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Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanics of Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2024) | Viewed by 14208

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Prof. Dr. Weidong Song

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Guest Editor

School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: impact dynamics; impact protection; additive manufacturing; mechanics of composites; energy absorption structures; computational mechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Lijun Xiao

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Guest Editor

School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: impact dynamics; mechanical metamaterials; additive manufacturing; impact protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Xianfeng Yang

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Guest Editor

School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Interests: impact dynamics; mechanical metamaterials; energy absorption structures; impact protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The dynamic behavior of materials and structures is a vibrant branch of mechanics and materials science that has important application background in aerospace, traffic engineering and many other industry fields. With the rapid development of manufacturing technology in recent years, a series of advanced materials and structures with excellent properties have emerged, and their nonlinear mechanical behavior as well as multi-scale failure mechanism under impact loads have attracted extensive attention.

The scope of this Special Issue includes theoretical, numerical and experimental research on the dynamic mechanical behavior of additively manufactured metamaterials, high-entropy alloys, amorphous alloys as well as some other advanced engineering materials and structures within a wide range of strain rates. The Issue’s scope also includes investigations on the multiscale design for protective properties of materials and structures under intense loading.

Prof. Dr. Weidong Song
Dr. Lijun Xiao
Dr. Xianfeng Yang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

impact dynamics
analytical methods
dynamic tests
numerical simulation
molecular dynamics
additive manufacturing

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Related Special Issue

Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures (Second Edition) in Materials (2 articles)

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Research

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14 pages, 6230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Low-Velocity Impact and Residual Compressive Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber–Epoxy Resin Composites

by Xueyuan Qiang, Te Wang, Hua Xue, Jun Ding and Chengji Deng

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153766 - 31 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 811

Abstract

Room temperature drop hammer impact and compression after impact (CAI) experiments were conducted on carbon fiber–epoxy resin (CF/EP) composites to investigate the variation in impact load and absorbed energy, as well as to determine the residual compressive strength of CF/EP composites following impact damage. Industrial CT scanning was employed to observe the damage morphology after both impact and compression, aiding in the study of impact-damage and compression-failure mechanisms. The results indicate that, under the impact load, the surface of a CF/EP composite exhibits evident cratering as the impact energy increases, while cracks form along the length direction on the back surface. The residual compressive strength exhibits an inverse relationship with the impact energy. Impact damage occurring at an energy lower than 45 J results in end crushing during the compression of CF/EP composites, whereas energy exceeding 45 J leads to the formation of long cracks spanning the entire width of the specimen, primarily distributed symmetrically along the center of the specimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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22 pages, 12663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Absorption and Failure Modes of Different Composite Open-Section Crush Elements under Axial Crushing Loading

by Xulong Xi, Pu Xue, Xiaochuan Liu, Chunyu Bai, Xinyue Zhang, Xiaocheng Li, Chao Zhang and Xianfeng Yang

Materials 2024, 17(13), 3197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133197 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 865

Abstract

In order to study the energy absorption characteristics of the open-section thin-walled composite structures with different cross-sections, axial compression tests were carried out at loading speeds of 0.01 m/s, 0.1 m/s, and 1 m/s. Finite element models were built to predict the crushing response and energy absorption behaviors of these open-section structures. The effects of the cross-section’s shape, cross-section aspect ratio, trigger mechanism, and loading speed on the energy absorption characteristics of the composite structures were analyzed. The results show that the average crushing loads of the hat-shaped and Ω-shaped open-section structures are 14.1% and 14.6% higher than those of C-shaped open-section structures, and the specific energy absorption (SEA) values are 14.3% and 14.8% higher than that of C-shaped open-section structures, respectively. For the C-shaped open-section structures, a 45° chamfer trigger is more effective in reducing the initial peak load, while a 15° steeple trigger is more appropriate for the hat-shaped open-section structures. The average crushing loads and SEA of C-shaped, hat-shaped, and Ω-shaped open-section structures are reduced when the loading speed is increased from 0.01 m/s to 1 m/s. The increase in loading speed leads to the splashing of debris and thus reduces the loading area and material utilization of open-section structures, leading to a decrease in energy absorption efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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17 pages, 11827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Sandwich Beam with Stepwise Gradient Polymethacrylimide (PMI) Foam Core under Low-Velocity Impact

by Mousab Mahgoub, Cong Liu and Zhuhua Tan

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2099; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092099 - 29 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1030

Abstract

Different PMI foam materials of 52, 110, and 200 kg/m³ were used to design stepwise gradient cores to improve the impact resistance of the sandwich beam. The stepwise gradient core consists of three layers arranged in positive gradient, negative gradient, and sandwich-core (e.g., 200/52/200). These sandwich beams were subjected to the impact of a steel projectile under impact momentum of 10 to 20 kg·m/s, corresponding to impact energy in the range of 12.5 to 50 J. During the test, the impact force was recorded by an accelerometer, and the different failure modes were also obtained. Subsequently, the influence of the layer arrangement on the energy absorption and load transfer mechanism between the different layers was analyzed. The results showed that the top layer with a large density can improve the impact force, but the middle/bottom layer with a low density promoted specific energy absorption. Thus, based on these two points, the negative gradient core (200/110/52) had an excellent specific energy absorption because it can transfer and expand the area to bear the load layer by layer, which improved the energy absorption in each layer. Combined with the failure modes, the load transfer and deformation mechanisms between the layers were also discussed. The present work provided a valuable method to design an efficient lightweight sandwich structure in the protection field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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32 pages, 14228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Steel Automotive Wheel Rims—Data Fusion for the Precise Identification of the Technical Condition and Indication of the Approaching End of Service Life

by Michal Borecki, Arkadiusz Rychlik, Li Zan and Michael L. Korwin-Pawlowski

Materials 2024, 17(2), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020475 - 19 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1399

Abstract

Steel automotive wheel rims are subject to wear and tear, down to the end of their service life. Manufacturers use standard destructive tests to determine the probable lifetime of the car wheel rim. With this approach, to predict the remaining use time, it is necessary to know the initial parameters of the wheel rim, actual mileage, and its use characteristics, which is difficult information to obtain in the real world. Moreover, this work shows that a vehicle’s technical condition can affect the rim’s remaining service time. This work describes a new method of precise binary identification of the technical condition of steel car wheel rims using the dispersion of damping factors which result from experimental modal analysis. This work also proposes a new method of indicating the approaching end of wheel rim service life with limited parameters: run-out, average of damping factors, and dispersion of damping factors. The proposed procedure requires two sequential examinations of the rim in standard periods related to the average annual mileage of the vehicle. On this basis, it is possible to indicate the approaching end of the life of the steel rims about 10,000 km in advance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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15 pages, 10926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation on Anti-Explosion Performance of Non-Metallic Annular Protective Structures

by Xiaobing Bian, Lei Yang, Tao Wang and Guangyan Huang

Materials 2023, 16(24), 7549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247549 - 7 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1012

Abstract

Explosive shock wave protection is an important issue that urgently needs to be solved in the current military and public security safety fields. Non-metallic protective structures have the characteristics of being lightweight and having low secondary damage, making them an important research object in the field of equivalent protection. In this paper, the numerical simulation was performed to investigate the dynamic mechanical response of non-metallic annular protective structures under the internal blast, which were made by the continuous winding of PE fibers. The impact of various charges, the number of fiber layers, and polyurethane foam on the damage to protective structures was analyzed. The numerical results showed that 120 PE fiber layers could protect 50 g TNT equivalent explosives. However, solely increasing the thickness of fiber layers cannot effectively enhance the protection efficiency. By adding polyurethane foam in the inner layer, the stress acting on the fiber could be effectively reduced. A 30 mm thick polyurethane layer can reduce the equivalent stress of the fiber layer by 41.6%. This paper can provide some reference for the numerical simulations of non-metallic explosion protection structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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25 pages, 20564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupled Modal Analysis and Aerodynamics of Rotating Composite Beam

by Grzegorz Stachyra, Lukasz Kloda and Zofia Szmit

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237356 - 26 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1591

Abstract

This study primarily focuses on conducting, both experimentally and numerically, a modal analysis of a cantilever composite beam. Through extended numerical simulations, we investigate Campbell diagrams, which, depending on the rotation speed of the structure, comprise natural frequencies and their corresponding modal shapes. Our results are categorized into two main aspects: the classical single-mode behavior and an innovative extension involving linearly coupled modal analysis. One key novelty of our research lies in the introduction of an analytical description for coupled mode shapes, which encompass various deformations, including bending, longitudinal deformations, and twisting. The most pronounced activation of dynamic couplings within the linear regime for a

45^{\circ}

preset angle is observed, though the same is not true of the

0^{\circ}

and

90^{\circ}

preset angles, for which these couplings are not visible. In addition to the modal analysis, our secondary goal is to assess the lift, drag forces, and moment characteristics of a rectangular profile in uniform flow. We provide insights into both the static and dynamic aerodynamic responses experienced by the beam within an operational frequency spectrum. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of composite rotating beams and their aerodynamic characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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22 pages, 8858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Delamination Behavior of CFRP Laminated Plates under the Combination of Tensile Preloading and Impact Loading

by Kaiwei Lan, Haodong Wang and Cunxian Wang

Materials 2023, 16(19), 6595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196595 - 8 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1209

Abstract

When subjected to impact loading, aircraft composite structures are usually in a specific preloading condition (such as tension and compression). In this study, ballistic tests were conducted using a high-speed gas gun system to investigate the effect of biaxial in-plane tensile preload on the delamination of CFRP laminates during high-speed impact. These tests covered central and near-edge locations for both unloaded and preloaded targets, with the test speeds including 50 m/s, 70 m/s, and 90 m/s. The delamination areas, when impacting the center location under 1000 με, show a 14.2~36.7% decrease. However, the cases when impacting the near-edge location show no more than a 19.3% decrease, and even more delamination areas were observed. In addition, in order to enhance the understanding of experimental phenomena, numerical simulations were conducted using the ABAQUS/Explicit solver, combined with the user subroutine VUMAT with modified Hou criteria. The experimental and simulation results were in good agreement, and the maximum error was approximately 12.9%. The results showed that not only the preloading value but also the impact velocity have significant influences on the delamination behavior of preloaded CFRP laminated plates. Combining detailed discussions, the biaxial tensile preload enhanced the resistance to out-of-plane displacement and caused laminate interface stiffness degradation. By analyzing the influence of the preloading value and impact velocity on competing mechanisms between the stress-stiffening effect and interface stiffness degradation effect, the complex delamination behaviors of laminates under various preloading degrees and impact velocities at different impact locations were reasonably explained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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12 pages, 3738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of a Toothed Electromagnetic Spring Based on the Improved Bouc—Wen Model

by Xiaoyuan Zheng, Cheng Zhang, Yifang Lou, Guangming Xue and Hongbai Bai

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4889; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134889 - 7 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1167

Abstract

Electromagnetic spring active isolators have attracted extensive attention in recent years. The standard Bouc–Wen model is widely used to describe hysteretic behavior but cannot accurately describe asymmetric behavior. The standard Bouc–Wen model is improved to better describe the dynamic characteristic of a toothed electromagnetic spring. The hysteresis model of toothed electromagnetic spring is established by adding mass, damping, and asymmetric correction terms with direction. Subsequently, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to identify the parameters of the established model, and the results are compared with those obtained from the experiment. The results show that the current has a significant impact on the dynamic curve. When the current increases from 0.5 A to 2.0 A, the electromagnetic force sharply increases from 49 N to 534 N. Under different excitations and currents, the residual points predicted by the model proposed in this work fall basically in the horizontal band region of −20–20 N (for an applied current of 1.0 A) and −40–80 N (for an application of 4.5 mm/s). Furthermore, the maximum relative error of the model is 12.75%. The R² of the model is higher than 0.98 and the highest value is 0.9993, proving the accuracy of the established model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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17 pages, 10482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Vibration Characteristics of Thin-Walled Steel Structures under Shock Waves

by Zehao Li, Wenlong Xu, Cheng Wang, Xin Liu and Yuanxiang Sun

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134748 - 30 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1319

Abstract

Thin-walled steel structures, prized for their lightweight properties, material efficiency, and excellent mechanical characteristics, find wide-ranging applications in ships, aircraft, and vehicles. Given their typical role in various types of equipment, it is crucial to investigate the response of thin-walled structures to shock waves for the design and development of innovative equipment. In this study, a shock tube was employed to generate shock waves, and a rectangular steel plate with dimensions of 2400.0 mm × 1200.0 mm × 4.0 mm (length × width × thickness) was designed for conducting research on transient shock vibration. The steel plate was mounted on an adjustable bracket capable of moving vertically. Accelerometers were installed on the transverse and longitudinal symmetric axes of the steel plate. Transient shock loading was achieved at nine discrete positions on a steel plate by adjusting the horizontal position of the shock tube and the vertical position of the adjustable bracket. For each test, vibration data of eight different test positions were obtained. The wavelet transform (WT) and the improved ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) methods were introduced to perform a time-frequency analysis on the vibration of the steel plate. The results indicated that the EEMD method effectively alleviated the modal aliasing in the vibration response decomposition of thin-walled structures, as well as the incompletely continuous frequency domain issue in WT. Moreover, the duration of vibration at different frequencies and the variation of amplitude size with time under various shock conditions were determined for thin-walled structures. These findings offer valuable insights for the design and development of vehicles with enhanced resistance to shock wave loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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Review

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33 pages, 5629 KiB

Open AccessReview

Auxetics and FEA: Modern Materials Driven by Modern Simulation Methods

by Russell Galea Mifsud, Grace Anne Muscat, James N. Grima-Cornish, Krzysztof K. Dudek, Maria A. Cardona, Daphne Attard, Pierre-Sandre Farrugia, Ruben Gatt, Kenneth E. Evans and Joseph N. Grima

Materials 2024, 17(7), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071506 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2701

Abstract

Auxetics are materials, metamaterials or structures which expand laterally in at least one cross-sectional plane when uniaxially stretched, that is, have a negative Poisson’s ratio. Over these last decades, these systems have been studied through various methods, including simulations through finite elements analysis (FEA). This simulation tool is playing an increasingly significant role in the study of materials and structures as a result of the availability of more advanced and user-friendly commercially available software and higher computational power at more reachable costs. This review shows how, in the last three decades, FEA proved to be an essential key tool for studying auxetics, their properties, potential uses and applications. It focuses on the use of FEA in recent years for the design and optimisation of auxetic systems, for the simulation of how they behave when subjected to uniaxial stretching or compression, typically with a focus on identifying the deformation mechanism which leads to auxetic behaviour, and/or, for the simulation of their characteristics and behaviour under different circumstances such as impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behavior of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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