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Machines
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Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications
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Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications

A special issue of Machines (ISSN 2075-1702). This special issue belongs to the section "Friction and Tribology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 14962

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Markus Heß

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of System Dynamics and Friction Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
Interests: contact mechanics; friction; adhesion; functionally graded materials; biomechanics; rail vehicle dynamics; boundary element method; elasticity
Dr. Qiang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of System Dynamics and Friction Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
Interests: contact mechanics; tribology; friction; wear; adhesion; boundary element method; three-body contact; hydrodynamic lubrication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although the fundamentals of dry friction were established long ago by figures such as da Vinci, Amontons, Euler, and Coulomb, as well as Bowden and Tabor, dry friction will always remain a subject of intensive research. Friction is present in virtually all physical systems, ranging from the nano- to the macroscale. Amongst the classical problems in mechanical engineering are friction-induced vibrations since they adversely affect the stable operation and performance of mechanical systems. Another serious problem is associated with cyclic microslip in the contact interfaces of any type of joints as it can cause excessive wear, resulting in surface damage and fretting fatigue failure. Friction-induced noise, on the other hand, such as automotive disk brake squeal or railway curve squeal, affects comfort. More modern applications include the use of stick–slip micro-drives as the basis for micro- and nanorobots, the deployment of friction-controlled tactile displays in surface haptics or tribotronic systems to control friction, wear and vibrations in order to improve the performance and reliability of tribological units.

This Special Issue aims to capture new insights and advances in the field of dry friction. We welcome original research papers that focus on theoretical and numerical studies as well as experimental investigations of classical and modern applications on different scales.

Dr. Markus Heß
Dr. Qiang Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Machines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • friction and wear mechanism
  • fretting and fretting fatigue
  • third body formation
  • friction instabilities across scales
  • friction stir welding and processing
  • interaction of adhesion and friction
  • numerical methods in tribology
  • contact mechanics of layered and functionally graded materials
  • falling friction and friction memory

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 8455 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Frictional Resistance in Sliding Contact between Undulating Surfaces and Third-Body Particles
by Qiang Li and Markus Heß
Machines 2024, 12(3), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12030150 - 21 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1464
Abstract
The third-body particle-involved sliding contact between two rough rubbers with wavy surfaces is experimentally studied. The experiment is designed to isolate the direct contact between the first bodies so that friction resistance is induced completely by the interactions between the third-body particle and [...] Read more.
The third-body particle-involved sliding contact between two rough rubbers with wavy surfaces is experimentally studied. The experiment is designed to isolate the direct contact between the first bodies so that friction resistance is induced completely by the interactions between the third-body particle and the surfaces of the rubbers. In dry contact of a single particle, it is found that the particle exhibits pure rolling during the sliding of the first bodies, and the macroscopic friction resistance for overcoming sliding does not depend on the particle size, but it is significantly influenced by the initial position of the surface waviness relative to the particle’s position. The behavior of the particle under lubricated conditions exhibited significant differences. Due to the low local friction at the interface, the particle rapidly glided down to the valley of the waviness during compression. This abrupt motion of the particle resulted in it coming to rest in a stable position, awaiting a substantial force to push it forward. The friction resistance in the case with lubrication was found to be independent of the initial position of the waviness, and its value consistently remained at the maximum found in dry contact. Therefore, lubrication actually increases the macroscopic friction resistance. An approximate solution for the specific case of dry contact is proposed to understand the friction behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications)
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16 pages, 5496 KiB  
Article
On Drum Brake Squeal—Assessment of Damping Measures by Time Series Data Analysis of Dynamometer Tests and Complex Eigenvalue Analyses
by Nils Gräbner, Dominik Schmid and Utz von Wagner
Machines 2023, 11(12), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11121048 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1662
Abstract
Brake squeal—an audible high-frequency noise phenomenon in the range between 1 kHz and 15 kHz resulting from self-excited vibrations—is one of the main cost drivers while developing brake systems. Increasing damping is often a crucial factor in the context of self-excited vibrations. Countermeasures [...] Read more.
Brake squeal—an audible high-frequency noise phenomenon in the range between 1 kHz and 15 kHz resulting from self-excited vibrations—is one of the main cost drivers while developing brake systems. Increasing damping is often a crucial factor in the context of self-excited vibrations. Countermeasures applied for preventing brake squeal have been investigated particularly for disk brakes in the past. However, in recent years, drum brakes have once again become more important, partly because of the issue of particle emissions. Concerning noise problems, drum brakes have a decisive advantage compared to disk brake systems in that the outer drum surface is freely accessible for applying damping devices. This paper focuses on the fundamental proving and evaluation of passive damping measures on a simplex drum brake system. To obtain a detailed understanding of the influence of additional damping on the squealing behavior of drum brakes, extensive experimental investigations are performed on a brake with an intentionally introduced high squealing tendency in the initial configuration. This made it possible to investigate the influence of different types of damping measures on their effectiveness. Techniques from the field of big data analysis and machine learning are tested to detect squeal in measured time series data. These techniques were remarkably reliable and made it possible to detect squeal efficiently even in data that was not generated on a traditional costly NVH brake dynamometer. To investigate whether the simulation method usually used for the simulation of brake squeal is applicable to depicting the influence of additional damping in drum brakes, a complex eigenvalue analysis was performed with Abaqus, and the results were compared with those from the experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications)
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23 pages, 28512 KiB  
Article
Study on the Coupling Relationship between Wear and Dynamics in Planetary Gear Systems
by Jun Chen, Ning Dong and Jiahua Min
Machines 2023, 11(11), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11110986 - 25 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1562
Abstract
The occurrence of wear is hard to avoid in gear systems because of their transmission principle. Wear will lead to a deviation of the system’s performance from the design objectives or even failure. In this paper, a dynamic wear prediction model considering the [...] Read more.
The occurrence of wear is hard to avoid in gear systems because of their transmission principle. Wear will lead to a deviation of the system’s performance from the design objectives or even failure. In this paper, a dynamic wear prediction model considering the friction and wear of all meshing gears is proposed for planetary gear systems. The differences between different wear prediction methods are compared. The interactions among the wear, the dynamic response, and the uniform load performance of the planetary gears are investigated. The results show that considering friction and wear on all tooth surfaces can significantly reduce errors in the simulation. Wear mainly affects meshing stiffness in the double tooth contact region. The degree of fluctuation of stiffness and meshing force increases significantly with wear. The load-sharing factor in the dedendum and addendum regions decreases. Accordingly, the position of maximum wear on the tooth surface moves slowly towards the pitch line. Early wear improves the dynamic performance of the system. As the wear deteriorates, the higher harmonics of the meshing frequency increase significantly. The uniform load performance of planet gears exhibits the same trend of dynamic response as the others during the wear process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications)
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15 pages, 4213 KiB  
Article
Boundary Element Method for Tangential Contact of a Coated Elastic Half-Space
by Henning Burger, Fabian Forsbach and Valentin L. Popov
Machines 2023, 11(7), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11070694 - 1 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1870
Abstract
We present a formulation of the boundary element method (BEM) for simulating the tangential contact with an elastic half-space coated with an elastic layer with different elastic properties. We use the fast Fourier-transform-based formulation of BEM, while the fundamental solution is determined directly [...] Read more.
We present a formulation of the boundary element method (BEM) for simulating the tangential contact with an elastic half-space coated with an elastic layer with different elastic properties. We use the fast Fourier-transform-based formulation of BEM, while the fundamental solution is determined directly in the Fourier space. Numerical tests are validated by comparison with available asymptotic analytical solutions for a very thin and a very thick layer, as well as with FEM calculations for layers with finite thickness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications)
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21 pages, 4235 KiB  
Article
Friction in Adhesive Contacts: Experiment and Simulation
by Iakov A. Lyashenko, Alexander E. Filippov and Valentin L. Popov
Machines 2023, 11(6), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11060583 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2459
Abstract
An experimental study of the process of friction between a steel spherical indenter and a soft elastic elastomer, with a strongly pronounced adhesive interaction between the surfaces of the contacting bodies, is presented. We consider sliding of the indenter at low speed (quasi-static [...] Read more.
An experimental study of the process of friction between a steel spherical indenter and a soft elastic elastomer, with a strongly pronounced adhesive interaction between the surfaces of the contacting bodies, is presented. We consider sliding of the indenter at low speed (quasi-static contact) for different indentation depths. The forces, displacements and contact configuration as functions of time were recorded. The most important finding is that under conditions of uni-lateral continuous sliding, the tangential stress in the contact area remains constant and independent on the indentation depth and details of loading. We suggest a simple numerical model in which the elastic substrate is considered as a simple elastic layer (thus reminding a two-dimensional elastic foundation), although with in-plane elastic interactions. It is found that this model leads to the dynamic scenarios which qualitatively resemble the experimentally observed behavior of the considered system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications)
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13 pages, 4231 KiB  
Article
Influence of Profile Geometry on Frictional Energy Dissipation in a Dry, Compliant Steel-on-Steel Fretting Contact: Macroscopic Modeling and Experiment
by Emanuel Willert
Machines 2023, 11(4), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11040484 - 18 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1500
Abstract
Dry, frictional steel-on-steel contacts under small-scale oscillations are considered experimentally and theoretically. As indenting bodies, spheres, and truncated spheres are used to retrace the transition from smooth to sharp contact profile geometries. The experimental apparatus is built as a compliant setup, with the [...] Read more.
Dry, frictional steel-on-steel contacts under small-scale oscillations are considered experimentally and theoretically. As indenting bodies, spheres, and truncated spheres are used to retrace the transition from smooth to sharp contact profile geometries. The experimental apparatus is built as a compliant setup, with the characteristic macroscopic values of stiffness being comparable to or smaller than the contact stiffness of the fretting contact. A hybrid macroscopic–contact model is formulated to predict the time development of the macroscopic contact quantities (forces and global relative surface displacements), which are measured in the experiments. The model is well able to predict the macroscopic behavior and, accordingly, the frictional hysteretic losses observed in the experiment. The change of the indenter profile from spherical to truncated spherical “pushes” the fretting contact towards the sliding regime if the nominal normal force and tangential displacement oscillation amplitude are kept constant. The transition of the hysteretic behavior, depending on the profile geometry from the perfectly spherical to the sharp flat-punch profile, occurs for the truncated spherical indenter within a small margin of the radius of its flat face. Already for a flat face radius which is roughly equal to the contact radius for the spherical case, the macroscopic hysteretic behavior cannot be distinguished from a flat punch contact with the same radius. The compliance of the apparatus (i.e., the macrosystem) can have a large influence on the energy dissipation and the fretting regime. Below a critical value for the stiffness, the fretting contact exhibits a sharp transition to the “sticking” regime. However, if the apparatus stiffness is large enough, the hysteretic behavior can be controlled by changing the profile geometry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications)
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19 pages, 1106 KiB  
Article
A Simple Semi-Analytical Method for Solving Axisymmetric Contact Problems Involving Bonded and Unbonded Layers of Arbitrary Thickness
by Fabian Forsbach
Machines 2023, 11(4), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11040474 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2229
Abstract
In the present work, a recently extended version of the method of dimensionality reduction (MDR) for layered elastic media is applied for the first time using a semi-analytical approach. It is based on a priori knowledge of the cylindrical flat punch solution which [...] Read more.
In the present work, a recently extended version of the method of dimensionality reduction (MDR) for layered elastic media is applied for the first time using a semi-analytical approach. It is based on a priori knowledge of the cylindrical flat punch solution which is determined numerically using the boundary element method (BEM). We consider arbitrary indenters of revolution producing a circular area of contact with bonded and unbonded layers of arbitrary thickness. The proposed method reduces the contact solution to the numerically efficient evaluation of simple one-dimensional integrals. We further show that the solution of JKR-adhesive contacts with layers and contacts with linear-viscoelastic layers is straightforward using the well-known MDR formalisms. A specific focus has been devoted to study the thickness effect in different application examples. Comparisons with the literature and finite element simulations show very good agreement with the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dry Friction: Theory, Analysis and Applications)
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