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Marine Drugs
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Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition
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Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine-Derived Ingredients for Drugs, Cosmeceuticals and Nutraceuticals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 10952

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Giuseppina Tommonaro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
Interests: marine natural products; fatty acids; quorum sensing; biological activities
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Annabella Tramice

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
Interests: marine natural products; antioxidants; fatty acids; enzymes; biotechnology; glycosylation; biotransformation; enzyme activity; polysaccharide; microorganisms; glycobiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following the success of this Special Issue, “Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs/special_issues/D0V374PLCE”, we are delighted to edit a second edition on this topical area.

The biological roles of marine lipids and, in particular, fatty acids are extensively described. They are compounds universally present in all organisms and play very important biological roles, such as being building blocks in biological membranes, concentrated sources of energy, and molecules involved in many physiological functions as well as signaling activities. In addition, in ecological investigations fatty acids and, in particular, some polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to be very important biomolecules as trophic biomarkers in the marine food chain analyses of several ecological niches. Fatty acids from marine organisms are a precious source of molecules of high nutritional significance, like polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids.

For this second edition of our Special Issue, we invite academic and industry scientists to submit reviews and original research articles focusing on the chemistry, biological roles, and bioactivities of fatty acids from marine organisms.

Dr. Giuseppina Tommonaro
Dr. Annabella Tramice
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • marine microorganisms
  • marine invertebrates
  • fishes
  • biological properties
  • nutritional value
  • lipids
  • fatty acids

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 1491 KiB  
Article
Unveiling the Lipid Features and Valorization Potential of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Heads
by João Pedro Monteiro, Tiago Sousa, Tânia Melo, Carla Pires, António Marques, Maria Leonor Nunes, Ricardo Calado and M. Rosário Domingues
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(11), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22110518 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 877
Abstract
The sustainable utilization of co-products derived from the salmon processing industry is crucial for enhancing the viability and decreasing the environmental footprint of both capture and aquaculture operations. Salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the most consumed fish worldwide and a [...] Read more.
The sustainable utilization of co-products derived from the salmon processing industry is crucial for enhancing the viability and decreasing the environmental footprint of both capture and aquaculture operations. Salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the most consumed fish worldwide and a major species produced in aquaculture. As such, significant quantities of salmon co-products are produced in pre-commercialization processing/steaking procedures. The present study characterized a specific co-product derived from the processing of salmon: minced salmon heads. More specifically, this work aimed to reveal the nutritional profile of this co-product, with a special focus on its lipid content, including thoroughly profiling fatty acids and fully appraising the composition in complex lipids (polar lipids and triglycerides) for the first time. The antioxidant potential of lipid extracts from this salmon co-product was also studied in order to bioprospect lipid functional properties and possibly unveil new pathways for added-value applications. Our analysis indicated that these minced salmon heads are exceptionally rich in lipids. Oleic acid is the most prevalent fatty acid in this co-product, followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid. Moreover, relevant lipid indexes inferred from the fatty acid composition of this co-product revealed good nutritional traits. Lipidome analysis revealed that triglycerides were clearly the predominant lipid class present in this co-product while phospholipids, as well as ceramides, were also present, although in minimal quantities. The bioprospecting of antioxidant activity in the lipid extracts of the minced salmon heads revealed limited results. Given the high concentration of triglycerides, minced salmon heads can constitute a valuable resource for industrial applications from the production of fish oil to biodiesel (as triglycerides can be easily converted into fatty acid methyl esters), as well as possible ingredients for cosmetics, capitalizing on their alluring emollient properties. Overall, the valorization of minced salmon heads, major co-products derived from the processing of one of the most intensively farmed fish in the world, not only offers economic benefits but also contributes to the sustainability of the salmon processing industry by reducing waste and promoting a more efficient use of marine bioresources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 9456 KiB  
Article
Reversed-Phase Medium-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Purification of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Using AQ-C18
by Mingxin Sang, Nan Pan, Jingna Wu, Xiaoting Chen, Shuilin Cai, Huan Fang, Meitian Xiao, Xiaoming Jiang and Zhiyu Liu
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(6), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22060285 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 3808
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are in high demand due to their efficacy in treating hypertriglyceridemia and preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, the growth of the industry is hampered by low purity and insufficient productivity. This study aims to develop an efficient RP-MPLC purification method for [...] Read more.
Omega-3 fatty acids are in high demand due to their efficacy in treating hypertriglyceridemia and preventing cardiovascular diseases. However, the growth of the industry is hampered by low purity and insufficient productivity. This study aims to develop an efficient RP-MPLC purification method for omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters with high purity and capacity. The results indicate that the AQ-C18 featuring polar end-capped silanol groups outperformed C18 and others in retention time and impurity separation. By injecting pure fish oil esters with a volume equivalent to a 1.25% bed volume on an AQ-C18 MPLC column using a binary isocratic methanol–water (90:10, v:v) mobile phase at 30 mL/min, optimal omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters were obtained, with the notable purity of 90.34% and a recovery rate of 74.30%. The total content of EPA and DHA produced increased from 67.91% to 85.27%, meeting the acceptance criteria of no less than 84% set by the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. In contrast, RP-MPLC significantly enhanced the production efficiency per unit output compared to RP-HPLC. This study demonstrates a pioneering approach to producing omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters with high purity and of greater quantity using AQ-C18 RP-MPLC, showing this method’s significant potential for use in industrial-scale manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 2079 KiB  
Article
Integrated Process for Schizochytrium Oil Extraction, Enzymatic Modification of Lipids and Concentration of DHA Fatty Acid Esters Using Alternative Methodologies
by Gonzalo Berzal, Paz García-García and Francisco Javier Señoráns
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040146 - 26 Mar 2024
Viewed by 2115
Abstract
Marine microalgae Schizochytrium sp. have a high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid that is attracting interest since it prevents certain neurodegenerative diseases. The obtention of a bioactive and purified DHA fatty acid ester using a whole-integrated process in which [...] Read more.
Marine microalgae Schizochytrium sp. have a high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid that is attracting interest since it prevents certain neurodegenerative diseases. The obtention of a bioactive and purified DHA fatty acid ester using a whole-integrated process in which renewable sources and alternative methodologies are employed is the aim of this study. For this reason, lyophilized Schizochytrium biomass was used as an alternative to fish oil, and advanced extraction techniques as well as enzymatic modification were studied. Microalgal oil extraction was optimized via a surface-response method using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) obtaining high oil yields (29.06 ± 0.12%) with a high concentration of DHA (51.15 ± 0.72%). Then, the enzymatic modification of Schizochytrium oil was developed by ethanolysis using immobilized Candida antarctica B lipase (Novozym® 435) at two reaction temperatures and different enzymatic loads. The best condition (40 °C and 200 mg of lipase) produced the highest yield of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) (100%) after 8 h of a reaction attaining a cost-effective and alternative process. Finally, an enriched and purified fraction containing DHA-FAEE was obtained using open-column chromatography with a remarkably high concentration of 93.2 ± 1.3% DHA. The purified and bioactive molecules obtained in this study can be used as nutraceutical and active pharmaceutical intermediates of marine origin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 1440 KiB  
Article
The Presence of Bioactive Compounds in European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) Skin: A Comparative Study with Edible Tissue
by Antía Bote, Marcos Trigo, Sidonia Martínez and Santiago P. Aubourg
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(3), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22030105 - 24 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1986
Abstract
The presence of bioactive compounds in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) skin was studied. Proximate and lipid class compositions and analysis of the fatty acid (FA) profile (individual FAs; FA groups, i.e., saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated; FA ratios, i.e., polyunsaturated/saturated, ω3/ω6) were [...] Read more.
The presence of bioactive compounds in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) skin was studied. Proximate and lipid class compositions and analysis of the fatty acid (FA) profile (individual FAs; FA groups, i.e., saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated; FA ratios, i.e., polyunsaturated/saturated, ω3/ω6) were determined and compared to the composition of the eel muscle. As a result, higher (p < 0.05) levels of proteins (271.6 g·kg−1), lipids (38.0 g·kg−1), ash (27.7 g·kg−1), and ω6 FAs were observed in the skin tissue. Contrary, the muscle tissue showed higher (p < 0.05) moisture, ω3 FA, and ω3/ω6 ratio values. Regarding lipid classes, a higher (p < 0.05) proportion of phospholipids (111.1 g·kg−1 lipids), free sterols (104.7 g·kg−1 lipids), α-tocopherol (274.0 mg·kg−1 lipids), and free FAs (43.6 g·kg−1 lipids) was observed in the skin tissue. No differences (p > 0.05) between both tissues could be detected for triacylglycerol and FA group (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated) values and for the polyunsaturated/saturated FA ratio. It is concluded that European eel skin, a by-product resulting from commercial processing, can be considered a valuable source for the food and pharmaceutical industries by providing value-added constituents such as proteins, lipids, ω3 FAs, phospholipids, and α-tocopherol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition)
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Review

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15 pages, 1516 KiB  
Review
Marine Microalgal Products with Activities against Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases
by Nova Yurika, Eleonora Montuori and Chiara Lauritano
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(5), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22050229 - 17 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1648
Abstract
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and it is estimated that 17.9 million people die of it each year. The risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are attributable to an unhealthy and sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, stress, genetic predisposition, [...] Read more.
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and it is estimated that 17.9 million people die of it each year. The risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are attributable to an unhealthy and sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, stress, genetic predisposition, diabetes, obesity, and aging. Marine microalgae have been the subject of numerous studies for their potential activity against several human diseases. They produce a plethora of primary and secondary metabolites such as essential nutrients, vitamins, pigments, and omega-3 fatty acid. Many of these molecules have antioxidant properties and have been shown to play a role in the prevention of heart diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize recent studies on the discovery of marine microalgal compounds and bioactivities for cardiovascular diseases, including in vitro and in vivo studies, showing and discussing recent discoveries and trends. The most promising results were found for microalgal polysaccharides, peptides and carotenoids. In conclusion, the overall data summarized here show that microalgae-based supplementation has the potential to improve age-related cardiovascular diseases and we expect more clinical studies in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition)
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