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A special issue of Journal of Composites Science (ISSN 2504-477X). This special issue belongs to the section "Composites Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 61672

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Prof. Dr. Phuong Nguyen-Tri

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1. Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
2. Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
Interests: green chemistry; multifunctional composites; antiviral composites; polymer crystallization; nanomaterials; advanced materials for energy and environment; hybrid nanoparticles; conversion of biomass
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Dear Colleagues,

With the progress of the nanotechnology and production methods, composite materials are becoming lighter, cheaper, more durable, and more versatile. At present, great progress has been made in design, preparation, and characterization of composite materials, making them smarter and versatile. By creating new properties using suitable fillers and matrix, the functional composites can meet the most difficult standards of users, especially in high-tech industries. Advanced composites reinforced by high-performance carbon fibers and nanofillers are popular in the automotive and aerospace industries thanks to their significant advantages, such as high specific strength to weight ratio and noncorrosion properties. In addition to the improvement of the mechanical performance, composite materials today are designed to provide new functions dealing with antibacterial, self-cleaning, self-healing, super-hard, solar reflective for desired end-used applications. On the other hand, composite materials can contribute to reduce environmental issues by providing renewable energy technologies in conjunction with multifunctional, lightweight energy storage systems with high performance and noncorrosive properties. They are also used to prepare a new generation of batteries and directly contribute to H₂ production or CO2 reduction in fuels and chemicals.

This Special Issue aims to collect articles reporting on recent developments dealing with preparative methods, design, properties, structure, characterization methods, as well as promising applications of multifunctional composites. It covers potential applications in various areas, such as anticorrosion, photocatalyst, absorbers, superhydrophobic, self-cleaning, antifouling/antibacterial, renewable energy, energy storage systems, construction, and electronics. Modeling and simulating processes involving the design and preparation of functional and multifunctional composites as well as those performing experimental studies involving these composites are welcomed to submit papers.

Prof. Dr. Phuong Nguyen-Tri
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Antibacterial composites
Hard and super-hard composites
Self-cleaning composites
Self-healing composites
Photocurable composites
Electrical conducting composites
Composites for H2 production and storage
Composites for CO2 storage, conversion, and utilization
Photocatalytic composites
Biodegradable composites
Nanoscale characterization of composites
Computer simulation of composite design and preparation
Superabsorbant composites

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 217 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue: Multifunctional Composites in the Journal of Composites Science

by Phuong Nguyen-Tri

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010015 - 7 Jan 2021

Viewed by 1599

Abstract

With the progress in nanotechnology and production methods, composite materials are becoming lighter, cheaper, more durable, and more versatile [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 4318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Structure and Crystallizing Process of NiAu Alloy: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Method

by Dung Nguyen Trong, Van Cao Long and Ştefan Ţălu

J. Compos. Sci. 2021, 5(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010018 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3353

Abstract

This paper studies the influence of factors such as heating rate, atomic number, temperature, and annealing time on the structure and the crystallization process of NiAu alloy. Increasing the heating rate leads to the moving process from the crystalline state to the amorphous state; increasing the temperature (T) also leads to a changing process into the liquid state; when the atomic number (N), and t increase, it leads to an increased crystalline process. As a result, the dependence between size (l) and atomic number (N), the total energy of the system (E_tot) with N as l~N^−1/3, and −E_tot always creates a linear function of N, glass temperature (T_g) of the NiAu alloy, which is T_g = 600 K. During the study, the number of the structural units was determined by the Common Neighborhood Analysis (CNA) method, radial distribution function (RDF), size (l), and E_tot. The result shows that the influencing factors to the structure of NiAu alloy are considerable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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15 pages, 1555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Sodium Alginate-Calcium Chloride Coating on the Quality Parameters and Shelf Life of Strawberry Cut Fruits

by Ghaidaa Alharaty and Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy

J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(3), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030123 - 21 Aug 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 8604

Abstract

Strawberry fruits have a short shelf life after harvesting due the physiological factors that enhances ripening such as respiration and transpiration. Sensory properties including color, texture, odor, and flavor are the main factors that makes fresh produce appealing to consumers, and they change very rapidly upon harvest. For this reason, quality preservation is essential during post-harvest handling and storage of strawberry fruits. Quality deterioration rates are higher in strawberry fruit cuts due to the mechanical damage and the loss of their natural protective barriers, resulting in an increase in moisture loss, respiration rates, and the deterioration of their sensory properties. The effect of a sodium alginate-calcium chloride edible coating on quality preservation and shelf life extension of strawberry cut fruits stored at 4 °C was studied. Control samples had mold growth initiated after one week of storage at 4 °C, while the coated fruit samples had a mold free shelf life extension for up to 15 days. The sodium alginate-calcium chloride edible coating was effective in reducing respiration and transpiration rates and delayed the increase of the pH and soluble solid content. Furthermore, the coating delayed surface mold growth for up to 15 days and preserved the sensory properties of the cut fruits such as color and texture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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13 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uptake of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Pectin–Chitosan Binary Composites

by Dexu Kong and Lee D. Wilson

J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030095 - 18 Jul 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3846

Abstract

To address the need to develop improved hybrid biopolymer composites, we report on the preparation of composites that contain chitosan and pectin biopolymers with tunable adsorption properties. Binary biopolymer composites were prepared at variable pectin–chitosan composition in a solvent directed synthesis, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) versus water. The materials were characterized using complementary methods (infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, pH at the point-of-zero charge, and dye-based adsorption isotherms). Pectin and chitosan composites prepared in DMSO yielded a covalent biopolymer framework (CBF), whereas a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) was formed in water. The materials characterization provided support that cross-linking occurs between amine groups of chitosan and the –COOH groups of pectin. CBF-based composites had a greater uptake of methylene blue (MB) dye over the PEC-based composites. Composites prepared in DMSO were inferred to have secondary adsorption sites for enhanced MB uptake, as evidenced by a monolayer uptake capacity that exceeded the pectin–chitosan PECs by 1.5-fold. This work provides insight on the role of solvent-dependent cross-linking of pectin and chitosan biopolymers. Sonication-assisted reactions in DMSO favor CBFs, while cross-linking in water yields PECs. Herein, composites with tunable structures and variable physicochemical properties are demonstrated by their unique dye adsorption properties in aqueous media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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9 pages, 3379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Weather-Resistant 3D Printed Structures by Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing

by Arash Afshar and Roy Wood

J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030094 - 18 Jul 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5413

Abstract

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, has had a big impact on the manufacturing world through its low cost, material recyclability, and fabrication of intricate geometries with a high resolution. Three-dimensionally printed polymer structures in aerospace, marine, construction, and automotive industries are usually intended for service in outdoor environments. During long-term exposures to harsh environmental conditions, the mechanical properties of these structures can be degraded significantly. Developing coating systems for 3D printed parts that protect the structural surface against environmental effects and provide desired surface properties is crucial for the long-term integrity of these structures. In this study, a novel method was presented to create 3D printed structures coated with a weather-resistant material in a single manufacturing operation using multi-material additive manufacturing. One group of specimens was 3D printed from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) material and the other group was printed from ABS and acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) as a substrate and coating material, respectively. The uncoated ABS specimens suffered significant degradation in the mechanical properties, particularly in the failure strain and toughness, during exposure to UV radiation, moisture, and high temperature. However, the ASA coating preserved the mechanical properties and structural integrity of ABS 3D printed structures in aggressive environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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12 pages, 5447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of MoSi₂-Si₃N₄/SiC Multi-Layer Coating on the Oxidation Resistance of Carbon/Carbon Composites above 1770 K

by Imran Abbas, Yanxiang Wang, Hassan Elahi, Muhammad Ali Siddiqui, Mudaser Ullah and Faisal Qayyum

J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030086 - 3 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3056

Abstract

To improve the oxidation resistance of carbon/carbon composites at high temperatures (>1770 K), they were coated with MoSi₂-Si₃N₄/SiC. The slurry and pack cementation methods were adopted to deposit the inner SiC layer and outer MoSi₂-Si₃N₄ layer. The phase composition, microstructure, and elemental distributions in the coating were analyzed using SEM, XRD, EDS, and Raman spectroscopy. Oxidation tests show that the deposited multi-layer coating can protect the carbon/carbon matrix from oxidation at high temperatures (>1770 K) for 150h and that the coating can withstand 40 thermal cycles between 1773 and 300 K. It is observed that Si₃N₄ assists in the formation of a dense SiO₂ layer at a high temperature, which plays a vital role in increasing the thermal cyclic and oxidation resistance of the coating itself. The weight loss of coated carbon/carbon composite is attributed to the formation of micro-cracks and diffusion of SiO₂, MoO₃, and N₂ out of the material at high temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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13 pages, 8300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pulp Fiber and Epoxidized Tung Oil Content on the Properties of Biocomposites Based on Polylactic Acid

by Van Khoi Nguyen, Thanh Tung Nguyen, Thu Ha Pham Thi and Thu Trang Pham

J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020056 - 19 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2739

Abstract

Recently, various environmental-friendly materials have been investigated and developed, especially composites of polylactic acid (PLA) and plant fibers. This paper investigates the effects of pulp fiber (PF) and epoxidized Tung oil (ETO) content on the properties of biocomposites, based on polylactic acid. The bleached pulp fiber reinforced PLA (PLA/PF) composites with 10–50 wt% fiber contents and 0–15% epoxidized Tung oil contents (with a certain number of fiber) were prepared in an internal mixer (Plastograph^® EC) at 150 °C. The mechanical properties of PLA/PF composites were improved significantly. The pulp fiber reinforced PLA composites, with the fiber content of 30 wt%, were found to have the highest mechanical properties. The tensile and flexural properties of PLA/Tung oil-soaked-pulp fiber composites were higher than those of PLA/Tung oil unsoaked pulp fiber composites. In addition, the degradation temperature of PLA-based composites decreased after adding more pulp fiber. The pulp fibers were well-dispersed in the PLA matrix with the content up to 30 wt%. The interaction between pulp fiber and PLA matrix improved by the addition of epoxidized Tung oil. Epoxidized Tung oil also improved tensile and flexural strength of composite materials when it was added with a number of below 10% of fiber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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11 pages, 7675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Synergistic Effects of Sio₂ Nanoparticles and Organic Photostabilizers for Enhanced Weathering Resistance of Acrylic Polyurethane Coating

by Thien Vuong Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen and Thi Hau Nguyen

J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4010023 - 26 Feb 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3452

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the synergical effects of SiO₂ nanoparticles (nano-SiO₂) and organic photostabilizers (Tinuvin 384 (T384) and Tinuvin 292 (T292)) on the weathering resistance of acrylic polyurethane coating. Data obtained from infrared (IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and weight loss of coatings (before and after aging test), suggest that the SiO₂ nanoparticles play a dual role, as both reinforcer and UV absorber, thus improving effectively both the mechanical properties and the weathering resistance of polyurethane acrylic coatings. The nanocomposite coating containing 2 wt % nano-SiO₂, 2 wt % T384, and 1 wt % T292 exhibits excellent weathering and abrasion resistances, offering a durable outdoor application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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16 pages, 6155 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Synergic Effects of FDM 3D Printing Parameters on Mechanical Behaviors of Bronze Poly Lactic Acid Composites

by Mahmoud Moradi, Mojtaba Karami Moghadam, Mahmoud Shamsborhan and Mahdi Bodaghi

J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4010017 - 3 Feb 2020

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5692

Abstract

In this paper, the influence of layer thickness (LT), infill percentage (IP), and extruder temperature (ET) on the maximum failure load, thickness, and build time of bronze polylactic acid (Br-PLA) composites 3D printed by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) was investigated via an optimization method. PLA is a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester obtained from renewable sources, such as fermented plant starch, especially made by corn starch. The design of experiment (DOE) approach was used for optimization parameters, and 3D printings were optimized according to the applied statistical analyses to reach the best features. The maximum value of failure load and minimum value of the build time were considered as optimization criteria. Analysis of variance results identified the layer thickness as the main controlled variable for all responses. Optimum solutions were examined by experimental preparation to assess the efficiency of the optimization method. There was a superb compromise among experimental outcomes and predictions of the response surface method, confirming the reliability of predictive models. The optimum setting for fulfilling the first criterion could result in a sample with more than 1021 N maximum failure load. Finally, a comparison of maximum failure from PLA with Br-PLA was studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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21 pages, 11193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free Vibration Analysis of Laminated Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Composite Doubly Curved Shallow Shell Panels Using a New Four-Variable Refined Theory

by Vu Van Tham, Tran Huu Quoc and Tran Minh Tu

J. Compos. Sci. 2019, 3(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3040104 - 1 Dec 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3257

Abstract

In this paper, a new four-variable refined shell theory is developed for free vibration analysis of multi-layered functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) doubly curved shallow shell panels. The theory has only four unknowns and satisfies zero stress conditions at the free surfaces without correction factor. Five different types of carbon nanotube (CNTs) distribution through the thickness of each FG-CNT layer are considered. Governing equations of simply supported doubly curved FG-CNTRC panels are derived from Hamilton’s principle. The resultant eigenvalue system is solved to obtain the frequencies and mode shapes of the anti-symmetric cross-ply laminated panels by using the Navier solution. The numerical results in the comparison examples have proved the accuracy and efficiency of the developed model. Detailed parametric studies have been carried out to reveal the influences of CNTs volume fraction, CNTs distribution, CNTs orientation, dimension ratios and curvature on the free vibration responses of the doubly curved laminated FG-CNTRC panels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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14 pages, 4483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of N-doped Cu₂O/ZnO Nanocomposite on Degradation of Methyl Red

by Yohannes Teklemariam Gaim, Gebrekidan Mebrahtu Tesfamariam, Gebretinsae Yeabyo Nigussie and Mengstu Etay Ashebir

J. Compos. Sci. 2019, 3(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3040093 - 16 Oct 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4334

Abstract

In this study, a N-doped Cu₂O/ZnO nanocomposite was prepared by a co-precipitation and thermal decomposition technique from CuCl₂, 2H₂O, ZnSO₄, 7H₂O and CO(NH₂)₂ as precursors. The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared analysis (FT–IR) and an ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) reflectance spectrometer. From the XRD diffractogram of N-doped Cu₂O/ZnO nanocomposite, cubic and hexagonal wurtzite crystal structures of Cu₂O, and ZnO, respectively were identified. The UV-vis reflectance spectra illustrated that the absorption edge of N-doped Cu₂O/ZnO nanocomposite is more extended to the longer wavelength than ZnO, Cu₂O and Cu₂O/ZnO nanomaterials. FT–IR bands confirmed the presence of ZnO, Cu₂O, and nitrogen in the N-doped Cu₂O/ZnO nanocomposite. Photocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized nanocomposite was tested for methyl red degradation using sunlight as an energy source by optimizing the concentration of the dye and amount of the catalyst loaded. The degradation efficiency was greater in N-doped Cu₂O/ZnO nanocomposite as compared to ZnO, Cu₂O and Cu₂O/ZnO nanomaterials. This is due to the coupling of the semiconductors which increases the absorption and exploitation capability of solar light and increases the charge separation as well. Besides that, nitrogen doping can extend absorption of light to the visible region by decreasing the energy gap. Therefore, N-doped Cu₂O/ZnO nanocomposite is a solar light-active photocatalyst which can be used in the degradation of organic pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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13 pages, 3953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of CuO/ZnO Nanocomposites and Their Application in Photodegradation of Toxic Textile Dye

by Abdullah Al Mamun Sakib, Shah Md. Masum, Jan Hoinkis, Rafiqul Islam and Md. Ashraful Islam Molla

J. Compos. Sci. 2019, 3(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030091 - 17 Sep 2019

Cited by 107 | Viewed by 7879

Abstract

CuO/ZnO composites are synthesized using a simple mechanochemical combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) are used to characterize the prepared oxides. X-ray diffraction reveals that the prepared CuO/ZnO exhibit a wurtzite ZnO crystal structure and the composites are composed of CuO and ZnO. The strong peaks of the Cu, Zn, and O elements are exhibited in the EDX spectrum. The FTIR spectra appear at around 3385 cm⁻¹ and 1637 cm⁻¹, caused by O–H stretching, and 400 cm⁻¹ to 590 cm⁻¹, ascribable to Zn–O stretching. The photocatalytic performances of CuO/ZnO nanocomposites are investigated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution in direct solar irradiation. The degradation value of MB with 5 wt % CuO/ZnO is measured to be 98%, after 2 h of solar irradiation. The reactive ^•O₂⁻ and ^•OH radicals play important roles in the photodegradation of MB. Mineralization of MB is around 91% under sunlight irradiation within 7 h. The photodegradation treatment for the textile wastewater using sunlight is an easy technique—simply handled, and economical. Therefore, the solar photodegradation technique may be a very effective method for the treatment of wastewater instead of photodegradation with the artificial and expensive Hg-Xe lamp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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Review

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33 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessReview

Milk as a Complex Multiphase Polydisperse System: Approaches for the Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

by Alena Smirnova, Georgii Konoplev, Nikolay Mukhin, Oksana Stepanova and Ulrike Steinmann

J. Compos. Sci. 2020, 4(4), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040151 - 15 Oct 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6992

Abstract

Milk is a product that requires quality control at all stages of production: from the dairy farm, processing at the dairy plant to finished products. Milk is a complex multiphase polydisperse system, whose components not only determine the quality and price of raw milk, but also reflect the physiological state of the herd. Today’s production volumes and rates require simple, fast, cost-effective, and accurate analytical methods, and most manufacturers want to move away from methods that use reagents that increase analysis time and move to rapid analysis methods. The review presents methods for the rapid determination of the main components of milk, examines their advantages and disadvantages. Optical spectroscopy is a fast, non-destructive, precise, and reliable tool for determination of the main constituents and common adulterants in milk. While mid-infrared spectroscopy is a well-established off-line laboratory technique for the routine quality control of milk, near-infrared technologies provide relatively low-cost and robust solutions suitable for on-site and in-line applications on milking farms and dairy production facilities. Other techniques, discussed in this review, including Raman spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, are also used for milk analysis but much less extensively. Acoustic methods are also suitable for non-destructive on-line analysis of milk. Acoustic characterization can provide information on fat content, particle size distribution of fat and proteins, changes in the biophysical properties of milk over time, the content of specific proteins and pollutants. The basic principles of ultrasonic techniques, including transmission, pulse-echo, interferometer, and microbalance approaches, are briefly described and milk parameters measured with their help, including frequency ranges and measurement accuracy, are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites)

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