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5 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock

by Xi Du, Youliang Chen and Tomás Manuel Fernández-Steeger

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3375; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093375 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1035

Abstract

Mineral materials have historically been extensively utilised in human society, and they hold significant prominence in various domains such as military, aerospace, electronics, and environmental conservation [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

Research

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14 pages, 2842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnesium Silicate Binding Materials Formed from Heat-Treated Serpentine-Group Minerals and Aqueous Solutions: Structural Features, Acid-Neutralizing Capacity, and Strength Properties

by Tatiana K. Ivanova, Irina P. Kremenetskaya, Valentina V. Marchevskaya, Marina V. Slukovskaya and Svetlana V. Drogobuzhskaya

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8785; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248785 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1543

Abstract

The influence of structural features of three serpentine-group minerals (antigorite, chrysotile, and lizardite) on the hydration of heat-treated materials and the formation of magnesium silicate binder has been studied. Initial serpentine samples have been fired in the interval 550–800 °C with a step [...] Read more.

The influence of structural features of three serpentine-group minerals (antigorite, chrysotile, and lizardite) on the hydration of heat-treated materials and the formation of magnesium silicate binder has been studied. Initial serpentine samples have been fired in the interval 550–800 °C with a step of 50 °C; acid neutralization capacity (ANC) values have been determined for all samples. Antigorite samples (SAP) have exhibited a maximum reactivity at a temperature of 700 °C (ANC 7.7 meq/g). We have established that the acid-neutralizing capacity of chrysotile and lizardite samples in the temperature range of 650–700 °C differ slightly; the capacity varied in the interval of 19.6–19.7 meq/g and 19.6–19.7 meq/g, respectively. The samples obtained at optimal temperatures (antigorite—700 °C, lizardite, and chrysotile—650 °C) have been studied. Heat-treated serpentines have interacted with water vapor for a year; serpentine hydration has been investigated. The strength characteristics of the resulting binder agents were studied after 7, 28, 180, and 360 days. Upon hardening within 7 days, the strengths of the SAP and SCH samples have been almost the same (2.2 MPa), whereas this indicator for the SLH and SLK samples has been significantly lower (0.5 MPa). After hardening for over a year, the chrysotile sample SCH had the highest strength (about 8 MPa), whereas the strength of antigorite SAP was 3 MPa. The samples of initial, heat-treated, and hydrated heat-treated serpentines have been studied using XRD, differential scanning calorimetry, and surface texture analysis. The serpentine structure is crucial in destroying the mineral crystal lattice during heat treatment. In contrast to heat-treated chrysotile and lizardite, antigorite did not adsorb water. Structural features of chrysotile provided the highest compressive strength of the binding agent compared with antigorite and lizardite. The acid-neutralizing ability of lizardite was noticeably higher than antigorite, whereas its compressive strength was lower due to the layered mineral structure and impurities. We have established that the minerals’ structural features are crucial for the hydration of heat-treated serpentines; the structure determines material utilization in various environmental technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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13 pages, 6473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Thermophysical and Mechanical Properties of Sandstone Due to High-Temperature

by Zhen Dong, Yanpeng Chen, Xinggang Wang, Lingfeng Kong, Lianguo Wang, Xinning Li, Fenjin Sun, Ke Ding, Hanqi Wu, Shanshan Chen and Mengyuan Zhang

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238692 - 6 Dec 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1745

Abstract

In this study, thermophysical and mechanical tests were conducted on sandstone samples from room temperature to 1000 °C. Based on the test results, the thermophysical properties (such as specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient) of sandstone after high-temperature treatment and [...] Read more.

In this study, thermophysical and mechanical tests were conducted on sandstone samples from room temperature to 1000 °C. Based on the test results, the thermophysical properties (such as specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient) of sandstone after high-temperature treatment and the variations of mechanical properties (including peak strength, peak strain, elastic modulus, and whole stress-strain curve) with temperature were analyzed. Indeed, the deterioration law of sandstone after high-temperature treatment was also explored with the aid of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that with the increase in temperature, the specific heat capacity and thermal expansion coefficient of sandstone samples after high-temperature treatment increase first and then decrease, while the thermal conductivity gradually decreases. The range from room temperature to 1000 °C witnesses the following changes: As temperature rises, the peak strength of sandstone rises initially and falls subsequently; the elastic modulus drops; the peak strain increases at an accelerated rate. Temperature change has a significant effect on the deterioration rules of sandstone, and the increase in temperature contributes to the transition in the failure mode of sandstone from brittle failure to ductile failure. The experimental study on the thermophysical and mechanical properties of sandstone under the action of high temperature and overburden pressure has a guiding significance for the site selection and safety evaluation of UCG projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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13 pages, 2002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Chemical Damage Creep Model of Rock Considering the Influence of Triaxial Stress

by Youliang Chen, Qijian Chen, Yungui Pan, Peng Xiao, Xi Du, Suran Wang, Ning Zhang and Xiaojian Wu

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217590 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1485

Abstract

In order to accurately describe the characteristics of each stage of rock creep behavior under the combined action of acid environment and true triaxial stress, based on damage mechanics, chemical damage is connected with elastic modulus; thus, the damage relations considering creep stress [...] Read more.

In order to accurately describe the characteristics of each stage of rock creep behavior under the combined action of acid environment and true triaxial stress, based on damage mechanics, chemical damage is connected with elastic modulus; thus, the damage relations considering creep stress damage and chemical damage are obtained. The elastic body, nonlinear Kelvin body, linear Kelvin body, and viscoelastic–plastic body (Mogi–Coulomb) are connected in series, and the actual situation under the action of true triaxial stress is considered at the same time. Therefore, a damage creep constitutive model considering the coupling of rock acid corrosion and true triaxial stress is established. The parameters of the deduced model are identified and verified with the existing experimental research results. The yield surface equation of rock under true triaxial stress is obtained by data fitting, and the influence of intermediate principal stress on the creep model is discussed. The derived constitutive model can accurately describe the characteristics of each stage of true triaxial creep behavior of rock under acid environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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23 pages, 13356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Particle Shape on Ground Responses to a Circular Tunnel Excavation in Sandy Soil: Consequences from DEM Simulations

by Zixin Zhang, Xiaogeng Gao and Shuaifeng Wang

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7088; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207088 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1455

Abstract

Due to the sensitivity of sandy soil’s mechanical behavior to the particle shape, it is thus of importance for interpreting the effect of particle shape on the ground response induced by tunnel excavation in sandy formations. We conducted a series of 2D DEM [...] Read more.

Due to the sensitivity of sandy soil’s mechanical behavior to the particle shape, it is thus of importance for interpreting the effect of particle shape on the ground response induced by tunnel excavation in sandy formations. We conducted a series of 2D DEM (discrete element method) simulations on a common circular tunnel excavation in sandy soil with variable-shaped particles, which are characterized as two descriptors, i.e., aspect ratio (AR) and convexity (C). The macroscopic responses and the microscopic characteristics of the sandy ground are elaborated in detail. The simulation results show obvious asymmetrical features of the excavated ground, which results from the ground heterogeneity caused by the irregular particle shape. In addition, we investigate the roles of AR and C on the ground response and find that reducing AR or increasing C will enlarge the ground settlement, i.e., the sandy ground deformation is more sensitive to the particles with more irregular shapes. However, elongated particles are beneficial for the generation of soil arching with stronger bearing capacity and thus reduce the soil pressure on the tunnel lining. Our findings have important implications for the safety assessment of the tunnel excavation, as well as other underground structure construction in sandy formations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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21 pages, 8606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possibility of Using Natural Zeolite Waste Granules Obtained by Pressure Agglomeration as a Sorbent for Petroleum Substances from Paved Surfaces

by Ewelina Pabiś-Mazgaj, Paweł Pichniarczyk, Agata Stempkowska and Tomasz Gawenda

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196871 - 3 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1975

Abstract

Increasing incidents of oil spills and dynamic development of civilization are driving the demand for sorbents. The production of the overwhelming majority of mineral sorbents involves the highly energy-consuming calcination process with CO₂ emissions impacting the environment. Taking into account the environmental [...] Read more.

Increasing incidents of oil spills and dynamic development of civilization are driving the demand for sorbents. The production of the overwhelming majority of mineral sorbents involves the highly energy-consuming calcination process with CO₂ emissions impacting the environment. Taking into account the environmental issues related to greenhouse gas emissions, we are in urgent need of green products and green technologies. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using natural zeolite dust waste to produce oil sorbents in non-calcination technology. The main advantage of the proposed solution is reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and transformation of the waste material into green, useful product. The scope of the research covered the experimental tests for compaction of the zeolite material from Ukraine and Slovakia in a roller press with different type of binding agent and the performance tests for assessing the suitability of the produced agglomerates as a petroleum sorbent. In order to evaluate the agglomerates’ properties, textural-structural analysis (optical microscopy, SEM microscopy, and low-temperature N₂ sorption), petroleum sorption (Westinghouse method), and physical-mechanical tests (resistance to gravitational drop, abrasion resistance) were carried out. Properties of the manufactured agglomerates were studied in comparison to commercial sorbent DAMSORB, commonly used in Poland. The test results showed that it is doable to produce the effective surface oil-spill sorbent from zeolite waste dust in a roller press by applying the relevant binding agent. The main finding of this study was that optimum feed composition for dry granulation that provides the granular sorbent with the best properties was established: 6% of C binder and moisture content within a narrow range of 20–20.6%. The C-1 sorbent achieved the highest and closely comparable to commercial sorbent parameters of petroleum sorption and drop strength, which are key points of this study. The absorption efficiency of petroleum substances for C-1 sorbent is 8% lower than that of a commercial sorbent, and resistance to gravitational drop is lower by only 3%. However, commercial sorbent exhibited better abrasion resistance compared to produced agglomerates, which is a compelling reason to continue the research in order to enhance the abrasion performance of the manufactured granules. The effectiveness of the dust consolidation method carried out was proved by textural parameters of the obtained zeolite-based sorbents. Specific surface area (S_BET) of B-2 (S_BET = 28.1 m²/g) and C-2 (S_BET = 28.3 m²/g) sorbents was very similar to the commercial sorbent (S_BET = 28.1 m²/g). Interestingly, all granules produced from clinoptilolite dust from Slovakia (A-2, B-2, C-2) achieved an increase of 19%, 33%, and 35%, respectively, in volume of mesopores, compared to the commercial sorbent. Moreover, the presented granulation technology favorably affected the size of the specific surface area as well as volume and surface area of mesopores in the case of obtained zeolite-based sorbent A-1 and B-1, compared with the starting raw material. Zeolite-based sorbent A-1 and B-1 achieved an increase of 17% and 18%, respectively, in specific area surface and an increase of 35% and 12%, respectively, in mesopores volume, compared with the raw material. Finally, the results of this investigation proved that it is possible to produce the efficient oil sorbent in a much more eco-friendly and green way, compared with that of the commercial sorbent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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20 pages, 6196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quantitative Study of Micro and Macro Mechanical Parameters Based on the PFC^3D Flat-Joint Model

by You-Liang Chen, Yun-Gui Pan, Xi Du, Qi-Jian Chen, Shao-Ming Liao, Ning Zhang, Su-Ran Wang and Bin Peng

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6790; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196790 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1762

Abstract

The flat-joint model, which constructs round particles as polygons, can suppress rotation after breakage between particles and simulate more larger compression and tension ratios than the linear parallel-bond model. The flat-joint contact model was chosen for this study to calibrate the rock for [...] Read more.

The flat-joint model, which constructs round particles as polygons, can suppress rotation after breakage between particles and simulate more larger compression and tension ratios than the linear parallel-bond model. The flat-joint contact model was chosen for this study to calibrate the rock for 3D experiments. In the unit experiments, the triaxial unit was loaded with flexible boundaries, and the influence of each microscopic parameter on the significance magnitude of the macroscopic parameters (modulus of elasticity E, Poisson’s ratio ν, uniaxial compressive strength UCS, crack initiation strength σ_ci, internal friction angle φ and uniaxial tensile strength TS) was analysed by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) in an orthogonal experimental design. Among them, E_ƒ, k_ƒ has a significant effect on E; C_ƒ and k_ƒ have a significant effect on ν; C_ƒ, σ_ƒ and k_ƒ have a significant effect on UCS; C_ƒ; σ_ƒ and E_ƒ have a significant effect on TS; R_sd has a significant effect on σ_ci; and φ_f, E_ƒ, k_ƒ, μ_ƒ, and σ_ƒ have a significant effect on φ. Regressions were then carried out to establish the equations for calculating the macroscopic parameters of the rock material so that the three-dimensional microscopic parameters of the PFC can be quantitatively analysed and calculated. The correctness of the establishment of the macroscopic equations was verified by comparing the numerical and damage patterns of uniaxial compression, Brazilian splitting, and triaxial experiments with those of numerical simulation units in the chamber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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24 pages, 13310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and DEM-Based Numerical Studies on the Shearing Characteristics of Talus-like Rock Mass

by Xiaochang Li, Zixin Zhang, Yinlian Yi and Shuaifeng Wang

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186372 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1732

Abstract

The talus-like rock mass is a special kind of geomaterial widely distributed in southwestern China, which has induced serious engineering disasters for tunneling engineering. However, the mechanical behavior of the talus-like rock mass remains unclear as the previous studies mainly focused on similar [...] Read more.

The talus-like rock mass is a special kind of geomaterial widely distributed in southwestern China, which has induced serious engineering disasters for tunneling engineering. However, the mechanical behavior of the talus-like rock mass remains unclear as the previous studies mainly focused on similar geomaterials such as the soil–rock mixtures. In this paper, we have carried out both experimental and discrete element method (DEM)-based numerical analyses to investigate the shearing characteristics of the talus-like rock mass collected from a real project site. Large-scale direct shear tests reveal that the strength parameters increase with the block content, which is different from the traditional soil–rock mixture. A dependence has been discovered in that the specimen dilation becomes more obvious under lower normal stress and larger block content. It is also observed that higher normal stress is beneficial for crushing blocks. The force chains obtained in the DEM simulations show that distinct internal structures are generated in the rock samples with different block contents. The distribution of coordination number establishes the dependence of fabric stability on block content during shearing. Bond-break evolution reveals the tendencies of crushed particles were consistent with those of experimental tests. The findings provide a more in-depth understanding about the mechanical behavior of the talus-like rock mass, which helps to uncover the cause of the collapse of the real tunnel project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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11 pages, 3493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insight on the Void Ratio–Suction Relationship of Compacted Bentonite during Hydration

by Yang Wang, Jun Teng, Qi Huang, Wei Wang and Zhenyang Ren

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5173; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155173 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1400

Abstract

Investigation on swelling characteristics of buffer/backfill materials during hydration is an important issue in the design of artificial barriers in high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal repositories. In this work, for clarifying the characteristic of void ratio–suction relationship for compacted bentonite on hydration path, [...] Read more.

Investigation on swelling characteristics of buffer/backfill materials during hydration is an important issue in the design of artificial barriers in high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal repositories. In this work, for clarifying the characteristic of void ratio–suction relationship for compacted bentonite on hydration path, suction-controlled swelling deformation tests under constant vertical stresses 0.001~40 MPa were carried out on compacted bentonite specimens. Four different types of void ratio-suction curves indicated that swelling-collapse behavior under hydration depends on suction and over-consolidation ratio (OCR), based on which the swelling index was defined. Then, equations were proposed for describing the swelling-collapse characteristic of void ratio–suction curves. Simulation results of suction-controlled swelling deformation tests show that the different types of the hydration deformation curves could be well described by the proposed equations. Obviously, the proposed equations could be used for description and prediction of swelling characteristics of compacted bentonite during hydration, which is also of great importance for the safety assessment of the HLW repositories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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18 pages, 30636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Semi-Analytical Solution for Shock Wave Pressure and Radius of Soil Plastic Zone Induced by Lightning Strikes

by Zhilin Wu, Pingping Rao, Sanjay Nimbalkar, Qingsheng Chen, Jifei Cui and Peihao Ouyang

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062239 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2083

Abstract

A semi-analytical solution for forecasting the soil behavior induced by lightning strikes is of great engineering significance to calculate the radius of the soil plastic zone. In this paper, a simplified two-stage method is employed to solve the shock wave pressure and the [...] Read more.

A semi-analytical solution for forecasting the soil behavior induced by lightning strikes is of great engineering significance to calculate the radius of the soil plastic zone. In this paper, a simplified two-stage method is employed to solve the shock wave pressure and the radius of the soil plastic zone. The solution is verified against experimental data. Using the present model, the major factors dominating the shock wave pressure and the radius of the soil plastic zone are investigated. The results show that (1) the radius of the soil plastic zone (r_p) induced by lightning decreases monotonically with cohesion (c) and internal friction angle (φ), while c has a better effect on soil properties than φ does; (2) increasing the initial radius of the plasma channel (r_i₀) can reduce the pressure (P) and increasing r_i₀ has a nonnegligible effect on r_p; with r_i₀ increasing by 100%, the radius of the soil plastic zone increases by 47.9–59.7%; (3) the plasma channel length (L) has a significant influence on P and r_p, especially when L is at a relatively low level; (4) the r_p induced by lightning decreases exponentially with attenuation coefficient (a); (5) the wavefront time is a major factor while the half-value time is a minor factor for the shock wave pressure induced by plasma explosives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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27 pages, 12543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism Analysis of Rock Failure Process under High-Voltage Electropulse: Analytical Solution and Simulation

by Pingping Rao, Peihao Ouyang, Sanjay Nimbalkar, Qingsheng Chen, Jifei Cui and Zhilin Wu

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062188 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2634

Abstract

This work aims to investigate and analyse the mechanism of rock failure under high-voltage electropulses in order to evaluate and increase the efficiency of high-voltage pulse technology in geological well drilling, tunnel boring, and other geotechnical engineering applications. To this end, this paper [...] Read more.

This work aims to investigate and analyse the mechanism of rock failure under high-voltage electropulses in order to evaluate and increase the efficiency of high-voltage pulse technology in geological well drilling, tunnel boring, and other geotechnical engineering applications. To this end, this paper discusses the equivalent circuit of electric pulse rock breaking, the model of shock wave in electro channel plasma, and, particularly, the model of rock failure in order to disclose the rock failure process when exposed to high-voltage electropulse. This article uses granite as an example to present an analytical approach for predicting the mechanical behaviour of high-voltage electropulses and to analyse the damage that occurs. A numerical model based on equivalent circuit, shock wave model, and elasto-brittle failure criterion is developed for granite under electropulse to further examine the granite failure process. Under the conditions described in this study, and using granite as an example, the granite is impacted by a discharge device (Marx generator) with an initial voltage U₀ that is 10 kV and a capacitance F that is 5 µF before it begins to degrade at about 40 µs after discharge, with the current reaching its peak at approximately 50 µs. The shock wave pressure then attains a peak at about 70 µs. Dense short cracks form around granite and the dominant cracks grow to an average length of about 20 cm at around 200 µs. The crack width d_cr is predicted to be approximately 1.6 mm. This study detects dense cracks in a few centimetres surrounding the borehole, while around seven dominant cracks expand outward. The distribution of the length of the dominating cracks can be inhomogeneous because of the spatial heterogeneity of granite’s tensile strength, however the heterogeneity has an insignificant effect on the crack growth rate, total cracked area, or the number of main cracks. The mechanism of rock failure under electropulse can be well supported by the findings of numerical simulations and analytical studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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22 pages, 13446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship of Mineralogical Composition to Thermal Expansion, Spectral Reflectance, and Physico-Mechanical Aspects of Commercial Ornamental Granitic Rocks

by Abdullah M. Alzahrani, El Saeed R. Lasheen and Mohammed A. Rashwan

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062041 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2522

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to link the thermal expansion, spectral reflectance, and physico-mechanical aspects of different types of commercial granitic rocks with their mineralogical and chemical composition. The granitic rock types were characterized using several analyses, including petrography, chemical, mineralogical, [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study is to link the thermal expansion, spectral reflectance, and physico-mechanical aspects of different types of commercial granitic rocks with their mineralogical and chemical composition. The granitic rock types were characterized using several analyses, including petrography, chemical, mineralogical, and thermo-gravimetrical analysis using XRF, XRD, and TG/DTG/DSC techniques. The rock types were subjected to several performance tests, such as tests of their thermal expansion, spectral reflectance, and physico-mechanical properties. The results revealed that quartz, albite, and potash feldspar with minor amounts of mica (biotite/muscovite/annite) are the main mineralogical constitutes, in addition to some alteration minerals, such as kaolinite, saussorite, and prehnite. The studied granitic rocks were classified as monzogranite/syenogranite of high K-calc-alkaline and peraluminous characters and are related to late- to post-collisional settings. The thermogravimetrical analysis revealed that the overall mass loss over the whole temperature range up to 978 °C did not exceed 3% of the initial weight for all studied rocks. The results of thermal expansion revealed that the maximum change in linear thermal expansion for all rock types did not exceed 0.015% of their initial lengths at an unusual air temperature of 50 °C. The spectral analysis revealed that iron and hydroxyl ions are the main spectral absorption features that appeared in the VIS-NIR and SWIR regions, in addition to the appearance of the common and distinctive absorption peaks of the main mineral composition. Furthermore, the spectral reflectance demonstrated that the granitic rock types of low iron oxide content achieved a high reflectivity percent in the VIS-NIR and SWIR spectral regions compared with those of high iron content. As a general trend, the granitic rock types of high iron content and/or lower quartz content exhibited a high performance regarding their physical and mechanical properties, such as water absorption, apparent porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, and abrasion resistance. The results of water absorption, density, strength, and abrasion resistance of the studied granitic rocks are in the range of 0.14–0.31%, 2582–2644 kg/m³, 77.85–222.75 MPa, and 26.27–55.91 Ha, respectively, conforming to the requirements of ornamental stones according to the ASTM standard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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26 pages, 3790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on the Breaching Process of Landslide Dams with Differing Materials under Different Inflow Conditions

by Zhenming Shi, Gongding Zhang, Ming Peng, Qingzhao Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhou and Mingjun Zhou

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062029 - 9 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2562

Abstract

Landslide dams are dangerous because the outburst floods produced by dam failures seriously threaten life and property downstream. In this study, a series of physical flume tests were conducted to investigate the breaching process of landslide dams with fine-grained, well graded, and coarse-grained [...] Read more.

Landslide dams are dangerous because the outburst floods produced by dam failures seriously threaten life and property downstream. In this study, a series of physical flume tests were conducted to investigate the breaching process of landslide dams with fine-grained, well graded, and coarse-grained material under different inflow conditions. The effects of dam material and inflow discharge on the breach development, outflow discharge and erosion characteristics were studied. The erosion resistance of materials and lateral collapses were also discussed. Experimental results reveal that the whole breaching process is determined by the water-sediment interaction. For the fine-grained dams, a general constant downstream slope angle is maintained during the breaching process. For the well-graded dams, a step-pool structure is generated due to the scarp erosion. For the coarse-grained dams, they can remain stable under normal circumstances but fail by overtopping in a short duration under the extreme inflow condition. The final breach of the dam with higher fine content or larger inflow discharge is deeper and narrower. In addition, many fluctuations are observed in the changing curve of the erosion rates along the flow direction for the well-graded and coarse-grained dams. The erosion resistance of materials increases along the flow direction, which needs to be further considered in physically based breach models. Furthermore, the lateral collapse is affected by the dam material instead of inflow discharge. The lower fine content causes more lateral collapses with smaller volumes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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28 pages, 86423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolutionary Analysis of Heterogeneous Granite Microcracks Based on Digital Image Processing in Grain-Block Model

by Guanlin Liu, Youliang Chen, Xi Du, Suran Wang and Tomás Manuel Fernández-Steeger

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1941; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051941 - 5 Mar 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3051

Abstract

Rocks are natural materials with a heterogeneous microstructure, and the heterogeneity of the microstructure plays a crucial role in the evolution of microcracks during the compression process. A numerical model of a rock with a heterogeneous structure under compression is developed by digital [...] Read more.

Rocks are natural materials with a heterogeneous microstructure, and the heterogeneity of the microstructure plays a crucial role in the evolution of microcracks during the compression process. A numerical model of a rock with a heterogeneous structure under compression is developed by digital image processing techniques and the discrete element method. On the grain scale, the damage mechanism and microcrack characteristics of a heterogeneous Biotite granite under compression fracture are investigated. First, the process of constructing a digital image-based heterogeneous grain model is described. The microscopic characteristics of geometric heterogeneity, elastic heterogeneity, and contact heterogeneity are all considered in the numerical model. Then, the model is calibrated according to the macroscopic properties of biotite granite obtained in the laboratory, and the numerically simulated microcrack cracking processes and damage modes are obtained with a high degree of agreement compared to the experiments. Numerical simulations have shown the following: (1) Microcracking occurs first at the weak side of the grain boundaries, and the appearance of intragranular shear cracks indicates that the rock has reached its peak strength. (2) The stress concentration caused by the heterogeneity of the microstructure is an essential factor that causes rock cracks and induces rupture. Intragranular cracks occur successively in quartz, feldspar (plagioclase), and biotite, with far more intragranular cracks in quartz and feldspar (plagioclase) than in biotite. (3) Microcracking in quartz occurs as clusters, fork and fracture features, and in feldspar (plagioclase) it tends to cause penetration microcracking, which usually surrounds or terminates at the biotite. (4) As the confining pressure increases, the tensile break between the grains is suppressed and the number of shear cracks increases. At the macro level, the rock failure mode of the numerical model changes from split damage to shear destruction, which is consistent with the law shown in laboratory experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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13 pages, 5115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Engineering Characteristics and Microscopic Mechanism of Red Mud–Bauxite Tailings Mud Foam Light Soil

by Xiaoduo Ou, Shengjin Chen, Jie Jiang, Jinxi Qin and Zhijie Tan

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051782 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2384

Abstract

In order to effectively utilize aluminum industrial waste—red mud and bauxite tailings mud—and reduce the adverse impact of waste on the environment and occupation of land resources, a red mud–bauxite tailings mud foam lightweight soil was developed based on the existing research results. [...] Read more.

In order to effectively utilize aluminum industrial waste—red mud and bauxite tailings mud—and reduce the adverse impact of waste on the environment and occupation of land resources, a red mud–bauxite tailings mud foam lightweight soil was developed based on the existing research results. Experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties and microscopic characteristics of the developed materials with different proportions of red mud and bauxite tailings mud. Results show that with the increase in red mud content, the wet density and fluidity of the synthetic sample was increased. With 16% red mud content, the water stability coefficient of the synthetic sample reached its maximum of 0.826, as well as the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the sample cured for 28 d (1.056 MPa). SEM images reveal that some wastes of the sample without red mud were agglomerated, the peripheral hydration products were less wrapped, and when the amount of red mud was 16%, the hydration products tightly wrapped the waste particles and increased the structural compactness. The final concentration of alkali leaching of samples increased with the addition of red mud. The maximum concentration of alkali leaching was 384 mg/L for the group with the addition of red mud of 16%. Based on the obtained mechanical strength and alkali release analysis, the sample B24R16 was selected as the optimum among all tested groups. This study explored a way to reuse aluminum industrial waste, and the results are expected to be applied to roadbed and mining filling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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14 pages, 4292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reuse of Red Mud and Bauxite Tailings Mud as Subgrade Materials from the Perspective of Mechanical Properties

by Xiaoduo Ou, Shengjin Chen, Jie Jiang, Jinxi Qin and Lu Zhang

Materials 2022, 15(3), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031123 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2659

Abstract

In order to reuse red mud and bauxite tailings mud (two typical aluminum industrial wastes) to reduce the occupation of land resources and environmental damage, these two wastes were combined to develop subgrade materials for the first time. With different combinations, the effects [...] Read more.

In order to reuse red mud and bauxite tailings mud (two typical aluminum industrial wastes) to reduce the occupation of land resources and environmental damage, these two wastes were combined to develop subgrade materials for the first time. With different combinations, the effects of the amounts of red mud, tailings mud, and cementitious materials on the strength of tested subgrade materials were investigated. The mechanism of strength growth was analyzed by a micro-test. The test results showed that the material strength of three combinations met the requirements when the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of all combinations increased with age. The UCS of the A₁BC₂ combination (the mass ratio of red mud and tailings mud was 2:1, the mass ratio of cement and quicklime was 1:1, and the mass ratio of waste and cementitious materials was 1:0.2) was the best, with the UCS being 3.03 MPa in 7 days. Microscopic imaging showed that specimens with high red mud contents had compact structures without cracks. The strength of these materials is mainly due to hydration reactions and pozzolanic reactions; the cementitious products generated by the reactions solidify Na⁺ and inhibit the release of OH⁻, while the addition of tailings mud can reduce the content of Na₂O in the material, which makes the environmental compatibility of the A₃BC₂ combination the best (the mass ratio of red mud and tailings mud was 1:2, the mass ratio of cement and quicklime was 1:1, and the mass ratio of waste and cementitious materials was 1:0.2). Its pH value was 8.75. This experiment verifies the feasibility of the combined application of red mud and tailings mud in subgrade materials. To this end, a feasible scheme for the simultaneous consumption of these two kinds of aluminum industrial wastes has been proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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12 pages, 2555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Damage Evolution Constitutive Behavior of Rock in Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Processes

by Suran Wang, Haohao Liao, Youliang Chen, Tomás Manuel Fernández-Steeger, Xi Du, Min Xiong and Shaoming Liao

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7840; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247840 - 18 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2523

Abstract

For thermal and loaded rock in engineering structures for some projects, triple-shear Drucker–Prager yield criteria, compaction coefficient K, damage variable correction factor δ, and thermal damage variable D_T are introduced in a new thermomechanical (TM) constitutive model for the entire [...] Read more.

For thermal and loaded rock in engineering structures for some projects, triple-shear Drucker–Prager yield criteria, compaction coefficient K, damage variable correction factor δ, and thermal damage variable D_T are introduced in a new thermomechanical (TM) constitutive model for the entire process. The compaction stage of rock in uniaxial compression test and the strain softening of rock caused by thermal attack are considered in this article. The damage evolution of rocks is described by a damage variable and a constitutive equation, which are in agreement with the actual thermal experimental breakage. The uniaxial compressive strength of granite subjected to a TM coupling effect can be predicted properly by this new unified constitutive model. The new TM unified constitutive model considering the compaction stage and post-failure stage is in good agreement with the test curves throughout the entire process. The coupling effect of heat and load in the total damage of rock has obvious nonlinear properties, but the coupling effect significantly weakens the specimens. By using the new TM unified constitutive model, the whole process of changes in rock damage with strain after high temperature can be calculated. Meanwhile, the model well represents the stress–strain curve at the post-failure stage. It is expected that this model can provide references for studying the mechanical response of the rock damage propagation characteristics in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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14 pages, 5760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanism of Fracture and Damage Evolution of Granite in Thermal Environment

by Suran Wang, Youliang Chen, Min Xiong, Xi Du, Guanlin Liu and Tomás Manuel Fernández-Steeger

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237234 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

In the study of rock mechanics, the variation of rock mechanical characteristics in high-temperature environments is always a major issue. The discrete element method and Voronoi modeling method were used to study the mechanical characteristics and crack evolution of granite specimens subjected to [...] Read more.

In the study of rock mechanics, the variation of rock mechanical characteristics in high-temperature environments is always a major issue. The discrete element method and Voronoi modeling method were used to study the mechanical characteristics and crack evolution of granite specimens subjected to the high temperature and uniaxial compression test in order to study the internal crack evolution process of granite under the influence of high temperatures. Meanwhile, dependable findings were acquired when compared to experimental outcomes. A modified failure criterion was devised, and a Fish function was built to examine the evolution behavior of tensile and shear cracks during uniaxial compression, in order to better understand the evolution process of micro-cracks in granite specimens. Shear contacts occurred first, and the number of shear cracks reached its maximum value earliest, according to the findings. The number of tensile contacts then rapidly grew, whereas the number of shear cracks steadily declined. Furthermore, it was found that when temperature rises, the number of early tensile cracks grows. This study develops a fracture prediction system for rock engineering in high-temperature conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Functionalized Mineral Materials and Rock)

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