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Advances in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems
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Advances in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 September 2024) | Viewed by 9379

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Rafael Morales

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Interests: offshore sustainable renewable energy systems; maintenance maneuvers; robotics; control; automation and sensor integration applied to offshore renewable energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Eva Segura

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Interests: tidal and ocean energy; sustainable technologies; maintenance maneuvers; life-cycle costs; techno-economic modeling; economic-financial viability; energy strategies and business modelling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Offshore renewable energy systems are expected to penetrate conventional power supplies, as part of the pursuit of carbonless energy systems before 2050. However, despite the enormous potential in these renewable energy sources, owing to the hardness of the marine environment, researchers and engineers are still struggling to find cost-effective technical solutions. The development of the first offshore renewable energy systems in recent years, characterized by different stages of maturity and technology readiness levels (TRLs), has provided a highly valuable experience to the industrial community, research institutes, universities and governments, with the objective to improve the knowledge needed by this industrial sector. However, there is still a lot of room for improvement for a correct and efficient exploitation of these types of installations.

This Special Issue aims to showcase the latest research achievements, findings and ideas in offshore renewable energy systems, ranging from mathematical modeling to methodological aspects. Researchers are invited to contribute original research articles as well as review articles that summarize the latest developments and ideas in these technologies.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Grid integration
  • Power converters
  • Power system layout
  • Electric generation from offshore renewables
  • Offshore energy systems: wave, tidal, offshore wind, salinity gradient and thermal gradient
  • New operation and maintenance strategies.
  • Cost-effective solutions.
  • Techno-economic modelling.
  • Risk and reliability models.
  • Business mathematical models for offshore renewable energy systems.

Prof. Dr. Rafael Morales
Dr. Eva Segura
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • offshore renewable energy systems
  • cost-effective engineering solutions
  • risk and reliability models
  • life-cycle assessment and business modelling
  • techno-economic modelling
  • energy strategies

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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28 pages, 6741 KiB  
Article
Bionic Raft Design and Performance Investigation of a Two-Raft Wave Energy Converter
by Biao Li, Xianku Zhang, Taimin Liu and Hamse Saed Adan
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2114; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122114 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 258
Abstract
This paper proposes a two-raft wave energy conversion technology with bionic rafts, aiming to enhance the wave energy capture performance of existing devices with regularly shaped rafts. The cross-sectional shape of the bionic raft is designed as a nested pattern of the long [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a two-raft wave energy conversion technology with bionic rafts, aiming to enhance the wave energy capture performance of existing devices with regularly shaped rafts. The cross-sectional shape of the bionic raft is designed as a nested pattern of the long and short axes of two semi-ellipses, which is inspired by the cross-sectional shape of the flat shark. Based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the wave energy converter (WEC) with the bionic raft in waves, it is verified that the designed bionic raft positively enhances the wave excitation force acting on the raft and the wave power capture factor of the power take-off (PTO) system. Taking the maximum wave energy capture factor as the optimization objective, the optimal geometric parameters of the bionic raft are calculated and determined by numerical simulation. Subsequently, the effects of wave period, raft draught, and the linear viscous damping coefficient of the PTO system on the wave excitation force, raft motion, and wave energy capture factor are investigated in the frequency domain. Furthermore, the dimensionless optimal values of the aforementioned influencing factors are presented and discussed as the wave energy capture factors of the WECs reach their maximum values. This work provides a new design idea for the development and optimization of multi-raft WECs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems)
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16 pages, 2158 KiB  
Article
Anti-Windup Pitch Angle Control for Wind Turbines Based on Bounded Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimator
by Xuguo Jiao, Guozhong Wang, Xin Wang, Zhenyong Zhang, Yanbing Tian and Xiwen Fan
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030473 - 10 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1257
Abstract
Due to physical limitations and safety requirements, the rate and amplitude of change in wind turbines’ pitch angle are limited, which will bring integral saturation problems to the control system. This leads to the deterioration of the pitch control system’s performance or even [...] Read more.
Due to physical limitations and safety requirements, the rate and amplitude of change in wind turbines’ pitch angle are limited, which will bring integral saturation problems to the control system. This leads to the deterioration of the pitch control system’s performance or even an instability problem. This paper designs an anti-windup robust pitch angle control strategy to deal with pitch rate constraint issue to enhance the safety of the control system. First, to facilitate controller design, a filtered tracking-error technique is employed to transform the nonaffine form into an affine one. Subsequently, a feedback robust controller based on an uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE) is developed to handle the model’s uncertainty and external disturbances. To address the issue of integral saturation in the pitch system and guarantee its safety, an elliptical bounded constraint is integrated into the designed UDE strategy. This bounded UDE controller can improve the stability of power generation quality, reducing the mechanical loads on components. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified on the Wind Turbine Blockset platform in Matlab/Simulink. It can achieve better performance than traditional methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems)
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13 pages, 5159 KiB  
Article
Numerical Framework for the Coupled Analysis of Floating Offshore Multi-Wind Turbines
by I. Berdugo-Parada, B. Servan-Camas and J. Garcia-Espinosa
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010085 - 31 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2138
Abstract
Floating offshore multi-wind turbines (FOMWTs) are an interesting alternative to the up-scaling of wind turbines. Since this is a novel concept, there are few numerical tools for its coupled dynamic assessment at the present time. In this work, a numerical framework is implemented [...] Read more.
Floating offshore multi-wind turbines (FOMWTs) are an interesting alternative to the up-scaling of wind turbines. Since this is a novel concept, there are few numerical tools for its coupled dynamic assessment at the present time. In this work, a numerical framework is implemented for the simulation of multi-rotor systems under environmental excitations. It is capable of analyzing a platform using leaning towers that handle wind turbines with their own features and control systems. This tool is obtained by coupling the seakeeping hydrodynamics solver SeaFEM with the single wind turbine simulation tool OpenFAST. The coupling of SeaFEM provides a higher fidelity hydrodynamic solution, allowing the simulation of any structural design using the finite element method (FEM). Additionally, a methodology is proposed for the extension of the single wind solver, allowing for the analysis of multi-rotor configurations. To do so, the solutions of the wind turbines are computed independently using several OpenFAST instances, performing its dynamic interaction through the floater. This method is applied to the single turbine Hywind concept and the twin-turbine W2Power floating platform, supporting NREL 5-MW wind turbines. The rigid-body response amplitude operators (RAOs) are computed and compared with other numerical tools. The results showed consistency in the developed framework. An agreement was also obtained in simulations with aerodynamic loads. This resulting tool is a complete time-domain aero–hydro–servo–elastic solver that is able to compute the combined response and power generation performance of multi-rotor systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems)
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15 pages, 4379 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Efficiency of Dynamic Marine Thermal Energy Generator Based on Phase Change Compensation
by Ruichun Dong, Xu Lin, Jie Liu, Mengqi Hu, Zezheng Liu, Jingze Yang and Libin Du
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050988 - 6 May 2023
Viewed by 1809
Abstract
Miniaturized detection devices in the ocean generally experience problems such as short endurance and unreliable power supplies. This article aimed to develop a dynamic ocean temperature difference energy collection device to capture ocean temperature difference energy and provide objective electricity for stable detection [...] Read more.
Miniaturized detection devices in the ocean generally experience problems such as short endurance and unreliable power supplies. This article aimed to develop a dynamic ocean temperature difference energy collection device to capture ocean temperature difference energy and provide objective electricity for stable detection devices. The main focus was to conduct experimental research on the effectiveness of a dynamic ocean temperature difference energy power generation device. During the research process, the fact that ammonia gas in a working fluid is easy to liquefy and vaporize was utilized. By utilizing the increase in seawater temperature during the floating process of the device, it vaporized and drove the turbine to rotate for power generation. In the structural design, multiple sets of small air chambers were creatively proposed, which could effectively control the air pressure and improve the stability of the airflow. By charging the airflow to impact the turbine, multiple sets of power generation fans were used to form a stable current. Further, the buoyancy of the device could be changed by adding phase change materials between the air chamber and the device shell, and the temperature difference between the two ends of the phase change materials could be used to change the electron density of the material to form a weak current. In this experimental study, concepts such as the structural design of multiple small gas chambers, miniaturization of energy collection devices, compensation power generation of phase change materials, and application scenarios of devices combined with Argo buoys were all proposed for the first time. The results of this experimental study indicate that the overall power generation of the device is about 2A, and its maximum output power amplitude is about 22 W. The cyclic thermal efficiency of the power generation device can be increased from +0.19% to +0.88%. The development of this thermoelectric power generation device can provide a considerable stable power supply for ocean observation devices, especially the buoy device represented by Argo, which can extend the endurance of deep-sea exploration devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems)
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19 pages, 3650 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Control Compatibility for an OTEC Pump Shutdown Condition
by Seungtaek Lim, Jiwon Yoon, Hosaeng Lee and Hyeonju Kim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010155 - 9 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1844
Abstract
South Korea is currently in the preparatory stage of commercializing an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system, as the demonstration of a 1 MW scale OTEC system has been accomplished. However, the commercialization of OTEC requires the establishment of a control system for [...] Read more.
South Korea is currently in the preparatory stage of commercializing an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system, as the demonstration of a 1 MW scale OTEC system has been accomplished. However, the commercialization of OTEC requires the establishment of a control system for various environmental changes. Therefore, pre-emptive identification of the system’s risk factors and the process of analyzing the impact of the system, building control items, and optimizing control are necessary. This study aims to establish and analyze an optimized control system for MW-scale OTEC risk factors, such as the shutdown of seawater or refrigerant pumps. The selected OTEC system was designed for 1070 kW class facilities, with a 36.6% portion of total electricity usage by the seawater pump and refrigerant pump. As a result, an on/off control system was adopted in order to eliminate the risk factors. By adjusting this option, dry operation of the refrigerant pump, water hammering, and liquid inflow into the turbine were successfully prevented. To be more specific, the initial system was to be shut down due to a sharp decrease in power at the point where the deep seawater flow rate was 538 kg/s (35.7% of max flow rate) and the surface seawater flow rate was 715 kg/s (38.4% of max flow rate). This situation was improved by adopting parallel operation of seawater pumps and on/off control, thereby leading to a more stabilized operation by maintaining a flow rate of over 1864 kg/s for surface seawater and 1507 kg/s for deep seawater. Moreover, it was confirmed that the flow rate of the pump was reduced by 1.89 kg/s per second in the process of pump shutdown during a single operation mode of the refrigerant pump. Parallel operation made it possible to maintain 60.2% of the output by increasing the power of the second pump’s flow rate in the event of the first pump shutting down. The final seawater temperature differential power generation model derived from this study consists of two refrigerant pumps and two surface seawater and deep seawater pumps in order to prevent system shutdown caused by a single pump failure. The final design was reflected in the final delivery to Kiribati, which is located near the equator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems)
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Review

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16 pages, 4708 KiB  
Review
Review of Recent Offshore Floating Photovoltaic Systems
by Gang Liu, Jiamin Guo, Huanghua Peng, Huan Ping and Qiang Ma
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(11), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12111942 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 756
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is a form of clean, renewable, and distributed energy that has become a hot topic in the global energy field. Compared to terrestrial solar PV systems, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have gained great interest due to their advantages in [...] Read more.
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is a form of clean, renewable, and distributed energy that has become a hot topic in the global energy field. Compared to terrestrial solar PV systems, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have gained great interest due to their advantages in conserving land resources, optimizing light utilization, and slowing water evaporation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the research and application of FPV systems. First, the main components of FPV systems and their advantages as well as disadvantages are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the research and practical applications of offshore FPV systems, including rigid floating structures and flexible floating structures, are discussed. Finally, the challenges of offshore FPV systems are analyzed in terms of their stability and economic performance. By summarizing current research on FPV systems, this overview aims to serve as a valuable resource for the development of offshore FPV systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Offshore Renewable Energy Systems)
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