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Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification
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Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2024) | Viewed by 8667

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Joan-Josep Suñol

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
Interests: powder metallurgy; structural analysis; thermal analysis; mechanical alloying; nanocrystalline
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Lluïsa Escoda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
Interests: mechanical alloying; rapid solidification; thermal analysis; structural analysis; soft magnetism; nanocrystalline; amorphous
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on new materials produced by mechanical alloying/milling or by rapid solidification (melt-spinning). Regarding the microstructure, the materials produced are usually amorphous or nanocrystalline. The alloys obtained by mechanical alloying are in powder form; therefore, their compaction and consolidation are of interest to produce bulk specimens. Mechanical alloying/milling involves frequent and repetitive impacts which cause the plastic deformation, fracture and cold welding of the particles trapped between the collisions. The geometry of the samples obtained by rapid solidification depends on each specific technique (wire, ribbon, bulk, powder). Rapid solidification processing, whether by rapid quenching, deep undercooling or a combination of the two. Comparison, simulation, modelling or review articles are welcomed. Regarding the properties, articles are expected that take into account the different functional responses: mechanical, corrosion, thermal, optical, electrical, magnetic, and so on.

Prof. Dr. Joan-Josep Suñol
Prof. Dr. Lluïsa Escoda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mechanical alloying
  • mechanical milling
  • amorphous
  • nanocrystalline
  • melt-spinning
  • rapid solidification
  • functional properties
  • microstructure
  • modeling

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3690 KiB  
Article
Thermoelectric Characteristics of Permingeatite Compounds Double-Doped with Sn and S
by Bong-Ki Hong and Il-Ho Kim
Materials 2024, 17(19), 4859; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194859 - 2 Oct 2024
Viewed by 544
Abstract
Sn/S double-doped permingeatites, Cu3Sb1−xSnxSe4−ySy (0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.08 and 0.25 ≤ y ≤ 0.50) were synthesized, and crystallographic parameters and thermoelectric characteristics were examined as a function of doping level. The lattice parameters [...] Read more.
Sn/S double-doped permingeatites, Cu3Sb1−xSnxSe4−ySy (0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.08 and 0.25 ≤ y ≤ 0.50) were synthesized, and crystallographic parameters and thermoelectric characteristics were examined as a function of doping level. The lattice parameters of permingeatite were significantly modified by the dual doping of Sn and S, with S doping exerting a greater influence on lattice constants and variations in tetragonality compared to Sn doping. With an increase in the level of Sn doping and a decrease in S doping, the carrier concentration increased, leading to enhanced electrical conductivity, indicative of a degenerate semiconducting state. Conversely, an increase in S doping and a decrease in Sn doping led to a rise in the Seebeck coefficient, demonstrating p-type conductivity characteristics with positive temperature dependence. Additionally, the double doping of Sn and S substantially improved the power factor, with Cu3Sb0.98Sn0.02Se3.75S0.25 exhibiting 1.12 mWm−1K−2 at 623 K, approximately 2.3 times higher than that of undoped permingeatite. The lattice thermal conductivity decreased with increasing temperature, while the electronic thermal conductivity exhibited minimal temperature dependence. Ultimately, the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) was improved through the double doping of Sn and S, with Cu3Sb0.98Sn0.02Se3.50S0.50 recording a ZT of 0.68 at 623 K, approximately 1.7 times higher than that of pure permingeatite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification)
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10 pages, 3781 KiB  
Article
Phase Transitions and Thermoelectric Properties of Charge-Compensated ZnxCu12−xSb4Se13
by Sang Jun Park and Il-Ho Kim
Materials 2024, 17(13), 3282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133282 - 3 Jul 2024
Viewed by 644
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the phase transitions and thermoelectric properties of charge-compensated hakite (ZnxCu12−xSb4Se13) as a function of Zn content. Based on X-ray diffraction and a differential scanning calorimetric phase analysis, secondary phases (permingeatite [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigated the phase transitions and thermoelectric properties of charge-compensated hakite (ZnxCu12−xSb4Se13) as a function of Zn content. Based on X-ray diffraction and a differential scanning calorimetric phase analysis, secondary phases (permingeatite and bytizite) transformed into hakite depending on the Zn content, while Zn2Cu10Sb4Se13 existed solely as hakite. Nondegenerate semiconductor behavior was observed, exhibiting increasing electrical conductivity with a rising temperature. With an increase in Zn content, the presence of mixed phases of hakite and permingeatite led to enhanced electrical conductivity. However, Zn2Cu10Sb4Se13 with a single hakite phase exhibited the lowest electrical conductivity. The Seebeck coefficient exhibited positive values, indicating that even after charge compensation (electron supply) by Zn, p-type semiconductor characteristics were maintained. With the occurrence of an intrinsic transition within the measured temperature range, the Seebeck coefficient decreased as the temperature increased; at a certain temperature, Zn2Cu10Sb4Se13 exhibited the highest value. Thermal conductivity showed a low temperature dependence, obtaining low values below 0.65 Wm−1K−1. A power factor of 0.22 mWm−1K−2 and dimensionless figure of merit of 0.31 were achieved at 623 K for ZnCu11Sb4Se13. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification)
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13 pages, 4873 KiB  
Article
Micro-/Meso-Structure Control of Multi-Hostmetal Alloys by Massive Nitrogen Supersaturation
by Tatsuhiko Aizawa
Materials 2024, 17(6), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061294 - 11 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 881
Abstract
The low-temperature plasma nitriding was utilized to describe the microscopic solid-phase separation in the austenitic stainless-steel type AISI316, induced by the nitrogen supersaturation. This nitrogen supersaturated layer with the thickness of 60 μm had a two-phase nanostructure where the nitrogen-poor and nitrogen-rich clusters [...] Read more.
The low-temperature plasma nitriding was utilized to describe the microscopic solid-phase separation in the austenitic stainless-steel type AISI316, induced by the nitrogen supersaturation. This nitrogen supersaturated layer with the thickness of 60 μm had a two-phase nanostructure where the nitrogen-poor and nitrogen-rich clusters separated from each other. Due to this microscopic solid-phase separation, iron and nickel atoms decomposed themselves from chromium atoms and nitrogen solutes in this nitrogen supersaturated AISI316 layer. These microscopic cluster separation and chemical decomposition among the constituent elements in AISI316 were induced in the multi-dimensional scale by the plastic straining along the slip lines in the (111)-orientation from the surface to the depth of matrix. The nitrogen solute diffused through the cluster boundaries into the depth. With the aid of masking technique, this nitrogen supersaturation and nanostructuring was controlled to take place only in the unmasked AISI316 matrix. The nanostructures with two separated clusters were mesoscopically embedded into AISI316 matrix after the masking micro-textures. This microscopic and mesoscopic structure control was available in surface treatment of multi-host metals such as superalloys and high entropy alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification)
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14 pages, 2475 KiB  
Article
Properties of High-Entropy Fe30Co20Ni20Mn20Al10 Alloy Produced by High-Energy Ball Milling
by Chérif Ben Ammar, Nawel Khitouni, Wael Ben Mbarek, Abdulelah H. Alsulami, Joan-Josep Suñol, Mohamed Khitouni and Mahmoud Chemingui
Materials 2024, 17(1), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010234 - 31 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1620
Abstract
A high-entropy Fe30Co20Ni20Mn20Al10 (at%) alloy with a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline phase was produced through mechanical alloying. This study examined the development of its phases, microstructure, morphology, and magnetic characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [...] Read more.
A high-entropy Fe30Co20Ni20Mn20Al10 (at%) alloy with a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline phase was produced through mechanical alloying. This study examined the development of its phases, microstructure, morphology, and magnetic characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to assess the sample morphology in relation to milling times. The changes that the material underwent during milling were investigated using X-ray diffraction. The milling time affected the phase transformation. A single FCC solid solution (crystallite size = 12 nm) was found after 50 h of milling. Additionally, the magnetic characteristics were examined and shown to be associated with microstructural changes. The powder mixture exhibited behavior consistent with soft magnetics, with an Hc value of 8 Am−1 and an Ms value of 165 emu/g. The excellent soft magnetic characteristic may be related to the stability of the FCC phase, which was generated following a 30 h milling process. In addition, the low value of Ms may have originated from the presence of Al atoms in the solid solution and the development of large densities of interfaces and crystal defects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification)
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9 pages, 4744 KiB  
Communication
Rapid Solidification of Invar Alloy
by Hanxin He, Zhirui Yao, Xuyang Li and Junfeng Xu
Materials 2024, 17(1), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010231 - 31 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1039
Abstract
The Invar alloy has excellent properties, such as a low coefficient of thermal expansion, but there are few reports about the rapid solidification of this alloy. In this study, Invar alloy solidification at different undercooling (ΔT) was investigated via glass melt-flux [...] Read more.
The Invar alloy has excellent properties, such as a low coefficient of thermal expansion, but there are few reports about the rapid solidification of this alloy. In this study, Invar alloy solidification at different undercooling (ΔT) was investigated via glass melt-flux techniques. The sample with the highest undercooling of ΔT = 231 K (recalescence height 140 K) was obtained. The thermal history curve, microstructure, hardness, grain number, and sample density of the alloy were analyzed. The results show that with the increase in solidification undercooling, the XRD peak of the sample shifted to the left, indicating that the lattice constant increased and the solid solubility increased. As the solidification of undercooling increases, the microstructure changes from large dendrites to small columnar grains and then to fine equiaxed grains. At the same time, the number of grains also increases with the increase in the undercooling. The hardness of the sample increases with increasing undercooling. If ΔT ≥ 181 K (128 K), the grain number and the hardness do not increase with undercooling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification)
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15 pages, 10341 KiB  
Article
Effects of Built Direction and Deformation Temperature on the Grain Refinement of 3D Printed AlSi10Mg Alloy Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP)
by Przemysław Snopiński, Krzysztof Matus, Ondřej Hilšer and Stanislav Rusz
Materials 2023, 16(12), 4288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124288 - 9 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1239
Abstract
In this work, we used an AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM) to study the effects of build direction and deformation temperature on the grain refinement process. Two different build orientations of 0° and 90° and deformation temperatures of 150 °C [...] Read more.
In this work, we used an AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM) to study the effects of build direction and deformation temperature on the grain refinement process. Two different build orientations of 0° and 90° and deformation temperatures of 150 °C and 200 °C were selected to study this effect. Light microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the microtexture and microstructural evolution of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) billets. Grain boundary maps showed that the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) dominated in every analysed sample. It was also found that different thermal histories caused by the change in build direction resulted in microstructures with different grain sizes. In addition, EBSD maps revealed heterogeneous microstructures comprising equiaxed fine-grained zones with ≈0.6 μm grain size and coarse-grained zones with ≈10 μm grain size. From the detailed microstructural observations, it was found that the formation of a heterogeneous microstructure is closely related to the increased fraction of melt pool borders. The results presented in this article confirm that the build direction has a significant influence on the microstructure evolution during the ECAP process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification)
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14 pages, 11877 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SLM-Fabricated AlSi10Mg Alloy Post-Processed Using Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP)
by Przemysław Snopiński, Augustine Nana Sekyi Appiah, Ondrej Hilšer and Michal Kotoul
Materials 2022, 15(22), 7940; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227940 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1820
Abstract
With the aim of improving the excellent mechanical properties of the SLM-produced AlSi10Mg alloy, this research focuses on post-processing using ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing). In our article, two different post-processing strategies were investigated: (1) low-temperature annealing (LTA) and subsequent ECAP processing at [...] Read more.
With the aim of improving the excellent mechanical properties of the SLM-produced AlSi10Mg alloy, this research focuses on post-processing using ECAP (Equal Channel Angular Pressing). In our article, two different post-processing strategies were investigated: (1) low-temperature annealing (LTA) and subsequent ECAP processing at 150 °C; (2) no heat treatment and subsequent ECAP processing at 350 °C, 400 °C and 450 °C. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this alloy were analyzed at each stage of post-treatment. Metallographic observations, combined with SEM and EBSD studies, showed that the alloys produced by SLM have a unique cellular microstructure consisting of Si networks surrounding the Al-based matrix phase. Low-temperature annealing (LTA), followed by ECAP treatment, facilitated the microstructural evolution of the alloy with partial breakup of the Si network and observed nucleation of β-Si precipitates throughout the Al matrix. This resulted in a Vickers microhardness of 153 HV and a yield strength of 415 MPa. The main results show that post-processing of SLM-produced AlSi10Mg alloys using ECAP significantly affects the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials Synthesis by Mechanical Alloying/Milling or by Rapid Solidification)
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