Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

Editorial

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6 pages, 403 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Coronavirus Outbreak in Italy: Physiological Benefits of Home-Based Exercise During Pandemic

by Silvia Ravalli and Giuseppe Musumeci

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020031 - 7 May 2020

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 11901

Abstract

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced the hardest-hit populations, like Italians, to radically change their daily habits, starting with social distancing, strict preventive measures, and self-isolation. These precautions also apply to sport-related facilities and activities. The difficulty to practice physical activity [...] Read more.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced the hardest-hit populations, like Italians, to radically change their daily habits, starting with social distancing, strict preventive measures, and self-isolation. These precautions also apply to sport-related facilities and activities. The difficulty to practice physical activity during this dramatic moment in time adds to the risks associated with sedentary habits, due to staying all the time at home. Here, the importance and the benefits of maintaining exercise routine, even at home, are emphasized in order to avoid the consequences of inactivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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3 pages, 170 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Elite Athletes and COVID-19 Lockdown: Future Health Concerns for an Entire Sector

by Antonio Paoli and Giuseppe Musumeci

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020030 - 7 May 2020

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 10629

Abstract

In this editorial, we focused our attention on elite athletes during the COVID-19 lockdown. A high level of physical fitness is required by elite athletes irrespective of the specific type of sport. Generally speaking, elite athletes avoid long periods of rest during and [...] Read more.

In this editorial, we focused our attention on elite athletes during the COVID-19 lockdown. A high level of physical fitness is required by elite athletes irrespective of the specific type of sport. Generally speaking, elite athletes avoid long periods of rest during and at the end of the competitive season. Normally, elite athletes stop training or reduce training volume and intensity for a period that ranges from two weeks to a maximum of four weeks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

Research

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10 pages, 435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Rehabilitative Intervention on Pain, Postural Balance, and Quality of Life in Women with Multiple Vertebral Fragility Fractures: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Dalila Scaturro, Serena Rizzo, Valeria Sanfilippo, Valerio Giustino, Giuseppe Messina, Francesco Martines, Vincenzo Falco, Daniele Cuntrera, Antimo Moretti, Giovanni Iolascon and Giulia Letizia Mauro

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010024 - 3 Mar 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2897

Abstract

Patients with vertebral fragility fractures often experience chronic pain, postural and balance disorders, and poor quality of life (QoL). Although several studies have investigated the role of rehabilitation in severe osteoporosis, the effectiveness of this intervention in patients with multiple vertebral fractures is [...] Read more.

Patients with vertebral fragility fractures often experience chronic pain, postural and balance disorders, and poor quality of life (QoL). Although several studies have investigated the role of rehabilitation in severe osteoporosis, the effectiveness of this intervention in patients with multiple vertebral fractures is poorly known. The aim of our longitudinal cohort study is to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation, including postural training, resistance exercises, and visual stabilization exercises, for a 7-week period, on the pain, postural balance, and QoL of subjects with at least two vertebral fragility fractures receiving denosumab and vitamin D. We investigated, before (T0) and after (T1, at 7 weeks) rehabilitation, the following outcome measures on 28 patients: pain (Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)), self-perceived QoL (36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) and Mini-Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire (Mini-OQOL)), dizziness (Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI-I)), mobility (Timed-Up and Go (TUG) test), and instrumental posturographic assessment (FreeMed posturography system). At the end of the treatment, improvements of pain and QoL were recorded. Pain relief was highly obtained in patients with more than two vertebral fractures. Moreover, a significant functional improvement (TUG test) was found in those with two vertebral fractures, without any statistically significant change reported for other outcomes. Our findings suggest that combined intervention, including anti-osteoporotic drugs and postural rehabilitation, should be proposed to osteoporotic patients with multiple vertebral fractures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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9 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Differences in Biceps Femoris Long Head Stiffness during Isometric Knee Flexion

by João R. Vaz, Tiago Neto, José Pedro Correia, Jorge Infante and Sandro R. Freitas

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010018 - 10 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2999

Abstract

This study sought to investigate whether the stiffness of the biceps femoris long head differs between proximal and distal regions during isometric knee flexion at different contraction intensities and muscle lengths. Twelve healthy individuals performed knee flexion isometric contractions at 20% and 60% [...] Read more.

This study sought to investigate whether the stiffness of the biceps femoris long head differs between proximal and distal regions during isometric knee flexion at different contraction intensities and muscle lengths. Twelve healthy individuals performed knee flexion isometric contractions at 20% and 60% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction, with the knee flexed at 15 and 45 degrees. Muscle stiffness assessment was performed using ultrasound-based shear wave elastography. Proximal and distal regions of the biceps femoris long head were assessed. Biceps femoris long head muscle showed a greater stiffness (i) in the distal region, (ii) at higher contraction intensity, and (iii) at longer muscle length. The proximal-to-distal stiffness ratio was significantly lower than 1 (i.e., heterogenous) at lower contraction intensity regardless of the muscle length. However, this was not observed at higher contraction intensity. This study is the first to show heterogeneity in the active stiffness of the biceps femoris long head. Given the greater incidence of injury at the proximal region of biceps femoris long head, this study opens new directions for future research. Additionally, the present study results indicate that studies assessing muscle stiffness at one single muscle region should be interpreted with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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12 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dominant and Nondominant Limb Immobilization on Muscle Activation and Physical Demand during Ambulation with Axillary Crutches

by Kara B. Bellenfant, Gracie L. Robbins, Rebecca R. Rogers, Thomas J. Kopec and Christopher G. Ballmann

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010016 - 9 Feb 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2778

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of how limb dominance and joint immobilization alter markers of physical demand and muscle activation during ambulation with axillary crutches. In a crossover, counterbalanced study design, physically active females completed ambulation trials with [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of how limb dominance and joint immobilization alter markers of physical demand and muscle activation during ambulation with axillary crutches. In a crossover, counterbalanced study design, physically active females completed ambulation trials with three conditions: (1) bipedal walking (BW), (2) axillary crutch ambulation with their dominant limb (DOM), and (3) axillary crutch ambulation with their nondominant limb (NDOM). During the axillary crutch ambulation conditions, the non-weight-bearing knee joint was immobilized at a 30-degree flexion angle with a postoperative knee stabilizer. For each trial/condition, participants ambulated at 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mph for five minutes at each speed. Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored throughout. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to record muscle activation of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), soleus (SOL), and tibialis anterior (TA) unilaterally on the weight-bearing limb. Biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) sEMG were measured bilaterally. sEMG signals for each immobilization condition were normalized to corresponding values for BW.HR (p < 0.001) and RPE (p < 0.001) were significantly higher for both the DOM and NDOM conditions compared to BW but no differences existed between the DOM and NDOM conditions (p > 0.05). No differences in lower limb muscle activation were noted for any muscles between the DOM and NDOM conditions (p > 0.05). Regardless of condition, BB activation ipsilateral to the ambulating limb was significantly lower during 0.6 mph (p = 0.005) and 0.8 mph (p = 0.016) compared to the same speeds for BB on the contralateral side. Contralateral TB activation was significantly higher during 0.6 mph compared to 0.8 mph (p = 0.009) and 1.0 mph (p = 0.029) irrespective of condition. In conclusion, limb dominance appears to not alter lower limb muscle activation and walking intensity while using axillary crutches. However, upper limb muscle activation was asymmetrical during axillary crutch use and largely dependent on speed. These results suggest that functional asymmetry may exist in upper limbs but not lower limbs during assistive device supported ambulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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8 pages, 2914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological and Immunofluorescence Study of Discal Ligaments in Human Temporomandibular Joint

by Michele Runci Anastasi, Antonio Centofanti, Alba Arco, Giovanna Vermiglio, Fabiana Nicita, Giuseppe Santoro, Piero Cascone, Giuseppe Pio Anastasi, Giuseppina Rizzo and Giuseppina Cutroneo

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040090 - 8 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3277

Abstract

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial articulation stabilized by several anatomical structures such as ligaments. The existence of articular capsule reinforcement structures have been described in the lateral and medial sides of disc which have been defined as collateral ligaments, lateral [...] Read more.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial articulation stabilized by several anatomical structures such as ligaments. The existence of articular capsule reinforcement structures have been described in the lateral and medial sides of disc which have been defined as collateral ligaments, lateral and medial. Despite that, some macroscopic observations support that these collateral ligaments do not belong to the articular capsule but they belong to the disc. By that, the aim of the present work was to evaluate morphological aspects of TMJ from cadaveric frozen heads by histological and immunofluorescence techniques in order to verify the origin and insertion of lateral and medial collateral ligaments. Results show that both lateral and medial ligaments origin from the disc and insert directly to the articular cartilage of mandibula condyle. These data open a new approach in the study of human TMJ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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17 pages, 1639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Participants’ Anthropometry on Muscle Activation Levels While Interacting with the Level of Expertise, Task Type, and Single Muscles

by Morteza Nagahi, Niamat Ullah Ibne Hossain, Vidanelage L. Dayarathna, Sofia Karam, Kari Babski-Reeves and Raed Jaradat

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040088 - 4 Dec 2020

Viewed by 3021

Abstract

In this research paper, we implemented a mixed factor design in order to investigate the effect of four anthropometries: height, weight, lower-arm dimensions, and upper-arm dimensions on the muscle activation level of participants when interacting with three types of moderators: experiment expertise, task [...] Read more.

In this research paper, we implemented a mixed factor design in order to investigate the effect of four anthropometries: height, weight, lower-arm dimensions, and upper-arm dimensions on the muscle activation level of participants when interacting with three types of moderators: experiment expertise, task type, and muscle type. The research paper focused on two levels of expertise (novice and expert), two tasks (deck-building and picket installation), and four arm muscles (Brachioradialis (BR), Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU), Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR), and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)), which resulted in 16 (2 × 2 × 4) groups. For each of the 16 groups, the data were analyzed in order to investigate the relationship between the four anthropometries and the four muscle activation levels of the participants. Amos software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA), along with multiple group structural equation modeling, was used to test a total of 16 direct relationships, as well as the moderation effects in the designed experiment. The results show that the participants’ expertise can moderate the relationship between their height and muscle activation levels, the relationship between their weight and muscle activation levels, and the relationship between their lower arm dimensions and muscle activation levels. Moreover, the findings of this research paper demonstrate that the relationship between the lower arm dimensions and muscle activation levels, and the relationship between weight and muscle activation levels are moderated by the type of muscle used by the participants (i.e., BR, ECU, FCR, and FCU). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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10 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Warm-up Type Matter? A Comparison between Traditional and Functional Inertial Warm-up in Young Soccer Players

by Giovanni Fiorilli, Federico Quinzi, Andrea Buonsenso, Giulia Di Martino, Marco Centorbi, Arrigo Giombini, Giuseppe Calcagno and Alessandra di Cagno

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040084 - 19 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

Functional inertial training, a popular high-intensity training mode, provides high neuromuscular activation, developing proprioception, postural control, power, and sprint time. Aim of the study was to assess the acute effects of two types of warm-up (WU), inertial warm-up (IWU) vs. traditional warm-up (TWU), [...] Read more.

Functional inertial training, a popular high-intensity training mode, provides high neuromuscular activation, developing proprioception, postural control, power, and sprint time. Aim of the study was to assess the acute effects of two types of warm-up (WU), inertial warm-up (IWU) vs. traditional warm-up (TWU), on explosive and reactive strength, sprint, and Change of Directions (COD) in young soccer players. In a randomized cross-over design study, twelve soccer players (aged 13.3 ± 0.7) performed 16 min of IWU and 16 min of TWU. IWU and TWU were spaced two weeks apart. Pre and post intervention tests, aimed at assessing explosive and reactive strength, sprint, and COD ability included: Squat Jump test (SJ), Countermovement Jump test (CMJ), Drop Jump test (DJ), Seven Repetition Hopping test (7R-HOP), 40 m-sprint test (40 m), and Illinois Agility Test (IAT). RM-ANOVA, used to compare differences between IWU and TWU effects (the level of significance set at ρ ≤ 0.05), showed enhanced performance after the IWU compared to the TWU. In addition, the effects of the IWU on performance lasted longer after the IWU than after the TWU. For IAT, the enhanced effects of IWU on performance lasted up to ten minutes after the administration of the IWU. Our results suggest that IWU affects functional changes displaying earlier adaptation in explosive and reactive strength with longer lasting effects compared to TWU and it could be recommended in young soccer athletes as a WU procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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9 pages, 2845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunofluorescence Evaluation of Myf5 and MyoD in Masseter Muscle of Unilateral Posterior Crossbite Patients

by Giovanna Vermiglio, Antonio Centofanti, Guglielmo Ramieri, Michele Tepedino, Michele Runci Anastasi, Antonio Girolamo Micali, Alba Arco and Maria Grazia Piancino

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040080 - 7 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2345

Abstract

A unilateral posterior crossbite is a malocclusion where the low activity of the affected masseter muscle is compensated by the contralateral muscle hypertrophy. It is still unknown if, in the same condition, myogenesis with new fibre formation takes place. Aim: the aim of [...] Read more.

A unilateral posterior crossbite is a malocclusion where the low activity of the affected masseter muscle is compensated by the contralateral muscle hypertrophy. It is still unknown if, in the same condition, myogenesis with new fibre formation takes place. Aim: the aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of myogenesis markers, such as Myf5 and MyoD, in masseter muscles of unilateral posterior crossbite patients. Materials and methods: biopsies from fifteen surgical patients with unilateral posterior crossbites have been analysed by immunofluorescence reactions. The results show the expression of Myf5 and MyoD in the contralateral muscle but not in the ipsilateral one. Moreover, statistical analysis shows the higher number of satellite cells in the contralateral side if compared to the ipsilateral one. Conclusions: these results suggest that in contralateral muscle, hyperplastic events take place, as well as hypertrophy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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10 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Body Fat Does Not Influence Recovery after Muscle-Damaging Lower-Limb Plyometrics in Young Male Team Sport Athletes

by John F. T. Fernandes, Kevin L. Lamb and Craig Twist

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040079 - 5 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2559

Abstract

Aim: This study assessed the influence of fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (FM:FFM) on recovery from plyometric exercise. Method: After assessment of body composition, 20 male team sport players (age 20.7 ± 1.1 years; body mass 77.1 ± 11.5 kg) were divided [...] Read more.

Aim: This study assessed the influence of fat mass to fat-free mass ratio (FM:FFM) on recovery from plyometric exercise. Method: After assessment of body composition, 20 male team sport players (age 20.7 ± 1.1 years; body mass 77.1 ± 11.5 kg) were divided into low- (n = 10; 0.11 ± 0.03) and normal- (n = 10; 0.27 ± 0.09) fat groups based on FM:FFM ratio. Thereafter, participants completed measurements of knee extensor torque at 60 and 240°∙s⁻¹, countermovement jump flight time, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity and perceived muscle soreness (VAS) before and at 0, 24 and 48 h after 10 × 10 maximal plyometric vertical jumps. Results: Evidence of muscle damage was confirmed by alterations in VAS, peak torque at 60 and 240°∙s⁻¹ and flight time at 0, 24 and 48 h after plyometric exercise (P < 0.05). CK was increased at 0 and 24 h (P < 0.05) but returned to baseline values by 48 h. No time by group effects were observed for any of the dependent variables (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The current findings indicate that while muscle damage was present after plyometric exercise, the magnitude was similar across the two body composition groups. Applied practitioners can allow for a similar recovery time after plyometric exercise in those with low and normal body fat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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9 pages, 2453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Dental Pulp Tissue during Orthodontic Tooth Movement: An Immunofluorescence Study

by Giovanna Vermiglio, Antonio Centofanti, Giovanni Matarese, Angela Militi, Marco Matarese, Alba Arco, Fabiana Nicita and Giuseppina Cutroneo

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030065 - 22 Aug 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3113

Abstract

The orthodontic tooth movement is the last step of several biological processes that take place after the application of external forces. During this process, dental pulp tissue is subjected to structural and protein expression modifications in order to maintain their integrity and functional [...] Read more.

The orthodontic tooth movement is the last step of several biological processes that take place after the application of external forces. During this process, dental pulp tissue is subjected to structural and protein expression modifications in order to maintain their integrity and functional morphology. The purpose of the present work was to perform an in vivo study, evaluating protein expression modifications in the human dental pulp of patients that have undergone orthodontic tooth movement due to pre-calibrated light force application for 30 days. Dental pulp samples were extracted from molars and premolars of the control group and after 7 and 30 days of treatment; the samples were then processed for immunofluorescence reactions using antibodies against fibronectin, collagen I and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our results show that, after 7 days of treatment, all tested proteins change their pattern expression and will reset after 30 days. These data demonstrate that the dental pulp does not involve any irreversible iatrogenic alterations, supporting the efficacy and safety of using pre-calibrated force application to induce orthodontic tooth movement in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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12 pages, 2480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Mandibular Arch Expansion by the Schwartz Appliance Using Two Activation Protocols: A Preliminary Retrospective Clinical Study

by Vincenzo Quinzi, Stefano Mummolo, Francesca Bertolazzi, Vincenzo Campanella, Giuseppe Marzo and Enrico Marchetti

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030061 - 6 Aug 2020

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 5851

Abstract

Background and objectives: Dental crowding is more pronounced in the mandible than in the maxilla. When exceeding a significant amount, the creation of new space is required. The mandibular expansion devices prove to be useful even if the increase in the lower arch [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: Dental crowding is more pronounced in the mandible than in the maxilla. When exceeding a significant amount, the creation of new space is required. The mandibular expansion devices prove to be useful even if the increase in the lower arch perimeter seems to be just ascribed to the vestibular inclination of teeth. The aim of the study was to compare two activation protocols of the Schwartz appliance in terms of effectiveness, particularly with regard to how quickly crowding is solved and how smaller is the increasing of vestibular inclination of the mandibular molars. Materials and Methods: We compared two groups of patients treated with different activation’s protocols of the lower Schwartz appliance (Group 1 protocol consisted in turning the expansion screw half a turn twice every two weeks and replacing the device every four months; Group 2 was treated by using the classic activation protocol—1/4 turn every week, never replacing the device). The measurements of parameters such as intercanine distance (IC), interpremolar distance (IPM), intermolar distance (IM), arch perimeter(AP), curve of Wilson (COW), and crowding (CR) were made on dental casts at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. Results: A significant difference between protocol groups was observed in the variation of COWL between time 0 and time 1 with protocol 1 with protocol 1 subjects showing a smaller increase in the parameter than protocol 2 subjects. The same trend was observed also for COWR, but the difference between protocol groups was slightly smaller and the interaction protocol-by-time did not reach the statistical significance. Finally, treatment duration in protocol 1 was significantly lower than in protocol 2. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that the new activation protocol would seem more effective as it allows to achieve the objective of the therapy more quickly, and likely leading to greater bodily expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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10 pages, 1849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Hoverboard on Balance in Young Soccer Athletes

by Stefano Moffa, Angelica Perna, Gabriele Candela, Alessandro Cattolico, Carmine Sellitto, Paolo De Blasiis, Germano Guerra, Domenico Tafuri and Angela Lucariello

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030060 - 6 Aug 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4540

Abstract

Hoverboards are always more popular among children. Hoverboards are to them like a game or a mean of transport, but they could be used as a valid and useful instrument in children’s training programs to improve their performance. In this study, we compared [...] Read more.

Hoverboards are always more popular among children. Hoverboards are to them like a game or a mean of transport, but they could be used as a valid and useful instrument in children’s training programs to improve their performance. In this study, we compared the athletic performance of two groups of 12 children. A total of 24 children aged between 8 and 11 years followed a similar training program for five months, but the first group used a hoverboard (Hb+ group: Age: Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.15 Mean = 9.66; Weight: SD = 5.90 Mean = 32; Height: SD = 7.64 Mean = 135.08) for some of the training time, differently from the second group (Hb- group: Age: SD = 1.15 Mean = 9.66; Weight: SD = 5.82 Mean = 31.16; Height: SD = 7.66 Mean = 136.16), which never used it. All of the children were asked to complete three tests (one leg test, stork test and balance beam walking test) before starting their own training program and after five months, to evaluate how their performances changed in terms of time. Comparing the recorded time difference between T0 and T1 of the Hb+ group with the same difference measured in Hb- group, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference (p value < 0.05) between these data for all three tests. Children who used the hoverboard in their training program achieved better result than children who did not use it. In the future, the hoverboard could help athletes to improve their performances, possibly applying it not only in football training, but even in other sports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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11 pages, 574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intermittent Pneumatic Compression and Cold Water Immersion Effects on Physiological and Perceptual Recovery during Multi-Sports International Championship

by Ismael Martínez-Guardado, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas, Alexis Ugalde Ramírez, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Vargas and Braulio Sánchez-Ureña

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030045 - 30 Jun 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5490

Abstract

Background: Congested-fixture championships are common during the selection of the athletes and teams participating in the Olympic Games. Throughout these tournaments, it is fundamental to perform optimally, rest well, and recover between competitions. This study aimed to (a) explore the effectiveness of the [...] Read more.

Background: Congested-fixture championships are common during the selection of the athletes and teams participating in the Olympic Games. Throughout these tournaments, it is fundamental to perform optimally, rest well, and recover between competitions. This study aimed to (a) explore the effectiveness of the use of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and cold water immersion (CWI) to recover muscle mechanical function (MuscleMechFx), hydration status (HydS), pain perception (PainPercep), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), sleep hours, and sleep quality (SleepQual) during a regional multi-sports international championship and (b) compare these results by sex. Methods: A total of 52 basketball and handball players were exposed to a recovery protocol after the competition as follows: IPC, sequential 20 min at 200 mmHg, and CWI, continuous 12 min at 12 °C. Results: MuscleMechFx presented differences by match and sex (p = 0.058) in time of contraction of biceps femoris; SleepQual and sleep hours were different between matches (<0.01). Conclusions: IPC + CWI seems to be effective to maintain some MuscleMechFx, HydS, and recovery and pain perception during a congested multi-sport tournament. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Other

9 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intra-Articular Injections in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Review of Literature

by Gianluca Testa, Serena Maria Chiara Giardina, Annalisa Culmone, Andrea Vescio, Matteo Turchetta, Salvatore Cannavò and Vito Pavone

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010015 - 3 Feb 2021

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 21642

Abstract

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, degenerative, and progressive disease of articular cartilage, producing discomfort and physical disability in older adults. Thirteen percent of elderly people complain of knee OA. Management options for knee OA could be divided into the following categories: conservative, [...] Read more.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, degenerative, and progressive disease of articular cartilage, producing discomfort and physical disability in older adults. Thirteen percent of elderly people complain of knee OA. Management options for knee OA could be divided into the following categories: conservative, pharmacological, procedural, and surgical. Joint replacement is the gold standard, reserved for severe grades of knee OA, due to its complications rate and increased risk of joint revision. A nonsurgical approach is the first choice in the adult population with cartilage damage and knee OA. Yearly, more than 10% of knee OA-affected patients undergo intra-articular injections of different drugs, especially within three months after OA diagnosis. Several molecules, such as corticosteroids injection, hyaluronic acid (HA), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), are managed to reduce the symptoms of patients with knee OA. The aim of this review was to offer an overview of intra-articular injections used for the treatment of OA and report the conventional pharmacological products used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

15 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessReview

Achilles Tendon Rupture: Mechanisms of Injury, Principles of Rehabilitation and Return to Play

by Domiziano Tarantino, Stefano Palermi, Felice Sirico and Bruno Corrado

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040095 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 23379

Abstract

The Achilles tendon is the thickest, strongest and largest tendon in the human body, but despite its size and tensile strength, it frequently gets injured. Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs) mainly occur during sports activities, and their incidence has increased over the last few [...] Read more.

The Achilles tendon is the thickest, strongest and largest tendon in the human body, but despite its size and tensile strength, it frequently gets injured. Achilles tendon ruptures (ATRs) mainly occur during sports activities, and their incidence has increased over the last few decades. Achilles tendon tears necessitate a prolonged recovery time, sometimes leaving long-term functional limitations. Treatment options include conservative treatment and surgical repair. There is no consensus on which is the best treatment for ATRs, and their management is still controversial. Limited scientific evidence is available for optimized rehabilitation regimen and on the course of recovery after ATRs. Furthermore, there are no universally accepted outcomes regarding the return to play (RTP) process. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to give an insight into the mechanism of injuries of an ATR, related principles of rehabilitation, and RTP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

13 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evidence-Based Practice in Rehabilitation of Myasthenia Gravis. A Systematic Review of the Literature

by Bruno Corrado, Benedetto Giardulli and Massimo Costa

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040071 - 27 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 14199

Abstract

Myasthenia gravis is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. This review analyzes the most recent evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of different rehabilitative approaches to the disease. The review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting [...] Read more.

Myasthenia gravis is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. This review analyzes the most recent evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of different rehabilitative approaches to the disease. The review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 365 articles were found in the main scientific databases. Applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 11 studies were admitted to the final phase of the review. Three different rehabilitative approaches were identified: physical training, respiratory training, and balance training. All rehabilitative modalities contributed to enhancing functional outcomes, reducing fatigue, and improving quality of life, but currently none can be recommended over another for the lack of cross-comparative studies. The included studies showed methodological quality from low to fair. Despite the range of rehabilitative interventions available, there is a lack of high-quality evidence. However, this review suggests that a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach should be recommended to people with myasthenia gravis, and above all, for those with mild to moderate symptomatology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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13 pages, 738 KiB

Open AccessReview

Beneficial Effects of Physical Activity in Diabetic Patients

by Francesca Cannata, Gianluca Vadalà, Fabrizio Russo, Rocco Papalia, Nicola Napoli and Paolo Pozzilli

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030070 - 4 Sep 2020

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 8936

Abstract

One of the main goals of diabetic therapy is to achieve the best metabolic control to prevent the development and progression of potential complications. A multidisciplinary approach characterized by the combination of diet, physical activity (PA) and drug therapy with oral and injectable [...] Read more.

One of the main goals of diabetic therapy is to achieve the best metabolic control to prevent the development and progression of potential complications. A multidisciplinary approach characterized by the combination of diet, physical activity (PA) and drug therapy with oral and injectable (non-insulin) pharmacological agents, is desirable to optimize metabolic control. The aim of this review is to explain the contribution of PA and its beneficial effects on patients affected by type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We provide an overview of evidence on the effects of PA for the main two types of diabetes mellitus (DM) to identify the right level of PA to be recommended. We discuss the physiological and clinical role of PA in people with DM. It can be concluded that the objective of antidiabetic therapy should be the achievement and optimization of metabolic control through a multidisciplinary approach involving non-pharmacological therapy such as diet and PA, which has a crucial role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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14 pages, 15796 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Multifaceted Exercise Prescription in the Management of an Overhead Athlete with Suspected Distal Biceps Tendinopathy: A Case Report

by Cameron Holshouser and Dhinu J. Jayaseelan

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030056 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6455

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Distal biceps brachii tendinopathy is an uncommon diagnosis. Various exercise prescriptions have demonstrated efficacy in the management of tendinopathy, although studies frequently focus on the effects of a specific type of muscular contraction (i.e., concentric, isometric, or eccentric). Currently, there [...] Read more.

Background and Purpose: Distal biceps brachii tendinopathy is an uncommon diagnosis. Various exercise prescriptions have demonstrated efficacy in the management of tendinopathy, although studies frequently focus on the effects of a specific type of muscular contraction (i.e., concentric, isometric, or eccentric). Currently, there is limited research guiding the conservative management of distal biceps tendinopathy, particularly with overhead athletes, and even less evidence reporting a multifaceted exercise prescription for individuals with tendinopathy. The purpose of this case report is to describe the integration of various modes of therapeutic exercise into a rehabilitation program for an overhead athlete with suspected distal biceps brachii tendinopathy. Case Description: A 19-year-old male collegiate baseball pitcher presented to an outpatient physical therapy clinic via direct access for left antecubital pain, which began 6 weeks prior to the evaluation while pitching during try-outs. Following physical examination, distal biceps tendinopathy was the likely clinical diagnosis. Interventions focused on early eccentric exercise eventually progressing to concentric and plyometric activity for return to sport. Outcomes: The patient was seen five times over the course of 4 weeks. He had significant improvements of pain, patient-reported functional outcomes, global rating of change, strength, tenderness, and provocation testing. The patient was able to return to an off-season pitching program. Discussion: An impairment-based and task-specific exercise prescription was effective for this patient with distal biceps tendinopathy. Understanding the biomechanical demands of an individual’s functional limitation, in this case baseball pitching, may assist the decision-making process and optimize outcomes. Additional research into the most effective exercise prescriptions for individuals with uncommon tendinopathies is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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5 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Secondary Scoliosis as a Complication of Acute Transverse Myelitis in a Child

by Silvia D’Amico, Piero Pavone, Gianluca Testa, Filippo Greco, Lidia Marino, Pierluigi Smilari and Vito Pavone

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020039 - 9 Jun 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a rare neurological condition that affects the spinal cord. Several events, including infections, autoimmune conditions, inflammatory, and drug-induced factors, may cause this disorder. Correct and rapid etiological diagnosis is necessary in order to start appropriate treatment that mainly [...] Read more.

Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a rare neurological condition that affects the spinal cord. Several events, including infections, autoimmune conditions, inflammatory, and drug-induced factors, may cause this disorder. Correct and rapid etiological diagnosis is necessary in order to start appropriate treatment that mainly consists of immunomodulating therapy, high dose intravenous corticosteroids, and in plasma exchange in noninfectious cases. The outcome is varied and depends on several factors. In children, the prognosis is usually good. We report a case of an 11-year-old boy who presented with interscapular pain, right leg steppage, homolateral hyposthenia of the upper limb, and signs of autonomic dysfunction. After performing specific and instrumental exams, a diagnosis of transverse myelitis was reached, and appropriate therapy was performed. A few days post-treatment, the child developed a secondary scoliosis, involving a thoracolumbar curve with loss of cervical and lumbar lordosis. After rehabilitative treatment was undertaken for 12 months, a complete recovery and normal restoration of spinal physiological curves was obtained. The pediatric cases of ATM have a good response to steroid therapy combined with physiotherapy. Collaboration among the various specialists is worthwhile, in order to lead to a correct and rapid diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Exercises in Musculoskeletal Disorders—3th Edition)

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