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A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 43465

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Prof. Dr. Jon Dobson

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Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ICERM), Primary Faculty, University of Florida, BMS J389, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Allan E. David

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Department of Chemical Engineering, 212 Ross Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Interests: nanomedicine; "smart" nanomaterials; cancer; vaccine; ocular; drug delivery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnetic micro- and nanoparticles have been used in biological and biomedical investigations since the 1920s when Heilbrunn and Seifritz first used the forces on these particles to examine the rheological properties of cells. Since that time, myriad uses for these particles have arisen and much progress has been made in synthesis techniques and bio-functionalization. Superparamagnetic iron oxides are routinely used in the clinic today as MRI contrast agents and are found in many pathology laboratories around the world where they are used for cell separation assays. More recent, novel uses include binding to specific cell receptors to control cell function and stem cell differentiation for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, as well as magnetic targeting for drug and gene delivery, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, and other novel applications. This issue will cover a variety of topics related to the use of MNPs in biomedicine and examine both novel synthesis and bio-functionalization techniques as well as their current and future uses in biomedical research, diagnostics and therapy.

Prof. Dr. Jon Dobson
Assoc. Prof. Allan E. David
Guest Editors

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Keywords

magnetic nanoparticles
biomedical
superparamagnetic
SPIONs
tissue engineering
regenerative medicine
cancer therapy
gene therapy

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Related Special Issues

Magnetic Nanoparticles 2015 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (18 articles)
Magnetic Nanoparticles 2013 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (34 articles)
Magnetic Nanoparticles in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (6 articles)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 5292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Size Homogeneity of Multicore Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

by Barry J. Yeh, Tareq Anani and Allan E. David

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(10), 3476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103476 - 14 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3417

Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been widely explored for use in many biomedical applications. Methods for synthesis of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP), however, typically yield multicore structures with broad size distribution, resulting in suboptimal and variable performance in vivo. In this study, a new method for sorting SPIONs by size, labeled diffusive magnetic fractionation (DMF), is introduced as an improvement over conventional magnetic field flow fractionation (MFFF). Unlike MFFF, which uses a constant magnetic field to capture particles, DMF utilizes a pulsed magnetic field approach that exploits size-dependent differences in the diffusivity and magnetic attractive force of SPIONs to yield more homogenous particle size distributions. To compare both methods, multicore SPIONs with a broad size distribution (polydispersity index (PdI) = 0.24 ± 0.05) were fractionated into nine different-sized SPION subpopulations, and the PdI values were compared. DMF provided significantly improved size separation compared to MFFF, with eight out of the nine fractionations having significantly lower PdI values (p value < 0.01). Additionally, the DMF method showed a high particle recovery (>95%), excellent reproducibility, and the potential for scale-up. Mathematical models were developed to enable optimization, and experimental results confirmed model predictions (R² = 0.98). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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19 pages, 4338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Magnetic Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetite/Zeolite-X Composite Particles as Adsorbing Material

by Maria-Elisavet Kouli, George Banis, Maria G. Savvidou, Angelo Ferraro and Evangelos Hristoforou

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(8), 2707; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082707 - 14 Apr 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3766

Abstract

Toxic and heavy metals are considered harmful derivatives of industrial activities; they are not biodegradable and their accumulation in living organisms can become lethal. Among other heavy and toxic metals, chromium is considered hazardous, especially in the hexavalent (Cr⁶⁺) form. Numerous established studies show that exposure to Cr⁶⁺ via drinking water leads to elevated chromium levels in tissues, which may result in various forms of cancer. The purpose of this research is to synthesize magnetite/zeolite-X composite particles for the adsorption and magnetic removal of Cr⁶⁺ ions from aqueous solutions. Synthesis and characterization of such composite nanomaterials, along with an initial experimental evaluation of Cr⁶⁺ removal from water-based solution, are presented. Results show that zeolite-X is a very promising zeolite form, that when bound to magnetic nanoparticles can be used to trap and magnetically remove toxic ions from aqueous solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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15 pages, 32261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assembling Magnetic Nanoparticles on Nanomechanical Resonators for Torque Magnetometry

by Tayyaba Firdous and David K. Potter

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(3), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030984 - 2 Feb 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2718

Abstract

We report a highly compliant process for patterning nanoparticle arrays on micro- and nanomechanical devices. The distinctive step involves the single layer self-assembled nanoparticles on top of released nanomechanical devices. We demonstrate the process by fabricating sizable arrays of nanomechanical devices on silicon-on-insulator substrates, acting as nanomechanical torque magnetometers. Later, the nanoparticles were self-assembled in geometrical shapes on top of the devices by a unique combination of top-down and bottom-up methods. The self-assembled array of nanoparticles successfully showed a magnetic torque signal by magnetic actuation of the magnetometer. This patterning process can be generalized for any shape and for a wide range of nanoparticles on the nanomechanical resonators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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18 pages, 3216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Instrument-Free and Visual Detection of Salmonella Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles and an Antibody Probe Immunosensor

by Liding Zhang, Xuewei Du, Zhixin Chen, Congjie Chen, Nanxin Gong, Yihao Song, Yuzhu Song, Qinqin Han, Xueshan Xia, Haiming Luo and Jinyang Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(18), 4645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184645 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4327

Abstract

Salmonella, a common foodborne pathogen, causes many cases of foodborne illness and poses a threat to public health worldwide. Immunological detection systems can be combined with nanoparticles to develop sensitive and portable detection technologies for timely screening of Salmonella infections. Here, we developed an antibody-probe-based immuno-N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) bead (AIB) system to detect Salmonella. After adding the antibody probe, Salmonella accumulated in the samples on the surfaces of the immuno-NHS beads (INBs), forming a sandwich structure (INB–Salmonella–probes). We demonstrated the utility of our AIB diagnostic system for detecting Salmonella in water, milk, and eggs, with a sensitivity of 9 CFU mL⁻¹ in less than 50 min. The AIB diagnostic system exhibits highly specific detection and no cross-reaction with other similar microbial strains. With no specialized equipment or technical requirements, the AIB diagnostic method can be used for visual, rapid, and point-of-care detection of Salmonella. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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12 pages, 4830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Model for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia in a Realistic Breast Phantom: Calorimetric Calibration and Treatment Planning

by Arkadiusz Miaskowski and Mahendran Subramanian

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(18), 4644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184644 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3315

Abstract

This paper aims to apply a proposed, based on calorimetric measurements, a reliable numerical model for magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) treatment planning of breast cancer. Furthermore, we perform a comparative analysis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and tumour tissue interactions by means of the magnetic-field-dependent Néel and Brownian relaxation times. The analysis was based on an anatomically correct breast model (developed in-house) and a modified linear response theory, which was applied to investigate the heat dissipation from the magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in the breast tumour. The calculations of the single-domain magnetic power losses were conducted for a case where the magnetic field value and the applied frequency were known, but also for the different concentrations of the MNPs in the tumour. Two scenarios were considered: The MNPs mobilised and immobilised in the tumour. In parallel, the eddy currents effect, together with the related temperature distributions, were considered in order to analyse safety issues. By changing the MNP concentration in the tumour, the corresponding temperature distributions were calculated. The eddy current effect, together with the related temperature distribution, were considered in order to analyse safety issues. Varying the MNP concentration in the tumour, the corresponding temperature distribution was calculated. Moreover, the cumulative equivalent minutes at

43 ℃

were analysed. In the anatomically correct breast phantoms, the tissue location can lead to “hot spots” due to the eddy current effect and subsequently to the high gradients of the temperature. That is why the analysis of safety issues related to the overheating side effect should be taken into consideration during the treatment planning of magnetic fluid hyperthermia. The phenomenon of heat dissipation from MNPs is very sophisticated and depends on their concentration, the distribution and the relaxation mechanism in the tumour, together with magnetic field strength and frequency. Furthermore, we inferred that the phenomenon of heat dissipation from MNPs equally depends on MNP-tissue interactions, and it can lead to 30% differences in the power assessment. Nevertheless, the aforementioned factors should be considered in parallel using anatomical, volume-dependent models to enhance the efficiency of in vivo treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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19 pages, 2869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chondroitin-Sulfate-A-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Testing to Predict Their Colloidal Behavior in Biological Milieu

by Ildikó Y. Tóth, Erzsébet Illés, Márta Szekeres, István Zupkó, Rodica Turcu and Etelka Tombácz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(17), 4096; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174096 - 22 Aug 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3755

Abstract

Biopolymer coated magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) are suitable to fabricate biocompatible magnetic fluid (MF). Their comprehensive characterization, however, is a necessary step to assess whether bioapplications are feasible before expensive in vitro and in vivo tests. The MNPs were prepared by co-precipitation, and after careful purification, they were coated by chondroitin-sulfate-A (CSA). CSA exhibits high affinity adsorption to MNPs (H-type isotherm). We could only make stable MF of CSA coated MNPs (CSA@MNPs) under accurate conditions. The CSA@MNP was characterized by TEM (size ~10 nm) and VSM (saturation magnetization ~57 emu/g). Inner-sphere metal–carboxylate complex formation between CSA and MNP was proved by FTIR-ATR and XPS. Electrophoresis and DLS measurements show that the CSA@MNPs at CSA-loading > 0.2 mmol/g were stable at pH > 4. The salt tolerance of the product improved up to ~0.5 M NaCl at pH~6.3. Under favorable redox conditions, no iron leaching from the magnetic core was detected by ICP measurements. Thus, the characterization predicts both chemical and colloidal stability of CSA@MNPs in biological milieu regarding its pH and salt concentration. MTT assays showed no significant impact of CSA@MNP on the proliferation of A431 cells. According to these facts, the CSA@MNPs have a great potential in biocompatible MF preparation for medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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17 pages, 3909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Magnesium–Aluminum-Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Polyvinyl Alcohol Coated on Magnetite on the Preparation of Core-Shell Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery Agent

by Mona Ebadi, Kalaivani Buskaran, Bullo Saifullah, Sharida Fakurazi and Mohd Zobir Hussein

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(15), 3764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153764 - 1 Aug 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4034

Abstract

One of the current developments in drug research is the controlled release formulation of drugs, which can be released in a controlled manner at a specific target in the body. Due to the diverse physical and chemical properties of various drugs, a smart drug delivery system is highly sought after. The present study aimed to develop a novel drug delivery system using magnetite nanoparticles as the core and coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide (MLDH) for the formation of FPVA-FU-MLDH nanoparticles. The existence of the coated nanoparticles was supported by various physico-chemical analyses. In addition, the drug content, kinetics, and mechanism of drug release also were studied. 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was found to be released in a controlled manner from the nanoparticles at pH = 4.8 (representing the cancerous cellular environment) and pH = 7.4 (representing the blood environment), governed by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The cytotoxicity study revealed that the anticancer delivery system of FPVA-FU-MLDH nanoparticles showed much better anticancer activity than the free drug, 5FU, against liver cancer and HepG2 cells, and at the same time, it was found to be less toxic to the normal fibroblast 3T3 cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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17 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Affinity Immobilization of a Bacterial Prolidase onto Metal-Ion-Chelated Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Hydrolysis of Organophosphorus Compounds

by Tzu-Fan Wang, Huei-Fen Lo, Meng-Chun Chi, Kuan-Ling Lai, Min-Guan Lin and Long-Liu Lin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(15), 3625; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153625 - 24 Jul 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3403

Abstract

In this study, silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (SiMNPs) with isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane as a metal-chelating ligand were prepared for the immobilization of His₆-tagged Escherichia coli prolidase (His₆-EcPepQ). Under one-hour coupling, the enzyme-loading capacity for the Ni²⁺-functionalized SiMNPs (NiNTASiMNPs) was 1.5 mg/mg support, corresponding to about 58.6% recovery of the initial activity. Native and enzyme-bound NiNTASiMNPs were subsequently characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), superparamagnetic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. As compared to free enzyme, His₆-EcPepQ@NiNTASiMNPs had significantly higher activity at 70 °C and pH ranges of 5.5 to 10, and exhibited a greater stability during a storage period of 60 days and could be recycled 20 times with approximately 80% retention of the initial activity. The immobilized enzyme was further applied in the hydrolysis of two different organophosphorus compounds, dimethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (methyl paraoxon) and diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (ethyl paraoxon). The experimental results showed that methyl paraoxon was a preferred substrate for His₆-EcPepQ and the kinetic behavior of free and immobilized enzymes towards this substance was obviously different. Taken together, the immobilization strategy surely provides an efficient means to deposit active enzymes onto NiNTASiMNPs for His₆-EcPepQ-mediated biocatalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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13 pages, 2750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Efficient and Stable Removal of Arsenic by Live Cell Fabricated Magnetic Nanoparticles

by Hyo Kyeong Kim, Sun-Wook Jeong, Jung Eun Yang and Yong Jun Choi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(14), 3566; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20143566 - 21 Jul 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3892

Abstract

As concerns about public health and environmental problems regarding contamination by toxic substances increase worldwide, the development of a highly effective and specific treatment method is imperative. Although physicochemical arsenic treatment methods have been developed, microbial in vivo remediation processes using live cell fabricated nanoparticles have not yet been reported. Herein, we report the development of magnetic iron nanoparticles immobilized an extremophilic microorganism, Deinococcus radiodurans R1, capable of removing toxic arsenic species. First, in vivo synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticles was successfully achieved with the D. radiodurans R1 strain and characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta-potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Second, the maximum removal capacity of the magnetic iron nanoparticle-immobilized D. radiodurans R1 strain (DR-FeNPs) for arsenic [As(V)] was evaluated under the optimized conditions. Finally, the removal capacity of DR-FeNPs in the presence of various competitive anions was also investigated to simulate the practical application. More than 98% of As(V) was efficiently removed by DR-FeNPs within 1 h, and the removal efficiency was stably maintained for up to 32 h (98.97%). Furthermore, the possibility of recovery of DR-FeNPs after use was also suggested using magnets as a proof-of-concept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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13 pages, 3941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Graphene Oxide-Fe₃O₄ Based Nanocomposites Using the Mechanochemical Method and in Vitro Magnetic Hyperthermia

by Venkatesha Narayanaswamy, Ihab M. Obaidat, Aleksandr S. Kamzin, Sachin Latiyan, Shilpee Jain, Hemant Kumar, Chandan Srivastava, Sulaiman Alaabed and Bashar Issa

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(13), 3368; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133368 - 9 Jul 2019

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6191

Abstract

The study presented in this work consists of two parts: The first part is the synthesis of Graphene oxide-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites by a mechanochemical method which, is a mechanical process that is likely to yield extremely heterogeneous particles. The second part includes a study on the efficacy of these Graphene oxide-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites to kill cancerous cells. Iron powder, ball milled along with graphene oxide in a toluene medium, underwent a controlled oxidation process. Different phases of GO-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites were obtained based on the composition used for milling. As synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), alternating magnetic field (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Additionally, the magnetic properties required to obtain high SAR values (Specific Absorption Rate-Power absorbed per unit mass of the magnetic nanocomposite in the presence of an applied magnetic field) for the composite were optimized by varying the milling time. Nanocomposites milled for different extents of time have shown differential behavior for magneto thermic heating. The magnetic composites synthesized by the ball milled method were able to retain the functional groups of graphene oxide. The efficacy of the magnetic nanocomposites for killing of cancerous cells is studied in vitro using HeLa cells in the presence of an AC (Alternating Current) magnetic field. The morphology of the HeLa cells subjected to 10 min of AC magnetic field changed considerably, indicating the death of the cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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12 pages, 2365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbodiimide Conjugation of Latent Transforming Growth Factor β1 to Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Remote Activation

by Obiora Azie, Zachary F. Greenberg, Christopher D. Batich and Jon P. Dobson

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(13), 3190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133190 - 29 Jun 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4023

Abstract

Conjugation of latent growth factors to superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) is potentially useful for magnetically triggered release of bioactive macromolecules. Thus, the goal of this work was to trigger the release of active Transforming Growth-Factor Beta (TGF-β) via magnetic hyperthermia by binding SPIONs to the latent form of TGF-β, since heat has been shown to induce release of TGF-β from the latent complex. Commercially available SPIONS with high specific absorption rates (SAR) were hydrolyzed in 70% ethanol to create surface carboxylic acid conjugation sites for carbodiimide chemistry. Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis verified the conversion of maleic anhydride to maleic acid. 1-Ethyl-2-(3-dimethyulaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (Sulfo-NHS) were used to bind to the open conjugation sites of the SPION in order to graft latent TGF-β onto the particles. The resulting conjugated particles were imaged with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the complexed particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the thermally triggered release of active TGF-β from the latent complex, demonstrating that conjugation did not interfere with release. Results showed that latent TGF-β was successfully conjugated to the iron oxide nanoparticles, and magnetically triggered release of active TGF-β was achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles 2019)

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