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Phytochemicals for Diabetes and its Complication
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Phytochemicals for Diabetes and its Complication

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Bioactives and Nutraceuticals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 16149

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Young-Hee Kang

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
Interests: phytochemicals; diabetic nephropathy; diabetic retinopathy; diabetes; osteoporosis; pulmonary diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This special issue deals with the latest advances in knowledge and ongoing research on the effects of phytochemicals on renal function in health and diabetes. Phytochemicals posesses therapeutic activities of antiapoptotic, antioxidative, antidiabetic, and antiinflammatory effects. Several phytochemicals exhibit renoprotective actions in diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetes-associated chronic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, and glomeulosclerosis. Phytochemicals manipulate diverse renal factors and attenuate the renal injury associated with diabetes. Their therapeutic outcomes derive from their interference with multiple signaling pathways known to produce renal injury. There are various mechanisms by which renoprotection may be achieved, including increase in production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), oxidative stress, and activation of hexosamine flux, causing inflammation and kidney injury. Increase in formation of AGEs and oxidative stress may result in an increase in production of proteins o f mesangial cells and macrophages extracellular matrix as well as in endothelial cells. Some phytochemicals disturb the handling mechanisms of tubular transport processes in the proximal and distal tubules by alteration of the structural integrity and function of tubules. ER stress, apoptosis and autophagy would be ones of the main causes of diabetes-associated kidney dysfunction. In this mechanistic regard, the beneficial effects of phytochemicals need to be established.

Prof. Dr. Young-Hee Kang
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Phytochemicals
  • Phytochemicals and Diabetes
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Diabetic Nephropathy
  • Vascular Complications
  • Inflammation
  • Cell Death
  • Autophagy
  • ER Stress
  • Oxidative Stress
  • Advanced Glycation End-Products

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 6509 KiB  
Article
Tangeretin Ameliorates Glucose-Induced Podocyte Injury through Blocking Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Caused by Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia
by Min-Kyung Kang, Soo-Il Kim, Su Yeon Oh, Woojin Na and Young-Hee Kang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228577 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4205
Abstract
Podocyte injury inevitably results in leakage of proteins from the glomerular filter and is vital in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The underlying mechanisms of podocyte injury facilitate finding of new therapeutic targets for DN treatment and prevention. Tangeretin is an O-polymethoxylated [...] Read more.
Podocyte injury inevitably results in leakage of proteins from the glomerular filter and is vital in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The underlying mechanisms of podocyte injury facilitate finding of new therapeutic targets for DN treatment and prevention. Tangeretin is an O-polymethoxylated flavone present in citrus peels with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study investigated the renoprotective effects of tangeretin on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated podocyte injury and fibrosis through oxidative stress and hypoxia caused by hyperglycemia. Mouse podocytes were incubated in media containing 33 mM glucose in the absence and presence of 1–20 μM tangeretin for up to 6 days. The in vivo animal model employed db/db mice orally administrated with 10 mg/kg tangeretin for 8 weeks. Non-toxic tangeretin inhibited glucose-induced expression of the mesenchymal markers of N-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin in podocytes. However, the reduced induction of the epithelial markers of E-cadherin and P-cadherin was restored by tangeretin in diabetic podocytes. Further, tangeretin enhanced the expression of the podocyte slit diaphragm proteins of nephrin and podocin down-regulated by glucose stimulation. The transmission electron microscopic images revealed that foot process effacement and loss of podocytes occurred in diabetic mouse glomeruli. However, oral administration of 10 mg/kg tangeretin reduced urine albumin excretion and improved foot process effacement of diabetic podocytes through inhibiting loss of slit junction and adherenes junction proteins. Glucose enhanced ROS production and HIF-1α induction in podocytes, leading to induction of oxidative stress and hypoxia. Similarly, in diabetic glomeruli reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and HIF-1α induction were observed. Furthermore, hypoxia-evoking cobalt chloride induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and loss of slit diaphragm proteins and junction proteins in podocytes, which was inhibited by treating submicromolar tangeretin. Collectively, these results demonstrate that tangeretin inhibited podocyte injury and fibrosis through blocking podocyte EMT caused by glucose-induced oxidative stress and hypoxia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals for Diabetes and its Complication)
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17 pages, 3995 KiB  
Article
Polysulfide and Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorate Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Renal Inflammation through Persulfidating STAT3 and IKKβ
by Hai-Jian Sun, Bin Leng, Zhi-Yuan Wu and Jin-Song Bian
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(20), 7805; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207805 - 21 Oct 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3374
Abstract
Cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapy for the treatment of various tumors, is clinically limited due to its extensive nephrotoxicity. Inflammatory response in tubular cells is a driving force for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The plant-derived agents are widely used to relieve cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction in [...] Read more.
Cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapy for the treatment of various tumors, is clinically limited due to its extensive nephrotoxicity. Inflammatory response in tubular cells is a driving force for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The plant-derived agents are widely used to relieve cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction in preclinical studies. Polysulfide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are ubiquitously expressed in garlic, and both of them are documented as potential agents for preventing and treating inflammatory disorders. This study was designed to determine whether polysulfide and H2S could attenuate cisplatin nephrotoxicity through suppression of inflammatory factors. In renal proximal tubular cells, we found that sodium tetrasulfide (Na2S4), a polysulfide donor, and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) and GYY4137, two H2S donors, ameliorated cisplatin-caused renal toxicity through suppression of the massive production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory actions of Na2S4 and H2S may be mediated by persulfidation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and inhibitor kappa B kinase β (IKKβ), followed by decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 and IKKβ. Moreover, the nuclear translocation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB), and phosphorylation and degradation of nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor protein alpha (IκBα) induced by cisplatin, were also mitigated by both polysulfide and H2S. In mice, after treatment with polysulfide and H2S donors, cisplatin-associated renal dysfunction was strikingly ameliorated, as evidenced by measurement of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, renal morphology, and the expression of renal inflammatory factors. Our present work suggests that polysulfide and H2S could afford protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity, possibly via persulfidating STAT3 and IKKβ and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammatory cascade. Our results might shed light on the potential benefits of garlic-derived polysulfide and H2S in chemotherapy-induced renal damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals for Diabetes and its Complication)
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15 pages, 2944 KiB  
Article
Sauchinone Protects Renal Mesangial Cell Dysfunction against Angiotensin II by Improving Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation
by Jung Joo Yoon, Hyeon Kyoung Lee, Hye Yoom Kim, Byung Hyuk Han, Ho Sub Lee, Yun Jung Lee and Dae Gill Kang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(19), 7003; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197003 - 23 Sep 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3600
Abstract
Abnormal and excessive growth of mesangial cells is important in the pathophysiologic processes of diabetes-associated interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis, leading to diabetic nephropathy, which eventually turns into end-stage renal disease. Sauchinone, a biologically-active lignan isolated from aerial parts of Saururus chinensis, has [...] Read more.
Abnormal and excessive growth of mesangial cells is important in the pathophysiologic processes of diabetes-associated interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis, leading to diabetic nephropathy, which eventually turns into end-stage renal disease. Sauchinone, a biologically-active lignan isolated from aerial parts of Saururus chinensis, has anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities effects on various cell types. However, there are no studies reporting the effects of sauchinone on diabetic nephropathy. The present study aims to investigate the role of sauchinone in mesangial cell proliferation and fibrosis induced by angiotensin II, as well as the underlying mechanisms of these processes. Human renal mesangial cells were induced by angiotensin II (AngII, 10 μM) in the presence or absence of sauchinone (0.1–1 μM) and incubated for 48 h. In this study, we found that AngII induced mesangial cell proliferation, while treatment with sauchinone inhibited the cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with sauchinone induced down-regulation of cyclins/CDKs and up-regulation of CDK inhibitor, p21, and p27kip1 expression. In addition, AngII-enhanced expression of fibrosis biomarkers such as fibronectin, collagen IV, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which was markedly attenuated by sauchinone. Sauchinone also decreased AngII-induced TGF-β1 and Smad-2, Smad-3, and Smad-4 expression. This study further revealed that sauchinone ameliorated AngII-induced mesangial inflammation through disturbing activation of inflammatory factors, and NLRP3 inflammasome, which is composed of the NLRP3 protein, procaspase-1, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC). Moreover, pretreatment of sauchinone inhibited NF-κB translocation and ROS production in AngII-exposed mesangial cells. These data suggest that sauchinone has a protective effect on renal proliferation, fibrosis and inflammation. Therefore, sauchinone might be a potential pharmacological agent in prevention of AngII-induced renal damage leading to diabetic nephropathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals for Diabetes and its Complication)
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21 pages, 5260 KiB  
Article
Proanthocyanidins Ameliorated Deficits of Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Via Inhibiting Adipogenesis and Improving Mitochondrial Function
by Fangfang Tie, Jifei Wang, Yuexin Liang, Shujun Zhu, Zhenhua Wang, Gang Li and Honglun Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(6), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062029 - 16 Mar 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4150
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are the major active compounds extracted from Iris lactea Pall. var. Chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz (I. lactea). Proanthocyanidins exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and lowering blood lipids. However, the underlying mechanism of its regulating effect [...] Read more.
Proanthocyanidins are the major active compounds extracted from Iris lactea Pall. var. Chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz (I. lactea). Proanthocyanidins exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and lowering blood lipids. However, the underlying mechanism of its regulating effect on lipid metabolism in diabetic conditions remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of I. lactea-derived proanthocyanidins on lipid metabolism in mice of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Results demonstrated a beneficial effect of total proanthocyanidins on dysregulated lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis in high-fat-diet/streptozocin (STZ)-induced T2DM. To identify the mechanisms, six flavan-3-ols were isolated from proanthocyanidins of I. lacteal and their effects on adipogenesis and dexamethasone (Dex)-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were determined. In vitro studies showed flavan-3-ols inhibited adipogenesis and restored mitochondrial function after Dex-induced insulin resistance, being suggested by increased mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular ATP contents, mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial biogenesis, and reduced reactive oxygen species. Among the six flavan-3-ols, procyanidin B3 and procyanidin B1 exhibited the strongest effects. Our study suggests potential of proanthocyanidins as therapeutic target for diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals for Diabetes and its Complication)
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