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A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 16469

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Prof. Dr. Ana María Díez-Pascual

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Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Alcalá, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Interests: nanomaterials; polymers; nanocomposites; inorganic nanoparticles; antibacterial agents; surfactants; interphases
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Dear Colleagues,

Research on carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, nanodiamond, fullerenes, and other nano-sized carbon allotropes, has experienced sharp exponential growth over the last years. The infinite possibilities to modify and tailor carbon nanomaterials is associated with their small size, approaching the size of many fundamental biomolecules. Their large specific surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity, unique optical properties, and superior mechanical properties have paved the way for a broad range of applications. In particular, fullerene derivatives have been applied to solar energy scavenging, graphene has been widely used in flexible electronics, carbon nanotubes have been tailored to have molecular recognition capability, carbon or graphene quantum dots have been extensively used for bioimaging and sensing owing to their photoluminescence properties, and nanodiamonds have been demonstrated to be useful in super-resolution imaging and nanoscale temperature sensing.This Special Issue aims to offer a forum for the publication of original research/review articles regarding carbon-based nanomaterials. It covers all branches and aspects of new processing techniques and testing methods, as well as their applications. Novel surface modifications of carbon nanomaterials to tailor their physico–chemical properties are welcomed. Authors are encouraged to submit their original works stressing the applications of carbon nanomaterials in a variety of fields, such as electronics, energy storage, biomedicine, sensing, and so forth.We aim to gather contributions from renowned researchers in the field in order to make this Issue a reference for the entire scientific community working on the fundamental and applied research of carbon nanomaterials. We want this Issue to reflect the plethora of carbon nanomaterials and the variety of strategies that have been developed in order to enhance their performance.
Topics:graphenequantum dotscarbon nanotubesfullerenesnanodiamondsbiomedical applicationssensing applicationselectronic applicationssurface functionalizationProf. Dr. Ana María Díez-Pascual
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Prof. Dr. Ana María Díez-Pascual
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Keywords

carbon nanotubes
graphene
fullerenes
biomedical applications
sensing applications
electronic applications

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

4 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0

by Ana M. Díez-Pascual

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 3032; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25053032 - 6 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1160

Abstract

Research on carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene and its derivatives, has experienced exponential development in recent years [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

Research

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16 pages, 4667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ciprofloxacin-, Cefazolin-, and Methicilin-Soaked Graphene Paper as an Antibacterial Medium Suppressing Cell Growth

by Barbara Nasiłowska, Aneta Bombalska, Marta Kutwin, Agata Lange, Sławomir Jaworski, Kamila Narojczyk, Klaudia Olkowicz and Zdzisław Bogdanowicz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(5), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25052684 - 26 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1067

Abstract

This paper presents the results of research on the impact of graphene paper on selected bacterial strains. Graphene oxide, from which graphene paper is made, has mainly bacteriostatic properties. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine the possibility of using graphene paper as a carrier of a medicinal substance. Studies of the degree of bacterial inhibition were performed on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Graphene paper was analyzed not only in the state of delivery but also after the incorporation of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, and methicillin into its structures. In addition, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, contact angle, and microscopic analysis of bacteria on the surface of the examined graphene paper samples were also performed. Studies have shown that graphene paper with built-in ciprofloxacin had a bactericidal effect on the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In contrast, methicillin, as well as cefazolin, deposited on graphene paper acted mainly locally. Studies have shown that graphene paper can be used as a carrier of selected medicinal substances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

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15 pages, 3539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with Nanostructured Biopolymers: A Venue for Templating Bacterial Cellulose

by Víctor Calvo, Laura Fuentes, Daniel Berdejo, José M. González-Domínguez, Wolfgang K. Maser and Ana M. Benito

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(17), 13141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713141 - 24 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2267

Abstract

Pickering emulsions (PEs) differ from conventional emulsions in the use of solid colloidal particles as stabilizing agents instead of traditional amphiphilic molecules. Nanostructured biopolymers (NBs) emerge as a promising alternative for PE stabilization owing to their remarkable biocompatibility, abundant availability, and low cost. To explore this potential, a study is herein presented, in which cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), both type I and type II allomorphs, and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) were used for stabilizing oil-in-water PEs prepared by the use of ultrasound. Sunflower oil was selected as the oil phase as it offers the advantages of being edible, renewable, and inexpensive. By utilizing ζ-potential, static light diffraction, and visual observations, we determined the optimal oil/water ratio for each type of NB to obtain stable emulsions after 14 days. The optimized PEs were used to form bacterial nanocellulose composites through emulsion templating. To our knowledge, this study represents a pioneering work in exploiting oil-in-water PEs for this approach. Additionally, it entails the first utilization of nonmercerized type II CNCs as stabilizers for PEs, while also establishing a direct comparison among the most relevant NBs. The resulting composites exhibited a unique morphology, composed of larger pores compared to standard bacterial nanocellulose aerogels. These findings highlight the notable potential of NBs as stabilizers for PEs and their ability to generate green nanocomposites with tailored properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

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16 pages, 3422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Suspension on the Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Films and Electrospun Scaffolds

by Anna A. Dokuchaeva, Sergey V. Vladimirov, Vsevolod P. Borodin, Elena V. Karpova, Andrey A. Vaver, Gleb E. Shiliaev, Dmitry S. Chebochakov, Vasily A. Kuznetsov, Nikolay V. Surovtsev, Sergey V. Adichtchev, Alexander G. Malikov, Mikhail A. Gulov and Irina Y. Zhuravleva

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 11092; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241311092 - 4 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1499

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used in applications ranging from electrical engineering to medical device manufacturing. It is well known that the addition of nanotubes can influence the mechanical properties of various industrial materials, including plastics. Electrospinning is a popular method for fabricating nanomaterials, widely suggested for polymer scaffold manufacturing. In this study, we aimed to describe the influence of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) suspensions on polymeric poured films and electrospun scaffolds and to investigate their structural and mechanical properties obtained from various compositions. To obtain films and electrospun scaffolds of 8 mm diameter, we used poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) solutions containing several mass fractions of SWCNT. The samples were characterized using tensile tests, atomic force and scanning electronic microscopy (AFM and SEM). All the studied SWCNT concentrations were shown to decrease the extensibility and strength of electrospun scaffolds, so SWCNT use was considered unsuitable for this technique. The 0.01% mass fraction of SWCNT in PCL films increased the polymer strength, while fractions of 0.03% and more significantly decreased the polymer strength and extensibility compared to the undoped polymer. The PHCH polymeric films showed a similar behavior with an extremum at 0.02% concentration for strength at break. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

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13 pages, 4016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Construction of Nitrogen-Doped and Zinc-Confined Microporous Carbon Enabling Efficient Na⁺-Storage Abilities

by Wan-Ling Liao, Mohamed M. Abdelaal, Rene-Mary Amirtha, Chia-Chen Fang, Chun-Chen Yang and Tai-Feng Hung

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8777; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108777 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1686

Abstract

Benefiting from the additional active sites for sodium-ion (Na⁺) adsorption and porous architecture for electrolyte accessibility, nitrogen-doped porous carbon has been considered the alternative anode material for Na⁺-storage applications. In this study, nitrogen-doped and zinc-confined microporous carbon (N,Z-MPC) powders are successfully prepared by thermally pyrolyzing the polyhedral ZIF-8 nanoparticles under an argon atmosphere. Following the electrochemical measurements, the N,Z-MPC not only delivers good reversible capacity (423 mAh/g at 0.02 A/g) and comparable rate capability (104 mAh/g at 1.0 A/g) but also achieves a remarkable cyclability (capacity retention: 96.6% after 3000 cycles at 1.0 A/g). Those can be attributed to its intrinsic characteristics: (a) 67% of the disordered structure, (b) 0.38 nm of interplanar distance, (c) a great proportion of sp²-type carbon, (d) abundant microporosity, (e) 16.1% of nitrogen doping, and (f) existence of sodiophilic Zn species, synergistically enhancing the electrochemical performances. Accordingly, the findings observed here support the N,Z-MPC to be a potential anode material enabling exceptional Na⁺-storage abilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

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22 pages, 2961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mott Transition in the Hubbard Model on Anisotropic Honeycomb Lattice with Implications for Strained Graphene: Gutzwiller Variational Study

by Grzegorz Rut, Maciej Fidrysiak, Danuta Goc-Jagło and Adam Rycerz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(2), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021509 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2409

Abstract

The modification of interatomic distances due to high pressure leads to exotic phenomena, including metallicity, superconductivity and magnetism, observed in materials not showing such properties in normal conditions. In two-dimensional crystals, such as graphene, atomic bond lengths can be modified by more than 10 percent by applying in-plane strain, i.e., without generating high pressure in the bulk. In this work, we study the strain-induced Mott transition on a honeycomb lattice by using computationally inexpensive techniques, including the Gutzwiller Wave Function (GWF) and different variants of Gutzwiller Approximation (GA), obtaining the lower and upper bounds for the critical Hubbard repulsion (U) of electrons. For uniaxial strain in the armchair direction, the band gap is absent, and electron correlations play a dominant role. A significant reduction in the critical Hubbard U is predicted. Model considerations are mapped onto the tight-binding Hamiltonian for monolayer graphene by the auxiliary Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model for acoustic phonons, assuming zero stress in the direction perpendicular to the strain applied. Our results suggest that graphene, although staying in the semimetallic phase even for extremely high uniaxial strains, may show measurable signatures of electron correlations, such as the band narrowing and the reduction in double occupancies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

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12 pages, 3443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Hierarchical Carbon Nanofibers Decorated with NiCo Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive Vortioxetine Determination

by Joanna Smajdor, Marcel Zambrzycki, Beata Paczosa-Bator and Robert Piech

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 14555; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314555 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

A new voltammetry method for the highly sensitive antidepressant drug vortioxetine (VOR) is presented using glassy carbon electrodes modified with hierarchical carbon nanofibers with NiCo nanoparticles (eCNF/CNT/NiCo-GCE). The electrochemical behavior of VOR was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, which indicates that its oxidation is an adsorption-controlled process with the exchange of two electrons and one proton. The effects of various factors on the VOR peak, such as supporting electrolyte type, preconcentration time, and potential, or influence of interferents, were tested using the square wave voltammetry technique (SWV). The linear voltametric response for the analyte was obtained in the concentration range from 0.01·10⁻⁶ to 3.0·10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ with the detection limit of 1.55·10⁻⁹ mol L⁻¹ for a preconcentration time of 60 s. The proposed method was successfully applied for highly sensitive VOR determination in complex matrices such as tablets, urine, and plasma with good recovery parameter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

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25 pages, 16826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compositional and Structural Modifications by Ion Beam in Graphene Oxide for Radiation Detection Studies

by Mariapompea Cutroneo, Lorenzo Torrisi, Letteria Silipigni, Alena Michalcova, Vladimir Havranek, Anna Mackova, Petr Malinsky, Vasily Lavrentiev, Pavol Noga, Jozef Dobrovodsky, Petr Slepicka, Dominik Fajstavr, Lucio Andò and Vaclav Holy

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(20), 12563; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012563 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1817

Abstract

In the present study, graphene oxide foils 10 μm thick have been irradiated in vacuum using same charge state (one charge state) ions, such as protons, helium and oxygen ions, at the same energies (3 MeV) and fluences (from 5 × 10¹¹ ion/cm² to 5 × 10¹⁴ ion/cm²). The structural changes generated by the ion energy deposition and investigated by X-ray diffraction have suggested the generation of new phases, as reduced GO, GO quantum dots and graphitic nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, amorphous carbon and stacked-cup carbon nanofibers. Further analyses, based on Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis, have indicated a reduction of GO connected to the atomic number of implanted ions. The morphological changes in the ion irradiated GO foils have been monitored by Transmission Electron, Atomic Force and Scanning Electron microscopies. The present study aims to better structurally, compositionally and morphologically characterize the GO foils irradiated by different ions at the same conditions and at very low ion fluencies to validate the use of GO for radiation detection and propose it as a promising dosimeter. It has been observed that GO quantum dots are produced on the GO foil when it is irradiated by proton, helium and oxygen ions and their number increases with the atomic number of beam gaseous ion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

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15 pages, 3909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Antiviral Effects of Metal Oxides and Carbon Nanotubes

by Indrani Gupta, Samar Azizighannad, Edgardo T. Farinas and Somenath Mitra

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11957; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911957 - 8 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1906

Abstract

In this research, the synergistic antiviral effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and metal oxides (MO) in the form of novel hybrid structures (MO-CNTs) are presented. Raw CNTs, Ni(OH)₂, Fe₂O₃ and MnO₂, as well as Ni(OH)₂-CNT, Fe₂O₃-CNT and MnO₂-CNT were explored in this study against Escherichia. coli MS2 bacteriophage, which was used as a virus surrogate. The nano particles were synthesized and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Kinetic parameters such as the LD₅₀ (lethal dose to kill 50% of the population), T₅₀ and T₈₀ (time taken to kill 50% and 80% of the population), SGR (specific growth rate) and IRD (initial rate of deactivation of the population) were also studied to examine the antiviral efficacy of these nanomaterials. Among all the nanomaterials, Ni(OH)₂-CNT was the most effective antiviral agent followed by Fe₂O₃-CNT, MnO₂-CNT, raw CNTs, Ni(OH)₂, Fe₂O₃ and MnO₂. When comparing the metal oxide-CNTs to the raw CNTs, the average enhancement was 20.2%. The average antiviral activity enhancement of the MO-CNTs were between 50 and 54% higher than the MO itself. When compared to the raw CNTs, the average enhancement over all the MO-CNTs was 20.2%. The kinetic studies showed that the LD₅₀ of Ni(OH)₂-CNT was the lowest (16µg/mL), which implies that it was the most toxic of all the compounds studied. The LD₅₀ of Ni(OH)₂, Fe₂O₃ and MnO₂ were 17.3×, 14.5× and 10.8× times greater than their corresponding hybrids with the CNTs. The synergistic mechanism involved the entrapment of phage viruses by the nano structured CNTs leading to structural damage along with toxicity to phage from the release of MO ions. The metal oxide-CNT nano hybrids developed in this project are promising candidates in applications such as antiviral coatings, nanocomposites, adsorbents and as components of personal protection gears. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 4.0)

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