International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Editorial

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5 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress

by Tomasz Hura

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(19), 7423; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197423 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3508

Abstract

Twelve articles (ten research papers and two reviews) included in the Special Issue entitled “Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress” are summed up here to present the latest research on the molecular background of adaptation to environmental stresses in two [...] Read more.

Twelve articles (ten research papers and two reviews) included in the Special Issue entitled “Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress” are summed up here to present the latest research on the molecular background of adaptation to environmental stresses in two cereal species. Crucial research results were presented and discussed, as they may be of importance in breeding aimed at increasing wheat and barley tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

Research

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19 pages, 4918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Heavy-Metal-Associated Isoprenylated Plant Protein (HIPP) Gene Family from Triticeae Species

by Heng Zhang, Xu Zhang, Jia Liu, Ying Niu, Yiming Chen, Yongli Hao, Jia Zhao, Li Sun, Haiyan Wang, Jin Xiao and Xiue Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(17), 6191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176191 - 27 Aug 2020

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 5536

Abstract

Heavy-metal-associated (HMA) isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPPs) only exist in vascular plants. They play important roles in responses to biotic/abiotic stresses, heavy-metal homeostasis, and detoxification. However, research on the distribution, diversification, and function of HIPPs in Triticeae species is limited. In this study, a [...] Read more.

Heavy-metal-associated (HMA) isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPPs) only exist in vascular plants. They play important roles in responses to biotic/abiotic stresses, heavy-metal homeostasis, and detoxification. However, research on the distribution, diversification, and function of HIPPs in Triticeae species is limited. In this study, a total of 278 HIPPs were identified from a database from five Triticeae species, and 13 were cloned from Haynaldia villosa. These genes were classified into five groups by phylogenetic analysis. Most HIPPs had one HMA domain, while 51 from Clade I had two, and all HIPPs had good collinear relationships between species or subgenomes. In silico expression profiling revealed that 44 of the 114 wheat HIPPs were dominantly expressed in roots, 43 were upregulated under biotic stresses, and 29 were upregulated upon drought or heat treatment. Subcellular localization analysis of the cloned HIPPs from H. villosa showed that they were expressed on the plasma membrane. HIPP1-V was upregulated in H. villosa after Cd treatment, and transgenic wheat plants overexpressing HIPP1-V showed enhanced Cd tolerance, as shown by the recovery of seed-germination and root-growth inhibition by supplementary Cd. This research provides a genome-wide overview of the Triticeae HIPP genes and proved that HIPP1-V positively regulates Cd tolerance in common wheat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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20 pages, 5424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Regulatory Network of CMPG1-V in Wheat–Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Interaction Revealed by Temporal Profiling Using RNA-Seq

by Jia Liu, Li Sun, Yiming Chen, Luyang Wei, Yongli Hao, Zhongyu Yu, Zongkuan Wang, Heng Zhang, Xu Zhang, Mengli Li, Haiyan Wang, Jin Xiao and Xiue Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(17), 5967; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21175967 - 19 Aug 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3001

Abstract

Wheat powdery mildew (Pm), caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a prevalent fungal disease. The diploid wheat relative Haynaldia villosa (H. villosa) showed broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) to Pm. A previous study reported an E3 ligase gene, [...] Read more.

Wheat powdery mildew (Pm), caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a prevalent fungal disease. The diploid wheat relative Haynaldia villosa (H. villosa) showed broad-spectrum resistance (BSR) to Pm. A previous study reported an E3 ligase gene, CMPG1-V from H. villosa, showing BSR to Pm. To elucidate the regulatory network mediated by CMPG1-V, in this study, gene expression profiling of CMPG1-V transgenic plant (CMPG1-V_OE) and its receptor Yangmai 158 was analyzed and compared after Bgt inoculation at four infection stages. GO and KEGG analysis revealed obvious reprogramming of SA and ABA signaling, starch/sucrose metabolism, and photosynthesis in CMPG1-V_OE, compared with those in Yangmai 158. Transcripts of SA synthesis genes SARD1 and UGT, signaling factors TGA and PRs, and SnRKs in ABA signaling were specifically upregulated in CMPG1-V_OE rather than Yangmai 158. Transcripts of LHCII in photosynthesis, GLUC and TPP in starch/sucrose metabolism were also induced distinctly in CMPG1-V_OE. WGCNA analysis showed crucial regulatory candidates of CMPG1-V, involving serine/threonine-protein kinase in phosphorylation, glucosyltransferase in flavonoid biosynthesis, defense factor WRKYs, and peroxidase in oxidative stress. Our results facilitate the deciphering of the resistant regulatory network of CMPG1-V and the identification of key candidates which might be employed in breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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23 pages, 6588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Powdery Mildew-Induced Hormonal and Photosynthetic Changes in Barley Near Isogenic Lines Carrying Various Resistant Genes

by Diana Saja, Anna Janeczko, Balázs Barna, Andrzej Skoczowski, Michał Dziurka, Andrzej Kornaś and Gábor Gullner

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(12), 4536; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124536 - 25 Jun 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3868

Abstract

The present work focused on the characterization of some physiological mechanisms activated upon powdery mildew inoculation of the susceptible barley cultivar Ingrid and its near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying various resistant genes (Mla, Mlg and mlo). After inoculation with Blumeria graminis [...] Read more.

The present work focused on the characterization of some physiological mechanisms activated upon powdery mildew inoculation of the susceptible barley cultivar Ingrid and its near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying various resistant genes (Mla, Mlg and mlo). After inoculation with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), measurements of leaf reflectance and chlorophyll a fluorescence were performed 3 and 7 day post-inoculation (dpi), while hormone assays were made 7 dpi. Bgh-inoculated resistant genotypes were characterized by lowered leaf reflectance parameters that correlated with carotenoids (CRI) and water content (WBI) in comparison to inoculated Ingrid. The PSII activity (i.e., Fv/Fm, ETo/CSm and P.I._ABS) strongly decreased in susceptible Ingrid leaves when the disease symptoms became visible 7 dpi. In Mla plants with visible hypersensitive spots the PSII activity decreased to a lesser extent. Inoculation resulted in a very slight decrease of photosynthesis at later stage of infection in Mlg plants, whereas in resistant mlo plants the PSII activity did not change. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements allowed presymptomatic detection of infection in Ingrid and Mla. Changes in the homeostasis of 22 phytohormones (cytokinins, auxins, gibberellins and the stress hormones JA, SA and ABA) in powdery mildew inoculated barley are discussed in relation to resistance against this biotrophic pathogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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16 pages, 2807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought Stress Tolerance and Photosynthetic Activity of Alloplasmic Lines T. dicoccum x T. aestivum

by Nina V. Terletskaya, Andrey B. Shcherban, Michail A. Nesterov, Roman N. Perfil’ev, Elena A. Salina, Nazira A. Altayeva and Irina V. Blavachinskaya

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(9), 3356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093356 - 9 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3108

Abstract

Tetraploid species T. dicoccum Shuebl is a potential source of drought tolerance for cultivated wheat, including common wheat. This paper describes the genotyping of nine stable allolines isolated in the offspring from crossing of T. dicoccum x T. aestivum L. using 21 microsatellite [...] Read more.

Tetraploid species T. dicoccum Shuebl is a potential source of drought tolerance for cultivated wheat, including common wheat. This paper describes the genotyping of nine stable allolines isolated in the offspring from crossing of T. dicoccum x T. aestivum L. using 21 microsatellite (simple sequence repeats—SSR) markers and two cytoplasmic mitochondrial markers to orf256, rps19-p genes; evaluation of drought tolerance of allolines at different stages of ontogenesis (growth parameters, relative water content, quantum efficiency of Photosystem II, electron transport rate, energy dissipated in Photosystem II); and the study of drought tolerance regulator gene Dreb-1 with allele-specific PCR (AS-MARKER) and partial sequence analysis. Most allolines differ in genomic composition and T. dicoccum introgressions. Four allolines—D-b-05, D-d-05, D-d-05b, and D-41-05—revealed signs of drought tolerance of varying degrees. The more drought tolerant D-41-05 line was also characterized by Dreb-B1 allele introgression from T. dicoccum. A number of non-specific patterns and significant differences in allolines in regulation of physiological parameters in drought conditions is identified. Changes in photosynthetic activity in stress-drought are shown to reflect the level of drought tolerance of the forms studied. The contribution of different combinations of nuclear/cytoplasmic genome and alleles of Dreb-1 gene in allolines to the formation of stress tolerance and photosynthetic activity is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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17 pages, 2892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histone Deacetylase TaHDT701 Functions in TaHDA6-TaHOS15 Complex to Regulate Wheat Defense Responses to Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici

by Pengfei Zhi, Lingyao Kong, Jiao Liu, Xiaona Zhang, Xiaoyu Wang, Haoyu Li, Maokai Sun, Yan Li and Cheng Chang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(7), 2640; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072640 - 10 Apr 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3631

Abstract

Powdery mildew disease caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt) leads to severe economic losses in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To date, only a few epigenetic modulators have been revealed to regulate wheat powdery mildew resistance. In this study, [...] Read more.

Powdery mildew disease caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt) leads to severe economic losses in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To date, only a few epigenetic modulators have been revealed to regulate wheat powdery mildew resistance. In this study, the histone deacetylase 2 (HD2) type histone deacetylase TaHDT701 was identified as a negative regulator of wheat defense responses to Bgt. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrated that TaHDT701 associates with the RPD3 type histone deacetylase TaHDA6 and the WD40-repeat protein TaHOS15 to constitute a histone deacetylase complex, in which TaHDT701 could stabilize the TaHDA6-TaHOS15 association. Furthermore, knockdown of TaHDT701, TaHDA6, and TaHOS15 resulted in enhanced wheat powdery mildew resistance, suggesting that the TaHDT701-TaHDA6-TaHOS15 histone deacetylase complex negatively regulates wheat defense responses to Bgt. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that TaHDT701 could function in concert with TaHOS15 to recruit TaHDA6 to the promoters of defense-related genes such as TaPR1, TaPR2, TaPR5, and TaWRKY45. In addition, silencing of TaHDT701, TaHDA6, and TaHOS15 resulted in the up-regulation of TaPR1, TaPR2, TaPR5, and TaWRKY45 accompanied with increased histone acetylation and methylation, as well as reduced nucleosome occupancy, at their promoters, suggesting that the TaHDT701-TaHDA6-TaHOS15 histone deacetylase complex suppresses wheat powdery mildew resistance by modulating chromatin state at defense-related genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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16 pages, 2227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Candidate Genes for Freezing and Drought Tolerance Selected on the Basis of Proteome Analysis in Doubled Haploid Lines of Barley

by Magdalena Wójcik-Jagła, Marcin Rapacz, Ewa Dubas, Monika Krzewska, Przemysław Kopeć, Anna Nowicka, Agnieszka Ostrowska, Sabina Malaga and Iwona Żur

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(6), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062062 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2868

Abstract

Plant tolerance to environmental stress is determined by a very complicated network composed of many intra- and extracellular factors. The aim of this study was to select candidate genes involved in responses to freezing and drought in barley on the basis of previous [...] Read more.

Plant tolerance to environmental stress is determined by a very complicated network composed of many intra- and extracellular factors. The aim of this study was to select candidate genes involved in responses to freezing and drought in barley on the basis of previous proteomic studies and to analyze changes in their expression caused by application of both stress factors. Six candidate genes for freezing tolerance (namely the genes encoding elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1A), ferredoxin-NADP reductase, a 14-3-3a protein, β-fructofuranosidase, CBF2A and CBF4B) and six for drought tolerance (encoding transketolase, periplasmic serine protease, triosephosphate isomerase, a protein with a co-chaperon region (GroEs), pfam14200 and actin) were chosen arbitrarily on the basis of in silico bioinformatic analyses. The expression levels of these genes were measured under control and stress conditions in six DH (doubled haploid) lines with differing freezing and drought tolerance. The results of gene expression analysis confirmed the roles of the candidate genes preselected in this study on the basis of previous proteome analysis in contributing to the differences in freezing and drought tolerance observed in the studied population of DH lines of winter barley. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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18 pages, 3995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HSP Transcript and Protein Accumulation in Brassinosteroid Barley Mutants Acclimated to Low and High Temperatures

by Iwona Sadura, Marta Libik-Konieczny, Barbara Jurczyk, Damian Gruszka and Anna Janeczko

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(5), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051889 - 10 Mar 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4104

Abstract

In temperature stress, the main role of heat-shock proteins (HSP) is to act as molecular chaperones for other cellular proteins. However, knowledge about the hormonal regulation of the production of the HSP is quite limited. Specifically, little is known about the role of [...] Read more.

In temperature stress, the main role of heat-shock proteins (HSP) is to act as molecular chaperones for other cellular proteins. However, knowledge about the hormonal regulation of the production of the HSP is quite limited. Specifically, little is known about the role of the plant steroid hormones—brassinosteroids (BR)—in regulating the HSP expression. The aim of our study was to answer the question of how a BR deficit or disturbances in its signaling affect the accumulation of the HSP90, HSP70, HSP18, and HSP17 transcripts and protein in barley growing at 20 °C (control) and during the acclimation of plants at 5 °C and 27 °C. In barley, the temperature of plant growth modified the expression of HSPs. Furthermore, the BR-deficient mutants (mutations in the HvDWARF or HvCPD genes) and BR-signaling mutants (mutation in the HvBRI1 gene) were characterized by altered levels of the transcripts and proteins of the HSP group compared to the wild type. The BR-signaling mutant was characterized by a decreased level of the HSP transcripts and heat-shock proteins. In the BR-deficient mutants, there were temperature-dependent cases when the decreased accumulation of the HSP70 and HSP90 transcripts was connected to an increased accumulation of these HSP. The significance of changes in the accumulation of HSPs during acclimation at 27 °C and 5 °C is discussed in the context of the altered tolerance to more extreme temperatures of the studied mutants (i.e., heat stress and frost, respectively). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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20 pages, 6040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disclosure of the Molecular Mechanism of Wheat Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana through Comparative Transcriptome and Metabolomics Analysis

by Wei Ye, Taomei Liu, Weimin Zhang, Saini Li, Muzi Zhu, Haohua Li, Yali Kong and Liqiong Xu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(23), 6090; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236090 - 3 Dec 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4611

Abstract

Wheat yield is greatly reduced because of the occurrence of leaf spot diseases. Bipolaris sorokiniana is the main pathogenic fungus in leaf spot disease. In this study, B. sorokiniana from wheat leaf (W-B. sorokiniana) showed much stronger pathogenicity toward wheat than [...] Read more.

Wheat yield is greatly reduced because of the occurrence of leaf spot diseases. Bipolaris sorokiniana is the main pathogenic fungus in leaf spot disease. In this study, B. sorokiniana from wheat leaf (W-B. sorokiniana) showed much stronger pathogenicity toward wheat than endophytic B. sorokiniana from Pogostemon cablin (P-B. sorokiniana). The transcriptomes and metabolomics of the two B. sorokiniana strains and transcriptomes of B. sorokiniana-infected wheat leaves were comparatively analyzed. In addition, the expression levels of unigenes related to pathogenicity, toxicity, and cell wall degradation were predicted and validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Results indicated that pathogenicity-related genes, especially the gene encoding loss-of-pathogenicity B (LopB) protein, cell wall-degrading enzymes (particularly glycosyl hydrolase-related genes), and killer and Ptr necrosis toxin-producing related unigenes in the W-B. sorokiniana played important roles in the pathogenicity of W-B. sorokiniana toward wheat. The down-regulation of cell wall protein, photosystem peptide, and rubisco protein suggested impairment of the phytosynthetic system and cell wall of B. sorokiniana-infected wheat. The up-regulation of hydrolase inhibitor, NAC (including NAM, ATAF1 and CUC2) transcriptional factor, and peroxidase in infected wheat tissues suggests their important roles in the defensive response of wheat to W-B. sorokiniana. This is the first report providing a comparison of the transcriptome and metabolome between the pathogenic and endophytic B. sorokiniana strains, thus providing a molecular clue for the pathogenic mechanism of W-B. sorokiniana toward wheat and wheat’s defensive response mechanism to W-B. sorokiniana. Our study could offer molecular clues for controlling the hazard of leaf spot and root rot diseases in wheat, thus improving wheat yield in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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16 pages, 344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Parameters and QTLs for Total Phenolic Content and Yield of Wheat Mapping Population of CSDH Lines under Drought Stress

by Ilona Mieczysława Czyczyło-Mysza, Katarzyna Cyganek, Kinga Dziurka, Steve Quarrie, Edyta Skrzypek, Izabela Marcińska, Beata Myśków, Michał Dziurka, Marzena Warchoł, Kamila Kapłoniak and Jan Bocianowski

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(23), 6064; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236064 - 1 Dec 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3191

Abstract

A doubled haploid population of 94 lines from the Chinese Spring × SQ1 wheat cross (CSDH) was used to evaluate additive and epistatic gene action effects on total phenolic content, grain yield of the main stem, grain number per plant, thousand grain weight, [...] Read more.

A doubled haploid population of 94 lines from the Chinese Spring × SQ1 wheat cross (CSDH) was used to evaluate additive and epistatic gene action effects on total phenolic content, grain yield of the main stem, grain number per plant, thousand grain weight, and dry weight per plant at harvest based on phenotypic and genotypic observations of CSDH lines. These traits were evaluated under moderate and severe drought stress and compared with well-watered plants. Plants were grown in pots in an open-sided greenhouse. Genetic parameters, such as additive and epistatic effects, affecting total phenolic content, were estimated for eight year-by-drought combinations. Twenty-one markers showed a significant additive effect on total phenolic content in all eight year-by-drought combinations. These markers were located on chromosomes: 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4A, and 4D. A region on 4AL with a stable QTL controlling the phenolic content, confirmed by various statistical methods is particularly noteworthy. In all years and treatments, three markers significantly linked to QTLs have been identified for both phenols and yield. Thirteen markers were coincident with candidate genes. Our results indicated the importance of both additive and epistatic gene effects on total phenolic content in eight year-by-drought combinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

21 pages, 3575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosynthesis of Phenylamide Phytoalexins in Pathogen-Infected Barley

by Naoki Ube, Yukinori Yabuta, Takuji Tohnooka, Kotomi Ueno, Shin Taketa and Atsushi Ishihara

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(22), 5541; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225541 - 6 Nov 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4088

Abstract

Phytoalexins are inducible antimicrobial metabolites in plants, and have been indicated to be important for the rejection of microbial infection. HPLC analysis detected the induced accumulation of three compounds 1–3 in barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots infected by Fusarium culmorum [...] Read more.

Phytoalexins are inducible antimicrobial metabolites in plants, and have been indicated to be important for the rejection of microbial infection. HPLC analysis detected the induced accumulation of three compounds 1–3 in barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots infected by Fusarium culmorum, the causal agent of Fusarium root rot. Compounds 1–3 were identified as cinnamic acid amides of 9-hydroxy-8-oxotryptamine, 8-oxotryptamine, and (1H-indol-3-yl)methylamine, respectively, by spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 had been previously reported from wheat, whereas 3 was an undescribed compound. We named 1–3 as triticamides A–C, respectively, because they were isolated from barley and wheat, which belong to the Triticeae tribe. These compounds showed antimicrobial activities, indicating that triticamides function as phytoalexins in barley. The administration of deuterium-labeled N-cinnamoyl tryptamine (CinTry) to barley roots resulted in the effective incorporation of CinTry into 1 and 2, which suggested that they were synthesized through the oxidation of CinTry. Nine putative tryptamine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (THT)-encoding genes (HvTHT1–HvTHT9) were identified by database search on the basis of homology to known THT gene sequences from rice. Since HvTHT7 and HvTHT8 had the same sequences except one base, we measured their expression levels in total by RT-qPCR. HvTHT7/8 were markedly upregulated in response to infection by F. culmorum. The HvTHT7 and HvTHT8 enzymes preferred cinnamoyl- and feruloyl-CoAs as acyl donors and tryptamine as an acyl acceptor, and (1H-indol-3-yl)methylamine was also accepted as an acyl acceptor. These findings suggested that HvTHT7/8 are responsible for the induced accumulation of triticamides in barley. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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Review

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29 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessReview

Abscisic Acid—Enemy or Savior in the Response of Cereals to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses?

by Marta Gietler, Justyna Fidler, Mateusz Labudda and Małgorzata Nykiel

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(13), 4607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134607 - 29 Jun 2020

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 6639

Abstract

Abscisic acid (ABA) is well-known phytohormone involved in the control of plant natural developmental processes, as well as the stress response. Although in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) its role in mechanism of the tolerance to most [...] Read more.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is well-known phytohormone involved in the control of plant natural developmental processes, as well as the stress response. Although in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) its role in mechanism of the tolerance to most common abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, or extreme temperatures seems to be fairly well recognized, not many authors considered that changes in ABA content may also influence the sensitivity of cereals to adverse environmental factors, e.g., by accelerating senescence, lowering pollen fertility, and inducing seed dormancy. Moreover, recently, ABA has also been regarded as an element of the biotic stress response; however, its role is still highly unclear. Many studies connect the susceptibility to various diseases with increased concentration of this phytohormone. Therefore, in contrast to the original assumptions, the role of ABA in response to biotic and abiotic stress does not always have to be associated with survival mechanisms; on the contrary, in some cases, abscisic acid can be one of the factors that increases the susceptibility of plants to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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15 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessReview

Insight into the Role of Epigenetic Processes in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Response in Wheat and Barley

by Lingyao Kong, Yanna Liu, Xiaoyu Wang and Cheng Chang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(4), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041480 - 21 Feb 2020

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 7222

Abstract

Environmental stresses such as salinity, drought, heat, freezing, heavy metal and even pathogen infections seriously threaten the growth and yield of important cereal crops including wheat and barley. There is growing evidence indicating that plants employ sophisticated epigenetic mechanisms to fine-tune their responses [...] Read more.

Environmental stresses such as salinity, drought, heat, freezing, heavy metal and even pathogen infections seriously threaten the growth and yield of important cereal crops including wheat and barley. There is growing evidence indicating that plants employ sophisticated epigenetic mechanisms to fine-tune their responses to environmental stresses. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in understanding the epigenetic processes and elements—such as DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNAs—involved in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses in wheat and barley. Potentials of exploiting epigenetic variation for the improvement of wheat and barley are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress)

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