Journal of Clinical Medicine

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 162 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Comments from the Editor of the Special Issue “Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications”

by Didac Mauricio

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(12), 2193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122193 - 12 Dec 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

With this Editorial, we are hereby presenting to the reader the Special Issue on “Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications”. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus have a major impact on the life of subjects with the disease, resulting in decreased quality of life and [...] Read more.

With this Editorial, we are hereby presenting to the reader the Special Issue on “Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications”. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus have a major impact on the life of subjects with the disease, resulting in decreased quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. This Special Issue includes contributions addressing different clinical aspects of the natural history, prevention and prediction, and characterization and management of diabetes-related complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

8 pages, 1203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Testing to Predict Weight Loss and Diabetes Remission and Long-Term Sustainability after Bariatric Surgery: A Pilot Study

by Andreea Ciudin, Enzamaria Fidilio, Angel Ortiz, Sara Pich, Eduardo Salas, Jordi Mesa, Cristina Hernández, Olga Simó-Servat, Albert Lecube and Rafael Simó

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(7), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8070964 - 3 Jul 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3570

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this pilot study was to assess genetic predisposition risk scores (GPS) in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients in order to predict the better response to bariatric surgery (BS) in terms of either weight loss or diabetes remission. Research [...] Read more.

Introduction: The aim of this pilot study was to assess genetic predisposition risk scores (GPS) in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients in order to predict the better response to bariatric surgery (BS) in terms of either weight loss or diabetes remission. Research Design and Methods: A case-control study in which 96 females (47 with type 2 diabetes) underwent Roux-en-Y gastric by-pass were included. The DNA was extracted from saliva samples and SNPs were examined and grouped into 3 GPS. ROC curves were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity. Results: A highly sensitive and specific predictive model of response to BS was obtained by combining the GPS in non-diabetic subjects. This combination was different in diabetic subjects and highly predictive of diabetes remission. Additionally, the model was able to predict the weight regain and type 2 diabetes relapse after 5 years’ follow-up. Conclusions: Genetic testing is a simple, reliable and useful tool for implementing personalized medicine in type 2 diabetic patients requiring BS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach Tracks Potential Serum Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Laura Del Coco, Daniele Vergara, Serena De Matteis, Emanuela Mensà, Jacopo Sabbatinelli, Francesco Prattichizzo, Anna Rita Bonfigli, Gianluca Storci, Sara Bravaccini, Francesca Pirini, Andrea Ragusa, Andrea Casadei-Gardini, Massimiliano Bonafè, Michele Maffia, Francesco Paolo Fanizzi, Fabiola Olivieri and Anna Maria Giudetti

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(5), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050720 - 21 May 2019

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 5486

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia associated with alterations in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. The prognosis of T2DM patients is highly dependent on the development of complications, and therefore the identification of biomarkers of T2DM [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia associated with alterations in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. The prognosis of T2DM patients is highly dependent on the development of complications, and therefore the identification of biomarkers of T2DM progression, with minimally invasive techniques, is a huge need. In the present study, we applied a ¹H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR)-based metabolomic approach coupled with multivariate data analysis to identify serum metabolite profiles associated with T2DM development and progression. To perform this, we compared the serum metabolome of non-diabetic subjects, treatment-naïve non-complicated T2DM patients, and T2DM patients with complications in insulin monotherapy. Our analysis revealed a significant reduction of alanine, glutamine, glutamate, leucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in T2DM patients with respect to non-diabetic subjects. Moreover, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, tyrosine, and valine levels distinguished complicated patients from patients without complications. Overall, the metabolic pathway analysis suggested that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism is significantly compromised in T2DM patients with complications, while perturbation in the metabolism of gluconeogenic amino acids other than BCAAs characterizes both early and advanced T2DM stages. In conclusion, we identified a metabolic serum signature associated with T2DM stages. These data could be integrated with clinical characteristics to build a composite T2DM/complications risk score to be validated in a prospective cohort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Circulating Soluble CD36 is Similar in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus versus Non-Diabetic Subjects

by Esmeralda Castelblanco, Lucía Sanjurjo, Mireia Falguera, Marta Hernández, José-Manuel Fernandez-Real, Maria-Rosa Sarrias, Nuria Alonso and Didac Mauricio

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(5), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050710 - 18 May 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3665

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma concentrations of sCD36 (soluble CD36) are associated with the presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Plasma levels of sCD36 were analysed in 1023 subjects (225 type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients, 276 [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine whether plasma concentrations of sCD36 (soluble CD36) are associated with the presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Plasma levels of sCD36 were analysed in 1023 subjects (225 type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients, 276 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, and 522 non-diabetic control subjects) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Multinomial and logistic regression models were performed to evaluate associations with sCD36 and its association with diabetes types. There were no significant differences in sCD36 (p = 0.144) among study groups, neither in head-to-head comparisons: non-diabetic versus T1D subjects (p = 0.180), non-diabetic versus T2D subjects (p = 0.583), and T1D versus T2D patients (p = 0.151). In the multinomial model, lower sCD36 concentrations were associated with older age (p < 0.001), tobacco exposure (p = 0.006), T2D (p = 0.020), and a higher-platelets count (p = 0.004). However, in logistic regression models of diabetes, sCD36 showed only a weak association with T2D. The current findings show a weak association of circulating sCD36 with type 2 diabetes and no association with T1D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Dose Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetic Individuals: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials and Trial Sequential Analysis

by Ming-Hsun Lin, Chien-Hsing Lee, Chin Lin, Yi-Fen Zou, Chieh-Hua Lu, Chang-Hsun Hsieh and Cho-Hao Lee

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(5), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050609 - 5 May 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4517

Abstract

Background: Evidence of low-dose aspirin as the primary prevention strategy for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes are unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of low-dose aspirin use for the primary prevention of CVD in diabetes. Methods: We collected randomized controlled [...] Read more.

Background: Evidence of low-dose aspirin as the primary prevention strategy for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes are unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of low-dose aspirin use for the primary prevention of CVD in diabetes. Methods: We collected randomized controlled trials of low-dose aspirin for the primary prevention of CVD in adults with diabetes lasting at least 12 months from Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to 10 November 2018. Two reviewers extracted data and appraised the reporting quality according to a predetermined protocol (CRD4201811830). This review was conducted using Cochrane standards, trial sequential analysis, and the Grading of Recommendation. The primary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, including non-fatal myocardial infarction, ischemia stroke, and cardiovascular death) and an incidence of major hemorrhage (major intracranial hemorrhage and major gastrointestinal bleeding). Results: In this primary prevention (number = 29,814 participants) meta-analysis, low-dose aspirin use reduced the risk of MACE by 9% and increased the risk of major hemorrhage by 24%. The benefits were only observed in subjects of age ≥ 60 years while reducing the same risk of MACE. In efficacy, it reduced the risk of stroke but not myocardial infarction. No increase in all-cause mortality or cardiovascular death was observed. Conclusions: We suggested the use of low-dose aspirin as the primary prevention strategy for CVD in diabetes, particularly in an older population. The absolute benefits were largely counterbalanced by the bleeding hazard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Arterial Stiffness in Prediabetic Subjects Recognized by Hemoglobin A1c with Postprandial Glucose but Not Fasting Glucose Levels

by Chung-Hao Li, Feng-Hwa Lu, Yi-Ching Yang, Jin-Shang Wu and Chih-Jen Chang

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(5), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050603 - 1 May 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3369

Abstract

Previous studies exploring the association between arterial stiffness and prediabetes remain controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association of the different domains of prediabetes categorized by glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1c) 5.7–6.4%, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), fasting plasma glucose of 5.6–6.9 mmol/L, and [...] Read more.

Previous studies exploring the association between arterial stiffness and prediabetes remain controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association of the different domains of prediabetes categorized by glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1c) 5.7–6.4%, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), fasting plasma glucose of 5.6–6.9 mmol/L, and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), two-hour post-load glucose of 7.8–11.0 mmol/L, on arterial stiffness. These were measured by brachial–ankle pulse-wave velocity (baPWV). We enrolled 4938 eligible subjects and divided them into the following nine groups: (1) normoglycemic; (2) isolated A1c 5.7–6.4%; (3) isolated IFG; (4) IFG with A1c 5.7–6.4%; (5) isolated IGT; (6) combined IGT and IFG with A1c <5.7%; (7) IGT with A1c 5.7–6.4%; (8) combined IGT and IFG with A1c 5.7–6.4%; and (9) newly diagnosed diabetes (NDD). The baPWV values were significantly high in subjects with NDD (β = 47.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 29.02–66.37, p < 0.001), those with IGT with A1c 5.7–6.4% (β = 36.02, 95% CI = 19.08–52.95, p < 0.001), and those with combined IGT and IFG with A1c 5.7–6.4% (β = 27.72, 95% CI = 0.68–54.76, p = 0.044), but not in the other subgroups. These findings suggest that increased arterial stiffness was found in prediabetes individuals having an A1c 5.7–6.4% with IGT, but not IFG. Isolated A1c 5.7–6.4% and isolated IGT were not associated with elevated arterial stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility and Effectiveness of Electrochemical Dermal Conductance Measurement for the Screening of Diabetic Neuropathy in Primary Care. Decoding Study (Dermal Electrochemical Conductance in Diabetic Neuropathy)

by Juan J. Cabré, Teresa Mur, Bernardo Costa, Francisco Barrio, Charo López-Moya, Ramon Sagarra, Montserrat García-Barco, Jesús Vizcaíno, Immaculada Bonaventura, Nicolau Ortiz, Gemma Flores-Mateo, Oriol Solà-Morales and the Catalan Diabetes Prevention Research Group

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(5), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050598 - 1 May 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3957

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of polyneuropathy in the Western world. Diabetic neuropathy (DNP) is the most common complication of diabetes and is of great clinical significance mainly due to the pain and the possibility of ulceration in the lower limbs. [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of polyneuropathy in the Western world. Diabetic neuropathy (DNP) is the most common complication of diabetes and is of great clinical significance mainly due to the pain and the possibility of ulceration in the lower limbs. Early detection of neuropathy is essential in the medical management of this complication. Early unmyelinated C-fiber dysfunction is one of the typical findings of diabetic neuropathy and the first clinical manifestation of dysfunction indicating sudomotor eccrine gland impairment. In order to assess newly developed technology for the measurement of dermal electrochemical conductance (DEC), we analyzed the feasibility and effectiveness of DEC (quantitative expression of sudomotor reflex) as a screening test of DNP in primary health care centers. The study included 197 people (with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes and normal tolerance) who underwent all the protocol tests and electromyography (EMG). On comparing DEC with EMG as the gold standard, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC, area under the curve) was 0.58 in the whole sample, AUC = 0.65 in the diabetes population and AUC = 0.72 in prediabetes, being irrelevant in subjects without glucose disturbances (AUC = 0.47). Conclusions: In usual clinical practice, DEC is feasible, with moderate sensitivity but high specificity. It is also easy to use and interpret and requires little training, thereby making it a good screening test in populations with diabetes and prediabetes. It may also be useful in screening general populations at risk of neuropathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FGF23 and Klotho Levels are Independently Associated with Diabetic Foot Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Javier Donate-Correa, Ernesto Martín-Núñez, Carla Ferri, Carolina Hernández-Carballo, Víctor G. Tagua, Alejandro Delgado-Molinos, Ángel López-Castillo, Sergio Rodríguez-Ramos, Purificación Cerro-López, Victoria Castro López-Tarruella, Miguel Angel Arévalo-González, Nayra Pérez-Delgado, Carmen Mora-Fernández and Juan F. Navarro-González

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(4), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040448 - 3 Apr 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3794

Abstract

Background: Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is a prevalent complication in the diabetic population and a major cause of hospitalizations. Diverse clinical studies have related alterations in the system formed by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and Klotho (KL) with vascular damage. In this proof-of-concept [...] Read more.

Background: Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is a prevalent complication in the diabetic population and a major cause of hospitalizations. Diverse clinical studies have related alterations in the system formed by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and Klotho (KL) with vascular damage. In this proof-of-concept study, we hypothesize that the levels of FGF23 and Klotho are altered in DFS patients. Methods: Twenty patients with limb amputation due to DFS, 37 diabetic patients without DFS, and 12 non-diabetic cadaveric organ donors were included in the study. Serum FGF23/Klotho and inflammatory markers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Protein and gene expression levels in the vascular samples were determined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Results: Serum Klotho is significantly reduced and FGF23 is significantly increased in patients with DFS (p < 0.01). Vascular immunoreactivity and gene expression levels for Klotho were decreased in patients with DFS (p < 0.01). Soluble Klotho was inversely related to serum C-reactive protein (r = −0.30, p < 0.05). Vascular immunoreactivities for Klotho and IL6 showed an inverse association (r = −0.29, p < 0.04). Similarly, vascular gene expression of KL and IL6 were inversely associated (r = −0.31, p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that higher Klotho serum concentrations and vascular gene expression levels were related to a lower risk of DFS, while higher serum FGF23 was associated with a higher risk for this complication. Conclusion: FGF23/Klotho system is associated with DFS, pointing to a new pathophysiological pathway involved in the development and progression of this complication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of Carotid Plaques Differs Between Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Subjects without Diabetes

by Esmeralda Castelblanco, Àngels Betriu, Marta Hernández, Minerva Granado-Casas, Emilio Ortega, Berta Soldevila, Anna Ramírez-Morros, Josep Franch-Nadal, Manel Puig-Domingo, Elvira Fernández, Angelo Avogaro, Núria Alonso and Dídac Mauricio

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(4), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040424 - 28 Mar 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3509

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate ultrasound tissue characterization of carotid plaques in subjects with and without diabetes type 1 (T1D). B-mode carotid ultrasound was performed to assess the presence and type of plaque in a group of 340 subjects with [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to investigate ultrasound tissue characterization of carotid plaques in subjects with and without diabetes type 1 (T1D). B-mode carotid ultrasound was performed to assess the presence and type of plaque in a group of 340 subjects with and 304 without T1D, all of them without cardiovascular disease. One hundred and seven patients with T1D (49.5% women; age 54 ± 9.8 years) and 67 control subjects without diabetes who had at least one carotid plaque were included in the study. The proportion of subjects who had only echolucent plaques was reduced in the group of patients with T1D (48.6% vs. 73.1%). In contrast, the proportion with only echogenic (25.2% vs. 7.5%) and calcified plaques (9.4% vs. 1.5%) was increased compared with subjects without diabetes. Moreover, having at least one echogenic plaque was more frequent in T1D patients compared with subjects without diabetes (49.5% vs. 26.9% p = 0.005). In addition to diabetes (OR 2.28; p = 0.026), age (OR 1.06, p = 0.002) was the other variable associated with echogenic plaque existence in multiple regression analysis. Patients with T1D exhibit a differential pattern of carotid plaque type compared with subjects without diabetes, with an increased frequency of echogenic and extensively calcified plaques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Poorer Quality of Life and Treatment Satisfaction is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes without Other Advanced Late Complications

by Minerva Granado-Casas, Esmeralda Castelblanco, Anna Ramírez-Morros, Mariona Martín, Nuria Alcubierre, Montserrat Martínez-Alonso, Xavier Valldeperas, Alicia Traveset, Esther Rubinat, Ana Lucas-Martin, Marta Hernández, Núria Alonso and Didac Mauricio

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030377 - 18 Mar 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3215

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) may potentially cause vision loss and affect the patient’s quality of life (QoL) and treatment satisfaction (TS). Using specific tools, we aimed to assess the impact of DR and clinical factors on the QoL and TS in patients with type [...] Read more.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) may potentially cause vision loss and affect the patient’s quality of life (QoL) and treatment satisfaction (TS). Using specific tools, we aimed to assess the impact of DR and clinical factors on the QoL and TS in patients with type 1 diabetes. This was a cross-sectional, two-centre study. A sample of 102 patients with DR and 140 non-DR patients were compared. The Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL-19) and Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ-s) were administered. Data analysis included bivariate and multivariable analysis. Patients with DR showed a poorer perception of present QoL (p = 0.039), work life (p = 0.037), dependence (p = 0.010), and had a lower average weighted impact (AWI) score (p = 0.045). The multivariable analysis showed that DR was associated with a lower present QoL (p = 0.040), work life (p = 0.036) and dependence (p = 0.016). With regards to TS, DR was associated with a higher perceived frequency of hypoglycaemia (p = 0.019). In patients with type 1 diabetes, the presence of DR is associated with a poorer perception of their QoL. With regard to TS, these subjects also show a higher perceived frequency of hypoglycaemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

15 pages, 1518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Glucose Fluctuations with Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Noriko Ogama, Takashi Sakurai, Shuji Kawashima, Takahisa Tanikawa, Haruhiko Tokuda, Shosuke Satake, Hisayuki Miura, Atsuya Shimizu, Manabu Kokubo, Shumpei Niida, Kenji Toba, Hiroyuki Umegaki and Masafumi Kuzuya

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(3), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030319 - 6 Mar 2019

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6548

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus accelerates loss of muscle mass and strength. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) also show these conditions, even in the early stages of AD. The mechanism linking glucose management with these muscle changes has not been elucidated but has implications [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus accelerates loss of muscle mass and strength. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) also show these conditions, even in the early stages of AD. The mechanism linking glucose management with these muscle changes has not been elucidated but has implications for clarifying these associations and developing preventive strategies to maintain functional capacity. This study included 69 type 2 diabetes patients with a diagnosis of cognitive impairment (n = 32) and patients with normal cognition (n = 37). We investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia in diabetes patients with and without cognitive impairment and examined the association of glucose alterations with sarcopenia. Daily glucose levels were evaluated using self-monitoring of blood glucose, and we focused on the effects of glucose fluctuations, postprandial hyperglycemia, and the frequency of hypoglycemia on sarcopenia. Diabetes patients with cognitive impairment displayed a high prevalence of sarcopenia, and glucose fluctuations were independently associated with sarcopenia, even after adjusting for glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and associated factors. In particular, glucose fluctuations were significantly associated with a low muscle mass, low grip strength, and slow walking speed. Our observation suggests the importance of glucose management by considering glucose fluctuations to prevent the development of disability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Usefulness of Eye Fixation Assessment for Identifying Type 2 Diabetic Subjects at Risk of Dementia

by Olga Simó-Servat, Andreea Ciudin, Ángel M. Ortiz-Zúñiga, Cristina Hernández and Rafael Simó

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010059 - 8 Jan 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3364

Abstract

Type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects have a significantly higher risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia than age-matched non-diabetic individuals. However, the accurate evaluation of cognitive status is based on complex neuropsychological tests, which makes their incorporation into the current standard [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects have a significantly higher risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia than age-matched non-diabetic individuals. However, the accurate evaluation of cognitive status is based on complex neuropsychological tests, which makes their incorporation into the current standard of care for the T2D population infeasible. Given that the ability to maintain visual gaze on a single location (fixation) is hampered in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the aim of the present study was: (1) To assess whether the evaluation of gaze fixation during fundus-driven microperimetry correlated with cognitive status in T2D subjects; (2) to examine whether the addition of fixational parameters to the assessment of retinal sensitivity increased the predictive value of retinal microperimetry in identifying T2D subjects with MCI. For this purpose, fixation parameters and retinal sensitivity were compared in three age-matched groups of T2D subjects: normocognitive (n = 34), MCI (n = 33), and AD (n = 33). Our results showed that fixation is significantly more unstable in MCI subjects than normocognitive subjects, and even more altered in those affected by AD (ANOVA; p < 0.01). Moreover, adding fixation parameters to retinal sensitivity significantly increases the predictive value in identifying those subjects with MCI: ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Area 0.68 with retinal sensitivity alone vs. ROC Area 0.86 when parameters of fixation are added to retinal sensitivity (p < 0.01). In conclusion, our results suggest that fixational eye movement parameters assessed by fundus-microperimetry represent a new tool for identifying T2D subjects at risk of dementia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 1132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk of Dementia in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes on Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylureas: A Real-World Population-Based Cohort Study

by Young-Gun Kim, Ja Young Jeon, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan-Woo Lee, So Young Moon and Seung Jin Han

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010028 - 28 Dec 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4254 | Correction

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes is related to an increased risk of dementia. Preclinical studies of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP-4i) for dementia have yielded promising results. Therefore, we investigated the risk of dementia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes on DPP-4is and sulfonylureas [...] Read more.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is related to an increased risk of dementia. Preclinical studies of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors (DPP-4i) for dementia have yielded promising results. Therefore, we investigated the risk of dementia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes on DPP-4is and sulfonylureas (SU). Methods: Using a claims database called the Korean National Health Insurance Service Senior cohort, new users of DPP-4is and SUs were matched by 1:1 propensity score matching using 49 confounding variables (7552 new DPP-4is users and 7552 new SU users were matched by 1:1 propensity score matching; average age 75.4; mean follow-up period: 1361.9 days). Survival analysis was performed to estimate the risk of dementia. Results: The risk of all-cause dementia was lower in the DPP-4i group compared to the SU group (hazard ratio (HR) 0.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.78; p < 0.001). Particularly, DPP-4i use showed a significantly lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease (HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.52–0.79; p < 0.001) and a lower risk, albeit non-significant, of vascular dementia compared to SU use (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.38–1.14; p = 0.139). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that DPP-4i use decreases the risk of dementia compared to SU use in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in a real-world clinical setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between End-Stage Renal Disease and Incident Diabetes Mellitus—A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

by Pin-Pin Wu, Chew-Teng Kor, Ming-Chia Hsieh and Yao-Peng Hsieh

J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(10), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7100343 - 11 Oct 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4857

Abstract

Background: Glucose is one of the constituents in hemodialysates and peritoneal dialysates. How the dialysis associates with the incident diabetes mellitus (DM) remains to be assessed. Methods: The claim data of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who initiated dialysis from and a cohort [...] Read more.

Background: Glucose is one of the constituents in hemodialysates and peritoneal dialysates. How the dialysis associates with the incident diabetes mellitus (DM) remains to be assessed. Methods: The claim data of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who initiated dialysis from and a cohort of matched non-dialysis individuals from 2000 to 2013 were retrieved from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to examine the risk of incident DM among patients on hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Predictors of incident DM were determined for HD and PD patients using Fine and Gray models to treat death as a competing event, respectively. Results: A total of 2228 patients on dialysis (2092 HD and 136 PD) and 8912 non-dialysis individuals were the study population. The PD and HD patients had 12 and 97 new-onset of DM (incidence rates of 15.98 and 8.69 per 1000 patient-years, respectively), while the comparison cohort had 869 DM events with the incidence rate of 15.88 per 1000 patient-years. The multivariable-adjusted Cox models of Fine and Gray method showed that the dialysis cohort was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.49 (95% CI 0.39–0.61, p value < 0.0001) for incident DM compared with the comparison cohort. The adjusted HR of incident DM was 0.46 (95% CI 0.37–0.58, p value < 0.0001) for HD and 0.84 (95% CI 0.47–1.51, p value = 0.56) for PD. Conclusions: ESRD patients were associated with a lower risk of incident DM. HD was associated with a lower risk of incident DM, whereas PD was not. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

16 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessReview

The New Era for Reno-Cardiovascular Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes

by Clara García-Carro, Ander Vergara, Irene Agraz, Conxita Jacobs-Cachá, Eugenia Espinel, Daniel Seron and María José Soler

J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(6), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060864 - 17 Jun 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5304

Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the developed world. Until 2016, the only treatment that was clearly demonstrated to delay the DKD was the renin-angiotensin system blockade, either by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. [...] Read more.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the developed world. Until 2016, the only treatment that was clearly demonstrated to delay the DKD was the renin-angiotensin system blockade, either by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. However, this strategy only partially covered the DKD progression. Thus, new strategies for reno-cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients are urgently needed. In the last few years, hypoglycaemic drugs, such as sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, demonstrated a cardioprotective effect, mainly in terms of decreasing hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death in type 2 diabetic patients. In addition, these drugs also demonstrated a clear renoprotective effect by delaying DKD progression and decreasing albuminuria. Another hypoglycaemic drug class, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, has been approved for its use in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, avoiding, in part, the need for insulinization in this group of DKD patients. Studies in diabetic and non-diabetic experimental models suggest that these drugs may exert their reno-cardiovascular protective effect by glucose and non-glucose dependent mechanisms. This review focuses on newly demonstrated strategies that have shown reno-cardiovascular benefits in type 2 diabetes and that may change diabetes management algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Clinical Research on Diabetic Complications

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (15 papers)

Editorial

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI