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Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymeric Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 24895

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Prof. Marcin Nabiałek

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Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: amorphous materials; nanoscience; properties; magnetism; titanium alloys; biomaterials; methods of production of supercooled materials; foundry engineering; new technology; nanomaterials; annealing methods; materials science; physics; chemical engineering; engineering
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MSc Bartłomiej Jeż

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Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: amorphous alloys; magnetism; rapid quenched alloys, new technology; nanomaterials; annealing methods; materials science; physics; chemical engineering; engineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Technological development is associated with the consumption of vast amounts of energy. Increases in environmental pollution and the Greenhouse Effect are driving the search for improvements (and savings) in the field of materials engineering. Therefore, modern construction and functional materials must feature increasingly improved mechanical and performance parameters. The development of these materials relies on the search for new, as well as the improvement of existing, production and material processing methods for alloys, polymers and composites.

An example of a class of modern materials is that of polymers or geopolymers—which are used as construction materials. The interest surrounding those materials is generated by their very good mechanical properties, physical or chemical.

The big advantage of these materials is the possibility of producing them in various shapes and large dimensions.

Often, such materials become support or completely replace conventionally used materials.

Both polymers and composites require continuous improvements. Their processing methods are constantly being improved. In practice, the mechanical properties of the materials can be controlled by their thermal treatment and even method production. Both methods can lead to structural relaxation, which influences the specific properties of these materials.

Composite materials make up an important target in the development of construction and functional materials. It is well known that composites should exhibit better properties than their individual constituents. Composite materials find wide applications in many areas of technology; for example, the medicine, the sports and electronics industries.

The Special Issue of “Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites” concerns all aspects related to the properties and methods of production of those materials. We welcome articles related to this field. It is my pleasure to invite the submission of manuscripts to this Special Issue.

Prof. Marcin Nabiałek
Guest Editor

MSc. Bartłomiej Jeż
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

mechanical properties
new technology
unique properties
special properties
hardness
annealing process
improvement of properties
nanomaterial
structure
amorphous alloys
geopolymers
polymers
composites

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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28 pages, 3961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution of Interfacial Bonding towards Geopolymers Properties in Geopolymers Reinforced Fibers: A Review

by Muhd Hafizuddin Yazid, Meor Ahmad Faris, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Marcin Nabiałek, Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Marwan Kheimi, Andrei Victor Sandu, Adam Rylski and Bartłomiej Jeż

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041496 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2623

Abstract

There is a burgeoning interest in the development of geopolymers as sustainable construction materials and incombustible inorganic polymers. However, geopolymers show quasi-brittle behavior. To overcome this weakness, hundreds of researchers have focused on the development, characterization, and implementation of geopolymer-reinforced fibers for a wide range of applications for light geopolymers concrete. This paper discusses the rapidly developing geopolymer-reinforced fibers, focusing on material and geometrical properties, numerical simulation, and the effect of fibers on the geopolymers. In the section on the effect of fibers on the geopolymers, a comparison between single and hybrid fibers will show the compressive strength and toughness of each type of fiber. It is proposed that interfacial bonding between matrix and fibers is important to obtain better results, and interfacial bonding between matrix and fiber depends on the type of material surface contact area, such as being hydrophobic or hydrophilic, as well as the softness or roughness of the surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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13 pages, 2976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Addition on Wettability and Optical Properties of GO/TiO₂ Thin Film

by Azliza Azani, Dewi Suriyani Che Halin, Kamrosni Abdul Razak, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Marcin Nabiałek, Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli, Mohd Fairul Sharin Abdul Razak, Andrei Victor Sandu, Wojciech Sochacki and Tomasz Skrzypczak

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4564; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164564 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2196

Abstract

Modification has been made to TiO₂ thin film to improve the wettability and the absorption of light. The sol-gel spin coating method was successfully used to synthesize GO/TiO₂ thin films using a titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor. Different amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (20 to 100 mg) were added into the parent sol solution to improve the optical properties and wettability of the GO/TiO₂ thin film. The effect of different amounts of PEG was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the phase composition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for microstructure observation, atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the surface topography, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS) for the optical properties and wettability of the thin films by measuring the water contact angle. The XRD analysis showed the amorphous phase. The SEM and AFM images revealed that the particles were less agglomerated and surface roughness increases from 1.21 × 10² to 2.63 × 10² nm when the amount of PEG increased. The wettability analysis results show that the water contact angle of the thin film decreased to 27.52° with the increase of PEG to 80 mg which indicated that the thin film has hydrophilic properties. The optical properties also improved significantly, where the light absorbance wavelength became wider and the band gap was reduced from 3.31 to 2.82 eV with the presence of PEG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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10 pages, 1004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Density Polyethylene Composites Reinforced with Glassy Carbon

by Piotr Olesik, Marcin Godzierz, Mateusz Kozioł, Jakub Jała, Urszula Szeluga and Jerzy Myalski

Materials 2021, 14(14), 4024; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14144024 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3001

Abstract

In this paper, we investigated theimpact of glassy carbon (GC) reinforcement oncrystal structure and the mechanical performance of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). We made composite samples by mixing HDPE granules with powder in ethanol followed bymelt mixing in a laboratory extruder. Along with the investigated composite, we also prepared samples with carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene (GNP) and graphite (Gr) to compare GC impact with already used carbon fillers. To evaluate crystal structure and crystallinity, we used X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We supported the XRD results with a residual stress analysis (RSA) according to the EN15305 standard. Analysis showed that reinforcing with GC leads to significant crystallite size reduction and low residual stress values. We evaluated the mechanical properties of composites with hardness and tensile testing. The addition of glassy carbon results inincreased mechanical strength incomposites with CNT and GNP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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14 pages, 4903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Thermal Degradation of FKM on Three-Body Abrasion under Dry Sliding: Severe Damage Led by the Particle Detention

by Kun Qin, Qin Zhou, Kai Zhang and Minghao Lv

Materials 2021, 14(14), 3820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143820 - 8 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2465

Abstract

Both the high temperature and particle environment at the downhole greatly aggravate the abrasive wear and shorten the service life of the fluororubber (FKM) seal seriously in drilling engineering. At present, there is less awareness of the tribological behavior of seals in such complex working conditions. In this work, the abrasive wear performance of the thermally degraded FKM seal was tested in the form of simulating the intrusion of abrasive particles into the interface. Results show that the wear of both rubber seals and metal counterparts is exacerbated. Through the analysis of the wear scar morphology and friction coefficient, it is revealed that more abrasive caves scatter on the surface due to the mechanical degradation of the FKM. These abrasion caves reduce the tendency of particles to escape from the caves and prolong the abrasive action. Furthermore, the abrasion cave alters the particle motion from sliding to rolling, which leads to more caves generated on the surface of the hard tribo-pair. These results enhance the understanding of the abrasive wear for FKM seals and hopefully contribute to the promotion of seals used in hot abrasive particle environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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22 pages, 2264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relation between Density and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete

by Rokiah Othman, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Khairunisa Muthusamy, MohdArif Sulaiman, Youventharan Duraisamy, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Anna Przybył, Wojciech Sochacki, Tomasz Skrzypczak, Petrica Vizureanu and Andrei Victor Sandu

Materials 2021, 14(11), 2967; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112967 - 31 May 2021

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 5520

Abstract

This study aims to obtain the relationship between density and compressive strength of foamed concrete. Foamed concrete is a preferred building material due to the low density of its concrete. In foamed concrete, the compressive strength reduces with decreasing density. Generally, a denser foamed concrete produces higher compressive strength and lower volume of voids. In the present study, the tests were carried out in stages in order to investigate the effect of sand–cement ratio, water to cement ratio, foam dosage, and dilution ratio on workability, density, and compressive strength of the control foamed concrete specimen. Next, the test obtained the optimum content of processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) as partial cement replacement in the foamed concrete. Based on the experimental results, the use of 1:1.5 cement to sand ratio for the mortar mix specified the best performance for density, workability, and 28-day compressive strength. Increasing the sand to cement ratio increased the density and compressive strength of the mortar specimen. In addition, in the production of control foamed concrete, increasing the foam dosage reduced the density and compressive strength of the control specimen. Similarly with the dilution ratio, the compressive strength of the control foamed concrete decreased with an increasing dilution ratio. The employment of PSBE significantly influenced the density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete. An increase in the percentage of PSBE reduced the density of the foamed concrete. The compressive strength of the foamed concrete that incorporated PSBE increased with increasing PSBE content up to 30% PSBE. In conclusion, the compressive strength of foamed concrete depends on its density. It was revealed that the use of 30% PSBE as a replacement for cement meets the desired density of 1600 kg/m³, with stability and consistency in workability, and it increases the compressive strength dramatically from 10 to 23 MPa as compared to the control specimen. Thus, it demonstrated that the positive effect of incorporation of PSBE in foamed concrete is linked to the pozzolanic effect whereby more calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) produces denser foamed concrete, which leads to higher strength, and it is less pore connected. In addition, the regression analysis shows strong correlation between density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete due to the R² being closer to one. Thus, production of foamed concrete incorporating 30% PSBE might have potential for sustainable building materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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19 pages, 18787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation on the Mechanical Properties of Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash Stabilized Soil via Geopolymer Process

by Syafiadi Rizki Abdila, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Romisuhani Ahmad, Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim, Małgorzata Rychta, Izabela Wnuk, Marcin Nabiałek, Krzysztof Muskalski, Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir, Syafwandi, Muhammad Isradi and Marek Gucwa

Materials 2021, 14(11), 2833; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112833 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5754

Abstract

This study intended to address the problem of damaged (collapsed, cracked and decreased soil strength) road pavement structure built on clay soil due to clay soil properties such as low shear strength, high soil compressibility, low soil permeability, low soil strength, and high soil plasticity. Previous research reported that ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and fly ash can be used for clay soil stabilizations, but the results of past research indicate that the road pavement construction standards remained unfulfilled, especially in terms of clay’s subgrade soil. Due to this reason, this study is carried out to further investigate soil stabilization using GGBS and fly ash-based geopolymer processes. This study investigates the effects of GGBS and ratios of fly ash (solid) to alkaline activator (liquid) of 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1, cured for 1 and 7 days. The molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the ratio of sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was fixed at 10 molar and 2.0 weight ratio. The mechanical properties of the soil stabilization based geopolymer process were tested using an unconfined compression test, while the characterization of soil stabilization was investigated using the plastic limit test, liquid limit test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the highest strength obtained was 3.15 MPA with a GGBS to alkaline activator ratio of 1.5 and Na₂SiO₃ to NaOH ratio of 2.0 at 7 days curing time. These findings are useful in enhancing knowledge in the field of soil stabilization-based geopolymer, especially for applications in pavement construction. In addition, it can be used as a reference for academicians, civil engineers, and geotechnical engineers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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11 pages, 3061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Gypsum Waste Utilization on Properties and Leachability of Fired Clay Brick

by Nur Jannah Abdul Hamid, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Nurul Nabila Huda Hashar, Paweł Pietrusiewicz, Marcin Nabiałek, Izabela Wnuk, Marcek Gucwa, Paweł Palutkiewicz, Azini Amiza Hashim, Noor Amira Sarani, Amos Anak Nio, Norazian Mohamed Noor and Bartłomiej Jez

Materials 2021, 14(11), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112800 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2382

Abstract

Wastewater treatment activities in the chemical industry have generated abundant gypsum waste, classified as scheduled waste (SW205) under the Environmental Quality Regulations 2005. The waste needs to be disposed into a secure landfill due to the high heavy metals content which is becoming a threat to the environment. Hence, an alternative disposal method was evaluated by recycling the waste into fired clay brick. The brick samples were incorporated with different percentages of gypsum waste (0% as control, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) and were fired at 1050 °C using 1 °C per minute heating rate. Shrinkage, dry density, initial rate of suction (IRS) and compressive strength tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the brick, while the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) was performed to scrutinize the leachability of heavy metals from the crushed brick samples. The results showed that the properties would decrease through the incorporation of gypsum waste and indicated the best result at 10% of waste utilization with 47.5% of shrinkage, 1.37% of dry density, 22.87% of IRS and 28.3% of compressive strength. In addition, the leachability test highlighted that the concentrations of Fe and Al was significantly reduced up to 100% from 4884 to 3.13 ppm (Fe) and from 16,134 to 0.81 ppm (Al), respectively. The heavy metals content in the bricks were oxidized during the firing process, which signified the successful remediation of heavy metals in the samples. Based on the permissible incorporation of gypsum waste into fired clay brick, this study promised a more green disposing method for gypsum waste, and insight as a potential towards achieving a sustainable end product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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13 pages, 38707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Porous Epoxy Micro-Beads Using Ammonium Bicarbonate through a Single Epoxy Droplet in Corn Oil

by Anusha Leemsuthep, Zunaida Zakaria, Varaporn Tanrattanakul, Suganti Ramarad, Mathialagan Muniyadi, Tomasz Jaruga, Yamuna Munusamy, Izabela Wnuk and Paweł Pietrusiewicz

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092282 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2327

Abstract

This paper explored the effects of ammonium bicarbonate and different ratios of epoxy to polyamide on the formation of porous epoxy micro-beads through a single epoxy droplet. A single drop of a mixture, consisting of epoxy, polyamide, and ammonium bicarbonate, was dropped into heated corn oil at a temperature of 100 °C. An epoxy droplet was formed due to the immiscibility of the epoxy mixture and corn oil. The ammonium bicarbonate within this droplet underwent a decomposition reaction, while the epoxy and polyamide underwent a curing reaction, to form porous epoxy micro-beads. The result showed that the higher ammonium bicarbonate content in the porous, epoxy micro-beads increased the decomposition rate up to 11.52 × 10⁻³ cm³/s. In addition, a higher total volume of gas was generated when a higher ammonium bicarbonate content was decomposed. This led to the formation of porous epoxy micro-beads with a smaller particle size, lower specific gravity, and better thermal stability. At an epoxy to polyamide ratio of 10:6, many smaller micro-beads, with particle sizes ranging from 201 to 400 μm, were obtained at an ammonium bicarbonate content of 10 phr. Moreover, the porous epoxy micro-beads with open pores were shown to have a low specific gravity of about 0.93 and high thermal stability at a high ammonium bicarbonate content. Based on the findings, it was concluded that porous epoxy micro-beads were successfully produced using a single epoxy droplet in heated corn oil, where their shape and particle size depended on the content of ammonium bicarbonate and the ratio of epoxy to polyamide used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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15 pages, 3164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of MMA Esterification on Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Kenaf Bast/Glass Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites

by Rozyanty Rahman, Syed Zhafer Firdaus Syed Putra, Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim, Irwana Nainggolan, Bartłomiej Jeż, Marcin Nabiałek, Luqman Musa, Andrei Victor Sandu, Petrica Vizureanu, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Dariusz Kwiatkowski and Izabela Wnuk

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092276 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2091

Abstract

The demand for natural fiber hybrid composites for various applications has increased, which is leading to more research being conducted on natural fiber hybrid composites due to their promising mechanical properties. However, the incompatibility of natural fiber with polymer matrix limits the performance of the natural fiber hybrid composite. In this research work, the mechanical properties and fiber-to-matrix interfacial adhesion were investigated. The efficiency of methyl methacrylate (MMA)-esterification treatments on composites’ final product performance was determined. The composite was prepared using the hand lay-up method with varying kenaf bast fiber (KBF) contents of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 (weight%) and hybridized with glass fiber (GF) at 5 and 10 (weight%). Unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) were used as binders and catalysts, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to examine the effects of MMA-esterification treatment on tensile strength and morphology (tensile fracture and characterization of MMA-esterification treatment) of the composite fabricated. The tensile strength of MMA-treated reinforced UPE and hybrid composites are higher than that of untreated composites. As for MMA treatment, 90 min of treatment showed the highest weight percent gain (WPG) and tensile strength of KBF-reinforced UPE composites. It can be concluded that the esterification of MMA on the KBF can lead to better mechanical properties and adhesion between the KFB and the UPE matrix. This research provides a clear reference for developing hybrid natural fibers, thus contributing to the current field of knowledge related to GF composites, specifically in transportation diligences due to their properties of being lightweight, superior, and involving low production cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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12 pages, 4175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Sintering Temperature of Kaolin, Slag, and Fly Ash Geopolymers on the Microstructure, Phase Analysis, and Electrical Conductivity

by Nur Nadiah Izzati Zulkifli, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Anna Przybył, Paweł Pietrusiewicz, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Ikmal Hakem Aziz, Dariusz Kwiatkowski, Marcin Gacek, Marek Gucwa and Jitrin Chaiprapa

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092213 - 26 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2669

Abstract

This paper clarified the microstructural element distribution and electrical conductivity changes of kaolin, fly ash, and slag geopolymer at 900 °C. The surface microstructure analysis showed the development in surface densification within the geopolymer when in contact with sintering temperature. It was found that the electrical conductivity was majorly influenced by the existence of the crystalline phase within the geopolymer sample. The highest electrical conductivity (8.3 × 10⁻⁴ Ωm⁻¹) was delivered by slag geopolymer due to the crystalline mineral of gehlenite (3Ca₂Al₂SiO₇). Using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence, the high concentration Ca boundaries revealed the appearance of gehlenite crystallisation, which was believed to contribute to development of denser microstructure and electrical conductivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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Review

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30 pages, 3066 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of the Suitability of Ceramic Waste in Geopolymer Composites: An Appraisal

by Ismail Luhar, Salmabanu Luhar, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Marcin Nabiałek, Andrei Victor Sandu, Janusz Szmidla, Anna Jurczyńska, Rafiza Abdul Razak, Ikmal Hakem A Aziz, Noorina Hidayu Jamil and Laila Mardiah Deraman

Materials 2021, 14(12), 3279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123279 - 14 Jun 2021

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4243

Abstract

Currently, novel inorganic alumino-silicate materials, known as geopolymer composites, have emerged swiftly as an ecobenevolent alternative to contemporary ordinary Portland cement (OPC) building materials since they display superior physical and chemical attributes with a diverse range of possible potential applications. The said innovative geopolymer technology necessitates less energy and low carbon footprints as compared to OPC-based materials because of the incorporation of wastes and/or industrial byproducts as binders replacing OPC. The key constituents of ceramic are silica and alumina and, hence, have the potential to be employed as an aggregate to manufacture ceramic geopolymer concrete. The present manuscript presents a review of the performance of geopolymer composites incorporated with ceramic waste, concerning workability, strength, durability, and elevated resistance evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modern Amorphous Materials, Polymers, Geopolymers, Composites)

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