucan content assessed with the Megazyme method was found in Tricholoma portentosum (34.97 g/100 g DM), whereas with the Congo red method in Lactarius deliciosus (17.11 g/100 g DM) and Suillus grevillei (16.97 g/100 g DM). The β-glucans in wild mushrooms assessed with the Megazyme method were comparable to commercial mushrooms, whereas β-glucans assessed with the Congo red method were generally higher in wild mushrooms, especially in Russula vinosa, L. deliciosus and S. grevillei. This study indicates wild mushrooms as interesting material for β-glucan extraction for food industry and medicinal purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment–Macromycetes (Fungi)–Edible Fungi)
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Review

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20 pages, 379 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Occurrence of Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides in Wild Mushrooms
by Dagmara Strumińska-Parulska and Jerzy Falandysz
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 8220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218220 - 6 Nov 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3588
Abstract
Alpha-emitting radioisotopes are the most toxic among all radionuclides. In particular, medium to long-lived isotopes of the heavier metals are of the greatest concern to human health and radiological safety. This review focuses on the most common alpha-emitting radionuclides of natural and anthropogenic [...] Read more.
Alpha-emitting radioisotopes are the most toxic among all radionuclides. In particular, medium to long-lived isotopes of the heavier metals are of the greatest concern to human health and radiological safety. This review focuses on the most common alpha-emitting radionuclides of natural and anthropogenic origin in wild mushrooms from around the world. Mushrooms bio-accumulate a range of mineral ionic constituents and radioactive elements to different extents, and are therefore considered as suitable bio-indicators of environmental pollution. The available literature indicates that the natural radionuclide 210Po is accumulated at the highest levels (up to 22 kBq/kg dry weight (dw) in wild mushrooms from Finland), while among synthetic nuclides, the highest levels of up to 53.8 Bq/kg dw of 239+240Pu were reported in Ukrainian mushrooms. The capacity to retain the activity of individual nuclides varies between mushrooms, which is of particular interest for edible species that are consumed either locally or, in some cases, also traded on an international scale. The effective radiation dose from the ingestion of this food can reportedly range from 0.033 µSv/kg dw to 26.8 mSv/kg and varies depending on the country. Following pollution events, such consumption may expose consumers to highly radiotoxic decay particles produced by alpha emitters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment–Macromycetes (Fungi)–Edible Fungi)
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