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Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II
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Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Oceanography".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 March 2024) | Viewed by 16537

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jinyu Sheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
Interests: ocean dynamics; atmospheric dynamics; modelling and prediction; numerical methods; air–sea interaction; wave–current interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Numerical models have widely been used in the modelling and prediction of various phenomena in the atmospheres and oceans, with a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. The Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is pleased to announce a Special Issue, entitled Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II. This is based on the great success of our previous Special Issue with the same title: Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans. The subjects of this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Development and validations of new numerical methods and data assimilation;
  • Numerical studies on the main processes in atmospheres and oceans, particularly during extreme weather conditions;
  • Coupling between atmospheric and ocean models;
  • Predictions and predictability of climate models;
  • New parameterizations for sub-grid scale processes in numerical models;
  • Numerical studies on atmosphere–ocean interactions, interactions of ocean waves and currents, and interactions between ocean currents, waves and sea ice;
  • Numerical investigations of environmental conditions over coastal and inland waters;
  • Numerical studies of hydrodynamic instabilities and mixing.

We cordially invite you to submit top-quality research papers to this Special Issue. Submitted papers will be peer-reviewed by leading researchers from around the world. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (immediately upon acceptance) and be listed together on the Special Issue website. Research articles, review articles, as well as short communications are invited.

Prof. Dr. Jinyu Sheng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • atmospheric model
  • ocean model
  • climate model
  • model development and validation
  • process study
  • coupling
  • prediction
  • predictability
  • parameterizations of sub-grid processes
  • convection and cloud parameterizations
  • atmosphere–ocean interactions
  • interactions of ocean waves and currents
  • coastal and inland waters
  • hydrodynamic instabilities and mixing

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2984 KiB  
Article
Influence of Intrinsic Oceanic Variability Induced by a Steady Flow on the Mediterranean Sea Level Variability
by Michele Gnesotto, Stefano Pierini, Davide Zanchettin, Sara Rubinetti and Angelo Rubino
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(8), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081356 - 9 Aug 2024
Viewed by 889
Abstract
Among the most debated environmental effects of global warming is sea level rise, whose consequences are believed to exert a large influence on vast coastal areas in the next decades and hence contribute to determining near-future societal developments. The observed variability of the [...] Read more.
Among the most debated environmental effects of global warming is sea level rise, whose consequences are believed to exert a large influence on vast coastal areas in the next decades and hence contribute to determining near-future societal developments. The observed variability of the sea level is complex, as it is composed of large inhomogeneous, mostly nonlinear temporal and spatial fluctuations. In the Mediterranean Sea, multiannual as well as multidecadal sea level variability is observed, which has been ascribed to different steric and non-steric phenomena. Possible tipping points, uncertain climate feedback, and future human policies contribute to rendering sea level rise predictability intricate. Here, for the first time, correlations between observed and simulated data demonstrates that, in the Mediterranean Sea, oceanic intrinsic variability merely induced by the steady motion of the water masses inflowing and outflowing the basin is able to produce multiannual, sub-basin SSH variability consistent with altimetrically observed SSH. This study contributes to the recognition of the role played by steadily induced oceanic intrinsic variability in the observed long-term Mediterranean dynamics and paves the way to establish a better constraint to the uncertainties inherent in sea level rise predictability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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18 pages, 4043 KiB  
Article
The Two-Parameter Holland Pressure Model for Tropical Cyclones
by Peng Chen, Zhuo Zhang, Yuting Li, Ronghui Ye, Ruijie Li and Zhiyao Song
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010092 - 2 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1671
Abstract
In this study, we propose a two-parameter symmetric tropical cyclone (TC) pressure model, derived from the fundamental equations of the TC wind field. This model rectifies the deficits of the traditional TC pressure model mathematically. It incorporates a new parameter into the Holland [...] Read more.
In this study, we propose a two-parameter symmetric tropical cyclone (TC) pressure model, derived from the fundamental equations of the TC wind field. This model rectifies the deficits of the traditional TC pressure model mathematically. It incorporates a new parameter into the Holland pressure model and establishes relationship equations between the new parameter, Holland parameter B, and TC attributes such as pressure difference, maximum wind speed radius, geographical latitude, and inflow angle. This derivation is achieved theoretically. Our model not only tackles the limitations of the traditional pressure model by meeting the gradient wind equations, but it also resolves the uncertainty issue of parameter B arising from varied factor selection, data time frames, and research maritime areas. As practical applications, we apply both this model and the corresponding wind field model to five TC profiles. Further, we juxtapose them with primary pressure and wind field models and conduct error and statistical significance analyses. Our findings reveal that the two-parameter model produces results on par with the Holland model and superior to Fujita and Takahashi models. Notably, reanalysis of the wind field consistently underestimates the wind field near the maximum wind speed. Hence, a hybrid wind field, synthesized from the modeled and reanalyzed wind fields, appears to be one of the most effective methodologies for reconstructing a tropical cyclone’s wind field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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20 pages, 6036 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Influence of Typhoons on Salt Intrusion in the Modaomen Estuary within the Pearl River Delta, China
by Fang Yang, Yanwen Xu, Wei Zhang, Huazhi Zou, Jie Yang, Jingxi Liang and Xiaomei Ji
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010022 - 20 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1343
Abstract
Salt intrusion presents a significant environmental challenge in numerous estuaries around the world, including the Modaomen Estuary in China. This phenomenon typically occurs during the winter season due to reduced freshwater flow. However, an unusual salt intrusion event was observed during the autumn [...] Read more.
Salt intrusion presents a significant environmental challenge in numerous estuaries around the world, including the Modaomen Estuary in China. This phenomenon typically occurs during the winter season due to reduced freshwater flow. However, an unusual salt intrusion event was observed during the autumn of 2022, coinciding with a typhoon. In this study, we assess the response of the Modaomen to Typhoon Nesat in 2022 and examine the influence of the typhoon on salt intrusion using the Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model (SCHISM). The model results reveal that salt intrusion during a typhoon event is primarily driven by the storm surge and landward Ekman transport. Northeasterly winds enhance stratification between saltwater and freshwater in the Modaomen. Moreover, with the typhoon’s passage, the Denglongshan Station recorded a peak salinity of 17 psu, with salt intrusion stretching 29 km further. This escalation led to salinity levels surpassing the local drinking water standard of 0.5 psu across all freshwater intake points in Zhuhai City. Numerical experiments indicate that if Typhoon Nesat had occurred during spring tides, the salt intrusion would have been less severe. Furthermore, the study revealed that regulating the upstream runoff could potentially alleviate the effects of typhoon-induced salt intrusion on ensuring a safe water supply. With a runoff increase to 4000 m3/s, the impact of typhoons on Modaomen’s drinking water supply can be managed, and at 6000 m3/s, the influence of typhoons on water supply becomes negligible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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21 pages, 11484 KiB  
Article
Implications of Reynolds Averaging for Reactive Tracers in Turbulent Flows
by Sierra Legare and Marek Stastna
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(11), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112036 - 24 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1285
Abstract
RANS simulations have been broadly used to investigate turbulence in the oceans and atmosphere. Within these environments there are a multitude of tracers undergoing reactions (e.g., phytoplankton growth, chemical reactions). The distribution of these reactive tracers is strongly influenced by turbulent mixing. With [...] Read more.
RANS simulations have been broadly used to investigate turbulence in the oceans and atmosphere. Within these environments there are a multitude of tracers undergoing reactions (e.g., phytoplankton growth, chemical reactions). The distribution of these reactive tracers is strongly influenced by turbulent mixing. With a 50 member ensemble of two-dimensional Rayleigh–Taylor-induced turbulent mixing, we show that the dynamics of a reactive tracer growing according to Fisher’s equation are poorly captured by the ensemble mean. A fluctuation-dependent sink introduced by Reynolds averaging Fisher’s equation transfers tracer concentration from the mean to the fluctuations. We compare the dynamics of the reactive tracer with those of a passive tracer. The reaction increases the reactive tracer’s concentration thereby increasing Fickian diffusion and allowing the reactive tracer to diffuse into turbulent structures that the passive tracer cannot reach. A positive feedback between turbulent mixing and fluctuation growth is identified. We show that eddy viscosity and diffusivity parameterizations fail to capture the bulk trends of the system and identify a need for negative eddy diffusivities. One must, therefore, be cautious when interpreting RANS results for reactive tracers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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15 pages, 6673 KiB  
Article
Feasibility of Wave Simulation in Typhoon Using WAVEWATCH-III Forced by Remote-Sensed Wind
by Ru Yao, Weizeng Shao, Youguang Zhang, Meng Wei, Song Hu and Juncheng Zuo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 2010; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11102010 - 19 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1541
Abstract
The purpose of our work was to assess the feasibility of hindcasting waves using WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) in a typhoon by assembling winds from multiple remote-sensed products. During the typhoon season in 2021–2022, the swath wind products in the Western Pacific Ocean were collected [...] Read more.
The purpose of our work was to assess the feasibility of hindcasting waves using WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) in a typhoon by assembling winds from multiple remote-sensed products. During the typhoon season in 2021–2022, the swath wind products in the Western Pacific Ocean were collected from scatterometers and radiometers. Cyclonic winds with a spatial resolution of 0.125° at intervals of 6 h were obtained by assembling the remote-sensed winds from those satellites. The maximum wind speeds, Vmax, were verified using the reanalysis data from the National Hurricane Center (NHC), yielding a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 4.79 m/s and a scatter index (SI) value of 0.2. The simulated wave spectrum was compared with the measurements from Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) carried out on the Chinese–French Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT), yielding a correlation coefficient (Cor) of 0.80, squared error (Err) of 0.49, RMSE of significant wave height (SWH) of 0.48 m with an SI of 0.25, and an RMSE of the peak wave period (PWP) of 0.95 s with an SI of 0.10. The bias of wave (WW3 minus European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWFs) reanalysis (ERA-5)) concerning the bias of wind (assembling minus ERA-5) showed that the WW3-simulated SWH with the assembling wind forcing was significantly higher than that with the ERA-5 wind forcing. Moreover, the bias of SWH gradually increased with an increasing bias of wind speed; i.e., the bias of SWH increased up to 4 m as the bias of wind speed reached 30 m/s. It was concluded that the assembling wind from multiple scatterometers and radiometers is a promising source for wave simulations via WW3 in typhoons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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16 pages, 5735 KiB  
Article
Interannual Variability and Long-Term Trends in Intensity of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass during 1993–2019
by Jing Yang, Chunli Liu, Qiwei Sun, Li Zhai, Qiming Sun, Shiji Li, Libo Ai and Xue Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101888 - 28 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1438
Abstract
The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) is an important component of the hydrodynamic system and it significantly impacts the primary production of the Yellow Sea. This study investigated the difference in the interannual variability and long-term trends between the northern YSCWM (NYSCWM) [...] Read more.
The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) is an important component of the hydrodynamic system and it significantly impacts the primary production of the Yellow Sea. This study investigated the difference in the interannual variability and long-term trends between the northern YSCWM (NYSCWM) and southern YSCWM (SYSCWM), and explored the main physical environmental factors that led to their inconsistency using multiple wavelet coherence. On the interannual scale, the intensities of the NYSCWM and SYSCWM exhibited consistent variability, but the intensity of the SYSCWM had a larger standard deviation and longer periodic signal than that of the NYSCWM. The two-factor combination of surface air temperature (SAT)–Niño 3.4 in the NYSCWM and sea surface temperature (SST)–northward seawater velocity (Vgos) in the SYSCWM controlled the interannual variability, which meant the influencing intensity variability differed in the NYSCWM and SYSCWM. In the long-term trend, the intensities of the NYSCWM and SYSCWM both showed decreasing trends during the study period. However, the enhanced circulation provided more horizontal heat input into the SYSCWM, and the relatively higher increase in SST and decrease in the amplitude of variation in the thermocline depth promoted vertical heat exchange in the SYSCWM, thereby making the intensity of the SYSCWM decrease more quickly than that of the NYSCWM. These findings provide important references that facilitate a deeper understanding of the influence of hydrological processes on marine ecosystems in marginal seas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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23 pages, 4913 KiB  
Article
Characterizing the Variability of a Physical Driver of North Atlantic Right Whale Foraging Habitat Using Altimetric Indices
by Jing Tao, Hui Shen, Richard E. Danielson and William Perrie
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091760 - 8 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1423
Abstract
Physical ocean circulation features, especially the Gaspé Current (GC) intrusion, influence the transport and aggregation of whale prey, thereby influencing the whale foraging habitat in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL), Canada. We employ satellite altimetry-derived sea level anomaly (SLA) indices to monitor [...] Read more.
Physical ocean circulation features, especially the Gaspé Current (GC) intrusion, influence the transport and aggregation of whale prey, thereby influencing the whale foraging habitat in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL), Canada. We employ satellite altimetry-derived sea level anomaly (SLA) indices to monitor interannual variations in the intensity of the GC in the North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis; NARW) habitat in the GSL. Measurements of surface slope and volume transport are taken from the SLA profiles along a repeating ground track of the Jason-2/3 satellites. These are employed as complementary proxies in characterizations of physical processes in the GSL. The relationship between altimetric indices and indices of zooplankton abundance are explored in the southern GSL. Results demonstrate that an altimetric index estimated from surface slope (Indexslope−half) is correlated with river discharge of the St. Lawrence River and can be utilized to infer variations in GC intensities. Time series of the altimetric indices during 2009–2021 are found to exhibit interannual and seasonal environmental variability, which influence transport into the southern GSL. As captured by the altimetric indices, these features of the surface ocean circulation can be linked to zooplankton variations in the Shediac Valley, where NARWs are frequently observed. Therefore, in linking physical drivers of ocean dynamics to the NARW foraging habitat, variations in these indices can also potentially help describe some features of the distribution patterns of NARW sightings in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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23 pages, 10998 KiB  
Article
Error Evolutions and Analyses on Joint Effects of SST and SL via Intermediate Coupled Models and Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation Method
by Bin Mu, Xiaoyun Qin, Shijin Yuan and Bo Qin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050910 - 24 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1556
Abstract
A seasonal predictability barrier has long been noticed in ENSO forecasting with numerical models. Previous studies explored the impact of seasonal optimal initial perturbation evolutions in sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) on ENSO forecasting using the intermediate coupled model (ICM) via the conditional [...] Read more.
A seasonal predictability barrier has long been noticed in ENSO forecasting with numerical models. Previous studies explored the impact of seasonal optimal initial perturbation evolutions in sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) on ENSO forecasting using the intermediate coupled model (ICM) via the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method. In this paper, we investigate the joint effects of SSTA and sea level anomalies (SLA) from the perspective of the optimal growth initial error (OGE). After determining the four seasonal OGEs about SSTA and SLA (i.e., SSTA-OGE, SLA-OGE and Joint-OGE), we first demonstrate the patterns, evolutions and the resulting spring predictability barrier (SPB) of the above OGEs. Then, we analyze the mechanism of OGE evolutions and SPB. Finally, we conduct observing system simulation experiments to determine the best (economic) observation network. Our experimental results indicate that the ENSO evolution error induced by SSTA-OGE and Joint-OGE presents season dependency, but SLA-OGE has no impact on ENSO evolution. Moreover, Joint-OGEs induce error evolutions and the SPB with more significant intensity than SSTA-OGEs and SLA-OGEs. From mechanism analyses, the evolutions of SSTA-OGEs are mainly dominated by Bjerknes feedback. Further, the evolution dynamics of Joint-OGEs primarily contain the continuous heating between the upper ocean combined with Bjerknes feedback and thermal diffusion in response to the discharge process. In addition, comprehensive and economical sensitive areas are identified through Joint-OGE, including the central-eastern equatorial Pacific and the western and north-eastern tropical Pacific boundary, which contribute to the ENSO prediction benefits reaching 58.31% on average. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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13 pages, 2627 KiB  
Article
Relative Contribution of Atmospheric Forcing, Oceanic Preconditioning and Sea Ice to Deep Convection in the Labrador Sea
by Yang Wu, Xiangjun Zhao, Zhengdong Qi, Kai Zhou and Dalei Qiao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040869 - 20 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1932
Abstract
The relative contribution of atmospheric forcing, oceanic preconditioning, and sea ice to Labrador Sea Deep Convection (LSDC) is investigated by conducting three ensemble experiments using a global coupled sea ice–ocean model for the first time. Simulated results show that the atmospheric activities dominate [...] Read more.
The relative contribution of atmospheric forcing, oceanic preconditioning, and sea ice to Labrador Sea Deep Convection (LSDC) is investigated by conducting three ensemble experiments using a global coupled sea ice–ocean model for the first time. Simulated results show that the atmospheric activities dominate the interannual and decadal variability, accounting for 70% of LSDC. Oceanic preconditioning is more significant in the shallow LSDC years that the water column is stable, accounting for 21%, especially in the central Labrador Sea and Irminger Sea. Moreover, the sea ice contribution is negligible over the whole Labrador Sea, while its contribution is significant in the sea ice-covered slope regions, accounting for 20%. The increasingly importance of sea ice on LSDC and the water mass transformation will be found in the North Atlantic Ocean, if the Arctic sea ice declines continuously. Additionally, there is a 10 Sv increase (85%) in atmospheric forcing to the subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic Ocean, while oceanic preconditioning contributes a 7 Sv decrease (12%). These findings highlight the importance of summer oceanic preconditioning to LSDC and the subpolar gyre, and therefore it should be appropriately accounted for in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modelling of Atmospheres and Oceans II)
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