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Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials
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Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2024) | Viewed by 17248

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marco Lamberti

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Guest Editor
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, Marseille, France
Interests: adhesive bonding; structural bonding; adhesive connections, composite materials; composite structures; solid mechanics; aging; structural rehabilitation; high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Aurelien Maurel-Pantel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, 13453 Marseille, France
Interests: molecular bonding; direct bonding; adhesive bonding; structural bonding; composite materials; composite structures; polymers; solid mechanics; aging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Adhesive bonding is considered to be one of the key technologies for the development of many applications, including automotive, aerospace, medical, mechanical, civil, and light-weight transport applications, for a future with limited resources and increasing environmental concerns.

The potential to use multi-material joints is regarded as being larger for this type of joining technology than it is for most other techniques, allowing lower structural member weights to be achieved without compromising its stiffness and safety by means of the combination of lightweight materials, such as composites, aluminium, steel, magnesium, and titanium alloys.

Furthermore, the adhesive joining technique decreases tolerance demands during the manufacturing process; the adhesive can be used by varying the layer thicknesses that result from cost-efficient manufacturing processes.

Nowadays, there is no doubt that adhesive materials have entered into many aspects of science and technology, ranging from fundamental research and development work to industrial applications.

The field is rapidly advancing into new areas of discovery in the following subject areas: interfacial interactions, surface chemistry, testing methods, the accumulation of test data on physical and mechanical properties, environmental effects, new adhesive materials, sealants, the design of bonded joints, manufacturing technology, theoretical models, analytical models, finite element models, and analysis.

Scientifically robust research and reviews on the developments of technologies related to the hard and soft tissue adhesion of dental and biomedical materials is also welcome.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Dr. Marco Lamberti
Dr. Aurelien Maurel-Pantel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • joint design
  • stress analysis
  • adhesive testing
  • finite element simulations
  • mechanical properties of adhesives
  • cohesive zone model

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 3098 KiB  
Article
Analytical Calculation of Relationship Temperature and Fatigue and Creep Strength Based on Thermal Activation
by Keiji Houjou, Kazumasa Shimamoto, Haruhisa Akiyama, Yu Sekiguchi and Chiaki Sato
Materials 2024, 17(13), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133055 - 21 Jun 2024
Viewed by 566
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to formulate a mathematical expression for the temperature dependence of adhesive strength using various parameters. Adhesive structures are typically exposed to a broad temperature range, spanning from low to high temperatures; therefore, understanding how their strength depends [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to formulate a mathematical expression for the temperature dependence of adhesive strength using various parameters. Adhesive structures are typically exposed to a broad temperature range, spanning from low to high temperatures; therefore, understanding how their strength depends on temperature is crucial. The strength was measured through tensile, fatigue, and creep tests at temperatures ranging from −60 °C to 135 °C. The properties of these test types were thoroughly investigated by analyzing the strength of the test results from a thermal activity perspective. The results demonstrate that there is a clear relationship between temperature and strength. The intensity decreased with temperature according to the exponential function and could be accurately represented using the parameters of thermal activity. The temperature at which the strength begins to decrease in the fatigue test was higher than in the static tests. Consequently, we were able to accurately express the relationship between the temperature and intensity using certain parameters. Few studies successfully developed a precise nonlinear relationship between temperature and intensity using approximate expressions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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23 pages, 6195 KiB  
Article
On the Durability Performance of Two Adhesives to Be Used in Bonded Secondary Structures for Offshore Wind Installations
by Khaoula Idrissa, Aurélien Maurel-Pantel, Frédéric Lebon and Noamen Guermazi
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102392 - 16 May 2024
Viewed by 757
Abstract
The development of offshore wind farms requires robust bonding solutions that can withstand harsh marine conditions for the easy integration of secondary structures. This paper investigates the durability performance of two adhesives: Sikadur 30 epoxy resin and Loctite UK 1351 B25 urethane-based adhesive [...] Read more.
The development of offshore wind farms requires robust bonding solutions that can withstand harsh marine conditions for the easy integration of secondary structures. This paper investigates the durability performance of two adhesives: Sikadur 30 epoxy resin and Loctite UK 1351 B25 urethane-based adhesive for use in offshore wind environments. Tensile tests on adhesive samples and accelerated aging tests were carried out under a variety of temperatures and environmental conditions, including both dry and wet conditions. The long-term effects of aging on adhesive integrity are investigated by simulating the operational life of offshore installations. The evolution of mechanical properties, studied under accelerated aging conditions, provides an important indication of the longevity of structures under normal conditions. The results show significant differences in performance between the two adhesives, highlighting their suitability for specific operating parameters. It should also be noted that for both adhesives, their exposure to different environments (seawater, distilled water, humid climate) over a prolonged period showed that (i) Loctite adhesive has a slightly faster initial uptake than Sikadur adhesive, but the latter reaches an asymptotic plateau with a lower maximum absorption rate than Loctite adhesive; and (ii) a progressive deterioration in the tensile properties occurred following an exponential function. Therefore, aging behavior results showed a clear correlation with the Arrhenius law, providing a predictive tool for the aging process and the aging process of the two adhesives followed Arrhenius kinetics. Ultimately, the knowledge gained from this study is intended to inform best practice in the use of adhesives, thereby improving the reliability and sustainability of the offshore renewable energy infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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27 pages, 7953 KiB  
Article
Properties and Performance of Epoxy Resin/Boron Acid Composites
by Anna Rudawska, Mariaenrica Frigione, Antonella Sarcinella, Valentina Brunella, Ludovica Di Lorenzo and Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092092 - 29 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1126
Abstract
This research study focused on the effect of adding boric acid to epoxy resin in order to obtain a composite material with improved properties and performance. To this end, a fine powder of boric acid (H3BO3) was introduced into [...] Read more.
This research study focused on the effect of adding boric acid to epoxy resin in order to obtain a composite material with improved properties and performance. To this end, a fine powder of boric acid (H3BO3) was introduced into epoxy resin in different amounts, i.e., 0.5 g, 1.0 g, and 1.5 g. As the matrix of the epoxy composites, styrene-modified epoxy resin based on bisphenol A (BPA) (Epidian 53) was used. It was cross-linked with two types of curing agents, i.e., an amine (ET) and a polyamide (PAC). The mechanical properties of the obtained epoxy composites (in terms of compressive strength, compressive modulus, and compressive strain) were determined at room temperature in order to assess the effect of the addition of boron acid and of the type of curing agent employed to cure the epoxy on these characteristics. Calorimetric measurements were made to highlight any changes in the glass transition temperature (Tg) as a result of the addition of boric acid to epoxy resin. Finally, flammability tests were performed on both Epidian 53/PAC and Epidian 53/ET epoxy composites to analyze their fire behavior and consequently establish the effectiveness of the selected additive as a flame retardant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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16 pages, 4745 KiB  
Article
A Novel Technique for Substrate Toughening in Wood Single Lap Joints Using a Zero-Thickness Bio-Adhesive
by Shahin Jalali, Catarina da Silva Pereira Borges, Ricardo João Camilo Carbas, Eduardo André de Sousa Marques, Alireza Akhavan-Safar, Ana Sofia Oliveira Ferreira Barbosa, João Carlos Moura Bordado and Lucas Filipe Martins da Silva
Materials 2024, 17(2), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020448 - 17 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1055
Abstract
In contemporary engineering practices, the utilization of sustainable materials and eco-friendly techniques has gained significant importance. Wooden joints, particularly those created with polyurethan-based bio-adhesives, have garnered significant attention owing to their intrinsic environmental advantages and desirable mechanical properties. In comparison to conventional joining [...] Read more.
In contemporary engineering practices, the utilization of sustainable materials and eco-friendly techniques has gained significant importance. Wooden joints, particularly those created with polyurethan-based bio-adhesives, have garnered significant attention owing to their intrinsic environmental advantages and desirable mechanical properties. In comparison to conventional joining methods, adhesive joints offer distinct benefits such as an enhanced load distribution, reduced stress concentration, and improved aesthetic appeal. In this study, reference and toughened single-lap joint samples were investigated experimentally and numerically under quasi-static loading conditions. The proposed research methodology involves the infusion of a bio-adhesive into the wooden substrate, reinforcing the matrix of its surfaces. This innovative approach was developed to explore a synergetic effect of both wood and bio-adhesive. The experimentally validated results showcase a significant enhancement in joint strength, demonstrating an 85% increase when compared to joints with regular pine substrates. Moreover, the increased delamination thickness observed in toughened joints was found to increase the energy absorption of the joint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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16 pages, 3980 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Model for Understanding the Development of Adhesion during Drying of Cellulose Model Surfaces
by Magdalena Kaplan and Sören Östlund
Materials 2023, 16(4), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041327 - 4 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1504
Abstract
Adhesion is crucial for the development of mechanical properties in fibre-network materials, such as paper or other cellulose fibre biocomposites. The stress transfer within the network is possible through the fibre–fibre joints, which develop their strength during drying. Model surfaces are useful for [...] Read more.
Adhesion is crucial for the development of mechanical properties in fibre-network materials, such as paper or other cellulose fibre biocomposites. The stress transfer within the network is possible through the fibre–fibre joints, which develop their strength during drying. Model surfaces are useful for studying the adhesive strength of joints by excluding other parameters influencing global performance, such as geometry, fibre fibrillation, or surface roughness. Here, a numerical model describes the development of adhesion between a cellulose bead and a rigid surface using an axisymmetric formulation, including moisture diffusion, hygroexpansion, and cohesive surfaces. It is useful for studying the development of stresses during drying. A calibration of model parameters against previously published contact and geometry measurements shows that the model can replicate the observed behaviour. A parameter study shows the influence of cohesive and material parameters on the contact area. The developed model opens possibilities for further studies on model surfaces, with quantification of the adhesion during pull-off measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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16 pages, 8358 KiB  
Article
Creep Crack Growth Behavior during Hot Water Immersion of an Epoxy Adhesive Using a Spring-Loaded Double Cantilever Beam Test Method
by Kota Nakamura, Yu Sekiguchi, Kazumasa Shimamoto, Keiji Houjou, Haruhisa Akiyama and Chiaki Sato
Materials 2023, 16(2), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020607 - 8 Jan 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2944
Abstract
Double cantilever beam (DCB) tests were conducted by immersing the specimens in temperature-controlled water while applying a creep load using a spring. By introducing a data reduction scheme to the spring-loaded DCB test method, it was confirmed that only a single parameter measurement [...] Read more.
Double cantilever beam (DCB) tests were conducted by immersing the specimens in temperature-controlled water while applying a creep load using a spring. By introducing a data reduction scheme to the spring-loaded DCB test method, it was confirmed that only a single parameter measurement was sufficient to calculate the energy release rate (ERR). Aluminum alloy substrates bonded with an epoxy adhesive were used, and DCB tests were performed by changing the initial load values, spring constants, and immersion temperatures for two types of surface treatment. The initial applied load and spring constant had no effect on the ERR threshold. In contrast, the threshold decreased with the increasing immersion temperature, but even in the worst case, it was 15% of the critical ERR in the static tests. Using the creep crack growth relationship, it was revealed that there were three phases of creep immersion crack growth in the adhesive joints, and each phase was affected by the temperature. The spring-loaded DCB test method has great potential for investigating the combined effects of creep, moisture, and temperature, and this study has demonstrated the validity of the test method. The long-term durability of adhesive joints becomes increasingly important, and this test method is expected to become widespread. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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15 pages, 2747 KiB  
Article
Self-Crosslinkable Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives from Silicone-(Meth)acrylate Telomer Syrups
by Mateusz Weisbrodt and Agnieszka Kowalczyk
Materials 2022, 15(24), 8924; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248924 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1949
Abstract
In this study, a novel and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of photoreactive pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) was demonstrated. Adhesive binders based on n-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, and 4-acryloyloxy benzophenone were prepared with a UV-induced telomerization process in the presence of [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of photoreactive pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) was demonstrated. Adhesive binders based on n-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, and 4-acryloyloxy benzophenone were prepared with a UV-induced telomerization process in the presence of triethylsilane (TES) as a telogen and acylphosphine oxide (APO) as a radical photoinitiator. The influence of TES (0–10 wt. parts) and APO (0.05–0.1 wt. parts/100 wt. parts of monomer mixtures) concentrations on the UV telomerization process kinetics was investigated using a photodifferential scanning calorimetry method and selected physicochemical features of the obtained silicone-(met)acrylate telomeric syrups (K-value, solid content, glass-transition temperature, and dynamic viscosity), as well as properties of the obtained PSAs (Tg, adhesion, tack, and cohesion), were studied. An increase in TES content caused a significant decrease in the Tg values (approx. 10 °C) and K-value (up to approximately 25 a.u.) of the dry telomers, as well as the dynamic viscosity of the telomeric syrups. PSAs were obtained through UV irradiation of thin polymer films consisting only of silicone-(meth)acrylate telomer solutions (without the use of additional chemical modifiers or of a protective gas atmosphere and protective layers). PSAs were characterized by very good adhesion (12.4 N/25 mm), cohesion at 20 °C (>72 h) and 70 °C (>72 h), and low glass-transition temperature (−25 °C). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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25 pages, 5700 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Analytical Procedure for Predicting Debonding of Laminate from Substrate Subjected to Monotonic or Cyclic Load
by Marco Lamberti, Francesco Ascione, Annalisa Napoli, Ghani Razaqpur and Roberto Realfonzo
Materials 2022, 15(23), 8690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238690 - 6 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1787
Abstract
The bonding of steel/fiber-reinforced polymer (SRP/FRP) laminate strips to concrete/masonry elements has been found to be an effective and efficient technology for improving the elements’ strength and stiffness. However, premature laminate–substrate debonding is commonly observed in laboratory tests, which prevents the laminate from [...] Read more.
The bonding of steel/fiber-reinforced polymer (SRP/FRP) laminate strips to concrete/masonry elements has been found to be an effective and efficient technology for improving the elements’ strength and stiffness. However, premature laminate–substrate debonding is commonly observed in laboratory tests, which prevents the laminate from reaching its ultimate strength, and this creates uncertainty with respect to the level of strengthening that can be achieved. Therefore, for the safe and effective application of this technology, a close estimate of the debonding load is necessary. Towards this end, in this paper, a new, relatively simple, semi-analytic model is presented to determine the debonding load and the laminate stress and deformation, as well as the interfacial slip, for concrete substrates bonded to SRP/FRP and subjected to monotonic or cyclic loading. In the model, a bond-slip law with a linearly softening branch is combined with an elasto-plastic stress-strain relationship for SRP. The model results are compared with available experimental data from single-lap shear tests, with good agreement between them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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27 pages, 4917 KiB  
Article
Influence of Physical Modification of the Adhesive Composition on the Strength Properties of Aerospace Aluminum Alloy Sheet Adhesive Joints
by Izabela Miturska-Barańska, Anna Rudawska and Elżbieta Doluk
Materials 2022, 15(21), 7799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217799 - 4 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2033
Abstract
One of the most important design factors in the constitution of adhesive joints is the correct choice of adhesive. Currently, there is a full range of options on the commercial market in this regard, but there is increasing research into modifying adhesives for [...] Read more.
One of the most important design factors in the constitution of adhesive joints is the correct choice of adhesive. Currently, there is a full range of options on the commercial market in this regard, but there is increasing research into modifying adhesives for specific engineering applications. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of physical modification with fillers on the properties of the adhesive composition and the adhesive joints. The adhesives used in the study were a composition of Epidian 5 epoxy resin and PAC curing agent modified with 1% montmorillonite, 5% calcium carbonate and 20% activated carbon. The adhesive compositions in the cured state were subjected to strength tests and SEM and DSC analyses. Using these compositions, adhesive joints of EN AW 2024 T3 aluminum alloy sheets were also made. The tests carried out showed that, due to the use of different fillers, their effects on certain properties of the adhesive compositions are different types. It was shown that physical modification of the adhesive composition does not always result in positive effects. The study also attempted to determine the correlation between the properties of the adhesive compositions in the cured state and the strength of the adhesive joints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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18 pages, 2784 KiB  
Article
Adhesive Joint Degradation Due to Hardener-to-Epoxy Ratio Inaccuracy under Varying Curing and Thermal Operating Conditions
by Jakub Szabelski, Robert Karpiński, Józef Jonak and Mariaenrica Frigione
Materials 2022, 15(21), 7765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217765 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1700
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of adhesive joint strength with consideration of the inaccuracy of the hardener dosage, in the context of evaluating the degradation of joints when used either at ambient or elevated temperatures. The butt joint strength [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of adhesive joint strength with consideration of the inaccuracy of the hardener dosage, in the context of evaluating the degradation of joints when used either at ambient or elevated temperatures. The butt joint strength characteristics were assessed for two types of adhesives—rigid and flexible—and two curing scenarios—with and without heat curing. An excess hardener was shown to be significantly more unfavourable than its deficiency, which can ultimately be considered as a recommendation for forming epoxy adhesive joint assemblies. In order to fully understand the relationship between the analysed mechanical properties of the material and the influence of component ratio excesses and heating, a process of fitting basic mathematical models to the obtained experimental data was also performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Application of Adhesive Materials)
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