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A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Pharmacology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 29254

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Dr. Mikhail Kusaykin

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Guest Editor

Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
Interests: enzymatic transformation of algal polysaccharides; investigation of oligo- and polysaccharides' structure

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is my pleasure to announce the launch a new Special Issue in Marine Drugs that could be of interest for your research activity and publication of your results.

This Special Issue will be focused on the structure, chemical and enzymatic transformations of polysaccharides, and poly- and oligosaccharides biological activity investigations.

We invite academic and industry scientists to submit reviews and original research articles highlighting the structure and biological activities of poly- and oligosaccharides isolated from marine organisms.

Polysaccharides are one of the most abundant substances on Earth. Their structural diversity is amazing, and a wide range of biological activity and low toxicity make them promising for designing new medical materials and drugs. Polysaccharides can not only be therapeutic agents but also act as carriers of drugs, auxiliary substances for dosage forms. It is possible that no other class of compounds has such a diverse application.

We look forward to your manuscripts.

Dr. Mikhail Kusaykin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

fucoidan
laminaran
alginic acid
carrageenan
chitosan
bacterial polysaccharides
fuco-oligosaccharides
anticancer activity
immunomodulating activity

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characterization and Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation of Ulvan Polysaccharides Extracted from the Green Algae Ulva papenfussii

by Vy Ha Nguyen Tran, Maria Dalgaard Mikkelsen, Hai Bang Truong, Hieu Nhu Mai Vo, Thinh Duc Pham, Hang Thi Thuy Cao, Thuan Thi Nguyen, Anne S. Meyer, Thuy Thu Thi Thanh and Tran Thi Thanh Van

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(11), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110556 - 25 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3251

Abstract

Ulvan, a sulfated heteropolysaccharide with structural and functional properties of interest for various uses, was extracted from the green seaweed Ulva papenfussii. U. papenfussii is an unexplored Ulva species found in the South China Sea along the central coast of Vietnam. Based on dry weight, the ulvan yield was ~15% (w/w) and the ulvan had a sulfate content of 13.4 wt%. The compositional constitution encompassed L-Rhamnose (Rhap), D-Xylose (Xylp), D-Glucuronic acid (GlcAp), L-Iduronic acid (IdoAp), D-Galactose (Galp), and D-Glucose (Glcp) with a molar ratio of 1:0.19:0.35:0.52:0.05:0.11, respectively. The structure of ulvan was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods. The results showed that the extracted ulvan comprised a mixture of two different structural forms, namely (“A3s”) with the repeating disaccharide [→4)-β-D-GlcAp-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap 3S-(1→]n, and (“B3s”) with the repeating disaccharide [→4)-α-L-IdoAp-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap 3S(1→]n. The relative abundance of A3s, and B3s was 1:1.5, respectively. The potential anticarcinogenic attributes of ulvan were evaluated against a trilogy of human cancer cell lineages. Concomitantly, Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling was also conducted to predict potential adverse reactions stemming from pharmacological interactions. The ulvan showed significant antitumor growth activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (IC₅₀ ≈ 90 µg/mL), human breast cancer cells (IC₅₀ ≈ 85 µg/mL), and cervical cancer cells (IC₅₀ ≈ 67 µg/mL). The QSAR models demonstrated acceptable predictive power, and seven toxicity indications confirmed the safety of ulvan, warranting its candidacy for further in vivo testing and applications as a biologically active pharmaceutical source for human disease treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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13 pages, 23327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitin Extracted from the Shell of Blue Swimming Crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linn.) Inhibits NF-kappaB p65 in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcerative Wistar Rats

by Renny Amelia, Sri Adi Sumiwi, Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Jutti Levita

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(9), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21090488 - 12 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

Peptic ulcer disease is generated by the activation of NF-kappaB activity. A recent clinical study reported a significant increase in NF-kappaB2 gene expression in 79 samples of peptic ulcer patients compared to the control group. Moreover, the deacetylated chitin could alter the translocation of NF-kappaB p65 to the nucleus. Considering this, our work aims to explore the effect of chitin extracted from the shell of blue swimming crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linn.) towards NF-kappaB p65 levels in ethanol-induced gastric ulcerative Wistar rats. The shells are found abundantly as the waste of seafood processing in the northern part of West Java, Indonesia. In this study, chitin extraction was carried out using the microwave-assisted extraction method by employing choline chloride (C₅H₁₄ClNO) and DL-malic acid (C₄H₆O₅) as the solvents. The inhibitory activity assay of chitin on the expression of NF-kappaB p65 was performed by using Western blot. The extraction yielded a good quality of chitin with a deacetylation degree of 30.8026%, molecular weight of 3.35 × 10⁵ Da, and a negligible heavy metals level. Moreover, chitin extract at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW significantly reduced the percentage of gastric ulcer index compared to the negative control group. Meanwhile, chitin extract at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg BW significantly inhibited NF-kappaB expression compared to the negative control group. Histopathological examination demonstrated a decrease in the number of necrotic cells and fat degeneration in the gastric mucosa and an increase in normal cells. Taken together, chitin extract obtained from the shells of blue swimming crabs may be able to prevent gastric ulcers induced by ethanol via the inhibition of NF-kappaB p65; however, further studies are needed to verify its anti-ulcerative properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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17 pages, 2653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure and Metabolically Oriented Efficacy of Fucoidan from Brown Alga Sargassum muticum in the Model of Colony Formation of Melanoma and Breast Cancer Cells

by Roza V. Usoltseva, Anastasiya O. Zueva, Olesya S. Malyarenko, Stanislav D. Anastyuk, Olga P. Moiseenko, Vladimir V. Isakov, Mikhail I. Kusaykin, Airong Jia and Svetlana P. Ermakova

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(9), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21090486 - 10 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1929

Abstract

This work reports the detailed structure of fucoidan from Sargassum miticum (2SmF2) and its ability to potentiate the inhibitory effect of glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG). 2SmF2 was shown to be sulfated and acetylated galactofucan containing a main chain of alternating residues of 1,3- and 1,4-linked α-l-fucopyranose, fucose fragments with monotonous 1,3- and 1,4-type linkages (DP up to 3), α-d-Gal-(1→3)-α-L-Fuc disaccharides, and 1,3,4- and 1,2,4-linked fucose branching points. The sulfate groups were found at positions 2 and 4 of fucose and galactose residues. 2SmF2 (up to 800 µg/mL) and 2-DG (up to 8 mM) were not cytotoxic against MDA-MB-231 and SK-MEL-28 as determined by MTS assay. In the soft agar-based model of cancer cell colony formation, fucoidan exhibited weak inhibitory activity at the concentration of 400 µg/mL. However, in combination with low non-cytotoxic concentrations of 2-DG (0.5 or 2 mM), 2SmF2 could effectively inhibit the colony formation of SK-MEL-28 and MDA-MB-231 cells and decreased the number of colonies by more than 50% compared to control at the concentration of 200 µg/mL. Our findings reveal the metabolically oriented effect of fucoidan in combination with a glycolysis inhibitor that may be beneficial for a therapy for aggressive cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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17 pages, 4095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis Enhances Intestinal Barrier Function and Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition

by Sathuvan Malairaj, Suresh Veeraperumal, Wanzi Yao, Mugesh Subramanian, Karsoon Tan, Saiyi Zhong and Kit-Leong Cheong

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(5), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21050265 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1839

Abstract

In this study, the effects of a homogenous porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis (PHP) on the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota were investigated. The results showed that oral administration of PHP resulted in a higher luminal moisture content and a lower pH environment for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon of mice. PHP significantly increased the production of total short-chain fatty acids during the fermentation process. PHP made the intestinal epithelial cells of mice arrange more tidily and tightly with a significant increase in mucosal thickness. PHP also increased the amount of mucin-producing goblet cells and the expression of mucin in the colon, which maintained the structure and function of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Moreover, PHP up-regulated the expression of tight junctions including ZO-1 and occludin, improving the intestinal physical barrier function. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that PHP regulated the composition of gut microbiota in mice, increasing the richness and diversity of gut microbiota and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. This study revealed that the intake of PHP is beneficial for the gastrointestinal tract and PHP could be a potential source of prebiotics in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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8 pages, 1005 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

NMR Analyses of the Enzymatic Degradation End-Products of Diabolican: The Secreted EPS of Vibrio diabolicus CNCM I-1629

by Sophie Drouillard, Laurent Poulet, Claire Boisset, Christine Delbarre-Ladrat and William Helbert

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(12), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120731 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1328

Abstract

Diabolican, or HE800, is an exopolysaccharide secreted by the non-pathogenic Gram-negative marine bacterium Vibrio diabolicus (CNCM I-1629). This polysaccharide was enzymatically degraded by the Bacteroides cellulosilyticus WH2 hyaluronan lyase. The end products were purified by size-exclusion chromatography and their structures were analyzed in depth by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The oligosaccharide structures confirmed the possible site of cleavage of the enzyme showing plasticity in the substrate recognitions. The production of glycosaminoglycan-mimetic oligosaccharides of defined molecular weight and structure opens new perspectives in the valorization of the marine polysaccharide diabolican. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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12 pages, 1834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agarose-Degrading Characteristics of a Deep-Sea Bacterium Vibrio Natriegens WPAGA4 and Its Cold-Adapted GH50 Agarase Aga3420

by Mengyuan Zhang, Jianxin Wang, Runying Zeng, Dingquan Wang, Wenxin Wang, Xiufang Tong and Wu Qu

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(11), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20110692 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2085

Abstract

Up until now, the characterizations of GH50 agarases from Vibrio species have rarely been reported compared to GH16 agarases. In this study, a deep-sea strain, WPAGA4, was isolated and identified as Vibrio natriegens due to the maximum similarity of its 16S rRNA gene sequence, the values of its average nucleotide identity, and through digital DNA–DNA hybridization. Two circular chromosomes in V. natriegens WPAGA4 were assembled. A total of 4561 coding genes, 37 rRNA, 131 tRNA, and 59 other non-coding RNA genes were predicted in the genome of V. natriegens WPAGA4. An agarase gene belonging to the GH50 family was annotated in the genome sequence and expressed in E. coli cells. The optimum temperature and pH of the recombinant Aga3420 (rAga3420) were 40 °C and 7.0, respectively. Neoagarobiose (NA2) was the only product during the degradation process of agarose by rAga3420. rAga3420 had a favorable stability following incubation at 10–30 °C for 50 min. The Km, Vmax, and kcat values of rAga3420 were 2.8 mg/mL, 78.1 U/mg, and 376.9 s⁻¹, respectively. rAga3420 displayed cold-adapted properties as 59.7% and 41.2% of the relative activity remained at 10 3 °C and 0 °C, respectively. This property ensured V. natriegens WPAGA4 could degrade and metabolize the agarose in cold deep-sea environments and enables rAga3420 to be an appropriate industrial enzyme for NA2 production, with industrial potential in medical and cosmetic fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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19 pages, 4153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Marine Chitooligosaccharide Alters Intestinal Flora Structure and Regulates Hepatic Inflammatory Response to Influence Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by Jiayao Feng, Yongjian Liu, Jiajia Chen, Yan Bai, Jincan He, Hua Cao, Qishi Che, Jiao Guo and Zhengquan Su

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(6), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20060383 - 7 Jun 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2814

Abstract

In this study, C57BL/6 mice were given an HFHSD diet for 8 weeks to induce hepatic steatosis and then given COSM solution orally for 12 weeks. The study found that the HFHSD diet resulted in steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. The formation of NAFLD induced by HFHSD diet was related to the imbalance of intestinal flora. However, after COSM intervention, the abundance of beneficial bacteria increased significantly, while the abundance of harmful bacteria decreased significantly. The HFHSD diet also induced changes in intestinal bacterial metabolites, and the content of short-chain fatty acids in cecal contents after COSM intervention was significantly higher than that in the model group. In addition, COSM not only improved LPS levels and barrier dysfunction in the ileum and colon but upregulated protein levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin in the colon and downregulated the liver LPS/TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway. We concluded that the treatment of marine chitooligosaccharide COSM could improve the intestinal microflora structure of the fatty liver and activate an inflammatory signaling pathway, thus alleviating the intrahepatic lipid accumulation induced by HFHSD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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17 pages, 10917 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

by Yuqi Lin, Jiajia Yang, Lianxiang Luo, Xiaoyong Zhang, Shengyu Deng, Xiaodan Chen, Yiyang Li, Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit, Baojun Xu and Riming Huang

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(5), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20050332 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3247

Abstract

Marine fungi represent an important and sustainable resource, from which the search for novel biological substances for application in the pharmacy or food industry offers great potential. In our research, novel polysaccharide (AUM-1) was obtained from marine Aureobasidium melanogenum SCAU-266 were obtained and the molecular weight of AUM-1 was determined to be 8000 Da with 97.30% of glucose, 1.9% of mannose, and 0.08% galactose, owing to a potential backbone of α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-(SO₃⁻)-4-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-1-β-D-Glcp-1→2)-α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-β-D-Glcp-1→6)-α-D-Glcp-1→4)-α-D-Glcp-6→1)-[α-D-Glcp-4]₂₆→1)-α-D-Glcp and two side chains that consisted of α-D-Glcp-1 and α-D-Glcp-(1→6)-α-D-Glcp residues. The immunomodulatory effect of AUM-1 was identified. Then, the potential molecular mechanism by which AUM-1 may be connected to ferroptosis was indicated by metabonomics, and the expression of COX2, SLC7A11, GPX4, ACSL4, FTH1, and ROS were further verified. Thus, we first speculated that AUM-1 has a potential effect on the ferroptosis-related immunomodulatory property in RAW 264.7 cells by adjusting the expression of GPX4, regulated glutathione (oxidative), directly causing lipid peroxidation owing to the higher ROS level through the glutamate metabolism and TCA cycle. Thus, the ferroptosis related immunomodulatory effect of AUM-1 was obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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Review

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29 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fucoidan’s Molecular Targets: A Comprehensive Review of Its Unique and Multiple Targets Accounting for Promising Bioactivities Supported by In Silico Studies

by Ahmed Zayed, Dalal A. Al-Saedi, Emmanuel Ofosu Mensah, Osman Nabayire Kanwugu, Parise Adadi and Roland Ulber

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22010029 - 30 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6911

Abstract

Fucoidan is a class of multifunctional polysaccharides derived from marine organisms. Its unique and diversified physicochemical and chemical properties have qualified them for potential and promising pharmacological uses in human diseases, including inflammation, tumors, immunity disorders, kidney diseases, and diabetes. Physicochemical and chemical properties are the main contributors to these bioactivities. The previous literature has attributed such activities to its ability to target key enzymes and receptors involved in potential disease pathways, either directly or indirectly, where the anionic sulfate ester groups are mainly involved in these interactions. These findings also confirm the advantageous pharmacological uses of sulfated versus non-sulfated polysaccharides. The current review shall highlight the molecular targets of fucoidans, especially enzymes, and the subsequent responses via either the upregulation or downregulation of mediators’ expression in various tissue abnormalities. In addition, in silico studies will be applied to support the previous findings and show the significant contributors. The current review may help in understanding the molecular mechanisms of fucoidan. Also, the findings of this review may be utilized in the design of specific oligomers inspired by fucoidan with the purpose of treating life-threatening human diseases effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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20 pages, 2449 KiB

Open AccessReview

Marine Microbial Polysaccharides: An Untapped Resource for Biotechnological Applications

by Rajesh Jeewon, Aadil Ahmad Aullybux, Daneshwar Puchooa, Nadeem Nazurally, Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei and Ying Zhang

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(7), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21070420 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2861

Abstract

As the largest habitat on Earth, the marine environment harbors various microorganisms of biotechnological potential. Indeed, microbial compounds, especially polysaccharides from marine species, have been attracting much attention for their applications within the medical, pharmaceutical, food, and other industries, with such interest largely stemming from the extensive structural and functional diversity displayed by these natural polymers. At the same time, the extreme conditions within the aquatic ecosystem (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity) may not only induce microorganisms to develop a unique metabolism but may also increase the likelihood of isolating novel polysaccharides with previously unreported characteristics. However, despite their potential, only a few microbial polysaccharides have actually reached the market, with even fewer being of marine origin. Through a synthesis of relevant literature, this review seeks to provide an overview of marine microbial polysaccharides, including their unique characteristics. In particular, their suitability for specific biotechnological applications and recent progress made will be highlighted before discussing the challenges that currently limit their study as well as their potential for wider applications. It is expected that this review will help to guide future research in the field of microbial polysaccharides, especially those of marine origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poly- and Oligosaccharides from Marine Origins)

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