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Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 30051

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Luca Lanzoni

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Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia
Interests: solid mechanics; mechanics of materials at large stains

Prof. Dr. Vittorio Gusella

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Guest Editor

Università degli Studi di Perugia
Interests: mechanics of masonry; statics and dynamics of historic buildings

Prof. Dr. Patrizia Trovalusci

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Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
Interests: multiscale modelling of complex materials; scale-dependent homogenization of random composites

Prof. Dr. Antonella Cecchi

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Guest Editor

Università IUAV di Venezia
Interests: modal analysis of masonry; micromechanical models for brittle composites

Prof. Dr. Valentina Salomoni

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Università degli Studi di Padova
Interests: hygromechanical modeling of concrete; homogenization of cementitious composites

Prof. Dr. Sabrina Vantadori

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Guest Editor

Università degli Studi di Parma
Interests: fracture mechanics; structural integrity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Studies about reliable constitutive laws to understand the mechanical response of materials used in civil engineering are needed to properly assess the load-bearing capacity and, in turn, the service life of a wide class of structures and infrastructures, with specific reference to sustainable buildings and preservation and restoration of existing buildings as well. The application of special composites and smart materials play a key role in such a context, in order to monitor the process of deformation and, in turn, the progressive damage of buildings.

The proposed Special Issue focuses on the mechanical aspects of traditional as well as innovative building materials through multidisciplinary approaches based on analytical, numerical, and experimental investigations. The issue aims at addressing mechanical behavior up to failure of traditional materials, such as concrete, metallic materials, masonry, wood, etc., as well as innovative ones, such as nano-additivated concretes and mortars, natural fiber composites, ultra-high-performance FRC, etc.

The main purpose of the proposed Special Issue is to gather consistent design tools to properly predict the performances of a wide class of materials in order to optimize their use in civil engineering and, at the same time, to promote the realization of high-quality structures, eco-friendly buildings, and, in general, to assure durability and safety of new and existing buildings in order to preserve human life and assure high indoor quality.

The topics of interest include but are not limited to:

New skills about experimental, theoretical and numerical analyses of building materials such as wood, concrete, FRC, high-performance materials, steel, masonry, etc.; mechanical analysis and modeling of cementitious (micro or nano)-composites; modeling and simulation of multifunctional high-performance materials; wearing and damage mechanics of composites; homogenization of complex materials for civil engineering; modeling of coupling of different materials in the framework of nonconventional reinforcement of structures; FE analyses of historic buildings; homogenization techniques applied to construtions and building materials; fracture mechanics of heterogeneous and complex materials; modeling of materials with microstructures; viscoelasticity and plasticity of cementitious materials; modeling of retrofitted structures under cycling loads; seismic vulnerability and structural degradation of cultural heritage; experimental characterization of conventional as well as innovative materials for buildings.

Dr. Luca Lanzoni
Prof. Dr. Vittorio Gusella
Prof. Dr. Patrizia Trovalusci
Prof. Dr. Antonella Cecchi
Prof. Dr. Valentina Salomoni
Prof. Dr. Sabrina Vantadori
Guest Editors

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Keywords

homogenization
constitutive nonlinearity
microstructure
multiphase materials
multiscale constitutive models
homogenization
damage theories
wave propagation in elastic media
finite element analysis
plasticity theory, limit analysis, and mathematical programming

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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15 pages, 2291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Polymer Silica Fume Concrete with Vinyl Ester Resin

by Hosein Zanjirani Farahani, Atiye Farahani, Pouyan Fakharian and Danial Jahed Armaghani

Materials 2023, 16(2), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020757 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2061

Abstract

Polymer concrete, which contains silica fume powder and vinyl ester resin as two replacements for Portland cement, has improved mechanical properties and durability compared to ordinary concrete. Thus, this kind of concrete is considered to be a high-strength concrete that is resistant to corrosion and chemical attacks. In this paper, the effects of the combination of silica fume powder and vinyl ester resin as two Portland cement replacements on the workability and slump value, initial and final water absorption, compressive and tensile strength, and failure and fracture paths of the polymer concrete have been investigated. All investigations have been based on 16 different polymer concrete mixture designs. The results indicate that the optimum percentages for a combination of silica fume and vinyl ester resin, which has the maximum compressive strength (34.26 MPa) and the maximum tensile strength (4.92 MPa), are a combination of 10% silica fume and 5% vinyl ester resin. To evaluate the durability of polymer concrete, the water absorption of all mixture designs has also been measured. Accordingly, the mixture design, which includes a combination of 15% vinyl ester resin and 5% silica fume, has a minimum initial and final water absorption equal to 0.62% and 1.95%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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21 pages, 1321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Enhanced Bounding Surface Model for Modelling Various Cyclic Behaviour of Clay

by Junxiang Wang, Giovanna Xotta, Nico De Marchi and Valentina Salomoni

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7609; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217609 - 29 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1700

Abstract

Many results from cyclic triaxial experiments indicate that porous media, such as clays, exhibit various long-term behaviours under different cyclic stress ratios (CSRs). These can be classified into three main categories, namely, cyclic shakedown, cyclic stable and cyclic failure. Modelling these soil deformation responses, along with pore pressure and other fundamental cyclic aspects, such as closed hysteresis cycles and degradation, is still an open challenge, and research to date is limited. In order to properly describe and capture these characteristics, an enhanced plasticity model, based on the bounding surface and stress distance concepts, is developed here. In detail, a new uniform interpolation function of the plastic modulus, suitable for all loading stages, is proposed, and a new damage factor associated with the plastic shear strain and the deformation type parameter, is also incorporated into the plastic modulus. Accordingly, cyclic shakedown and cyclic failure can be distinguished, and degradation is achieved. Closed hysteresis loops, typical of clays, are obtained through a radial mapping rule along with a moving projection centre, located by the stress reversal points. Comparisons between the obtained numerical results and the experimental ones from literature confirm the suitability of the constitutive approach, which is capable of correctly capturing and reproducing the key aspects of clays’ cyclic behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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19 pages, 46216 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamic Characterization of Hexagonal Microstructured Materials with Voids from Discrete and Continuum Models

by Marco Colatosti, Farui Shi, Nicholas Fantuzzi and Patrizia Trovalusci

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7524; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217524 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1311

Abstract

The mechanical response of materials such as fiber and particle composites, rocks, concrete, and granular materials, can be profoundly influenced by the existence of voids. The aim of the present work is to study the dynamic behavior of hexagonal microstructured composites with voids by using a discrete model and homogenizing materials, such as micropolar and classical Cauchy continua. Three kinds of hexagonal microstructures, named regular, hourglass, and skew, are considered with different length scales. The analysis of free vibration of a panel described as a discrete system, as a classical and as a micropolar continuum, and the comparison of results in terms of natural frequencies and modes show the advantage of the micropolar continuum in describing dynamic characteristics of orthotropic composites (i.e., regular and hourglass microstructures) with respect to the Cauchy continuum, which gives a higher error in frequency evaluations for all three hexagonal microstructured materials. Moreover, the micropolar model also satisfactorily predicts the behavior of skewed microstructured composites. Another advantage shown here by the micropolar continuum is that, like the discrete model, this continuum is able to present the scale effect of microstructures, while maintaining all the advantages of the field description. The effect of void size is also investigated and the results show that the first six frequencies of the current problem decrease by increasing in void size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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15 pages, 2819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bond Behavior of Steel Bars in Concrete Confined with Stirrups under Freeze–Thaw Cycles

by Guirong Liu, Xiaoxue Dou, Fulai Qu, Pengran Shang and Shunbo Zhao

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207152 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1493

Abstract

In order to evaluate the influence of freeze–thaw action on the durability of concrete structures, this paper presented an experimental study to investigate the effects of freezing–thawing cycles and concrete strength on the bond behavior between steel bars and concrete confined with stirrups. Through freeze–thaw cycles and center pullout tests, the failure mode of pullout specimen, concrete strength, mass loss, dynamic elastic modulus, and bond–slip curves were analyzed. At last, the bond–slip constitutive model was proposed for specimens with stirrup confinement under freeze–thaw action. Main test results indicate that the failure mode and shape of bond–slip curves are affected by stirrups. The bond strength hasa certain increase after 100 freeze–thaw cycles owing to the constraining force from stirrups, whereas the splitting tensile strength significantly declines. After 100 freeze–thaw cycles, the splitting tensile strength of C20 and C40 decreased by 40.8% and 46.5%, respectively. The formula was provided to calculate the bond strength of constrained concrete after freeze–thaw cycles, and the damage coefficient and other related parameters in the formula were suggested. The predicted bond–slip curves are close to the experimental results, which could provide reference for the related research of bond performance after freeze–thaw action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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15 pages, 3469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Verification of Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for Compressed Concrete Considering Post-Peak Stage

by Iakov Iskhakov, Ilya Frolov and Yuri Ribakov

Materials 2022, 15(17), 6064; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15176064 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1343

Abstract

The theoretical stress-strain model for compressed composite cement materials’ behavior without empirical coefficients was proposed by Iskhakov in 2018. This model includes the following main parameters describing concrete behavior: stresses and strains corresponding to the border between the elastic and non-elastic behavior stages of a concrete specimen, ultimate elastic strains, and stresses and strains at the end of the post-peak region. Particular attention is focused on the descending branch of the stress-strain diagram, as well as on the analysis of concrete elastic and plastic potentials. These potentials are important for assessing the dynamic response of the concrete element section, as well as for concrete creep analysis. The present research is aimed at experimental verification of the above-mentioned theoretical model. The obtained experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical ones, which confirms the model’s accuracy and enables a significant reduction in the empirical coefficients number in compressed reinforced concrete elements design. This, in turn, represents the scientific novelty of this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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23 pages, 4367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Stress-Strain State for a Cylindrical Tank Wall Defected Zone

by Nurlan Zhangabay, Bayan Sapargaliyeva, Ulanbator Suleimenov, Khassen Abshenov, Akmaral Utelbayeva, Alexandr Kolesnikov, Kanat Baibolov, Roman Fediuk, Dinara Arinova, Bolat Duissenbekov, Azamat Seitkhanov and Mugahed Amran

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165732 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

In the study, experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to assess the influence of the shapes of dents in the tank wall on the stress-strain state of the defect zone. By testing fragments of a cylindrical tank, it was found that the most appropriate expression is (5), which could take into account the leaching of the tank wall, resulting in a decrease in the stress concentration index. At the same time, during theoretical studies in this paper, it was found that polynomials determined the stress concentration coefficient, where the obtained analytical expression data were compared with the data determined numerically in the ANSYS program, and it was found that the spread was from 2% to 10%. According to the results of a numerical study of the stress-strain state of the dent zone in the tank wall, graphical dependences of the stress concentration coefficient on the dimensionless depth of the dent for various values of the dimensionless radius of the dents and do not exceed 2% of the indicators that are obtained. At the conclusion of the experimental and numerical studies, a conclusion was made about the degree of influence of the geometric dimensions of the dents on the stress concentration index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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18 pages, 1174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parametric Analysis of Failure Loads of Masonry Textures by Means of Discontinuity Layout Optimization (DLO)

by Mattia Schiantella, Federico Cluni and Vittorio Gusella

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103691 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Several masonry structures of cultural and historical interest are made with a non-periodic masonry material. In the case of periodic textures, several methods are available to estimate the strength of the masonry; however, in the case of non-periodic masonry, few methods are available, and they are frequently difficult to use. In the present paper we propose using discontinuity layout optimization (DLO) to estimate the failure load and mechanism of a masonry wall made with non-periodic texture. We developed a parametric analysis to account for the main features involved in the estimation of failure: in particular we considered three different textures (periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic), variable height-to-width ratio of the wall (from 0 to 3) and of the blocks (from 0.25 to 1), different mechanical properties of mortar joints and blocks, and possible presence of a load on the top. The results highlight the importance of the parameters considered in the analysis, both on the values of the failure load and on the failure mechanism. Therefore, it is found that DLO can be an useful and affordable method in order to assess the mechanical strength of masonry wall made with non-periodic textures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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15 pages, 2383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Auto-Calibrating Semi-Adiabatic Calorimetric Methodology for Strength Prediction and Quality Control of Ordinary and Ultra-High-Performance Concretes

by Marco Viviani, Luca Lanzoni, Vincenzo Savino and Angelo Marcello Tarantino

Materials 2022, 15(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010096 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2410

Abstract

A timely knowledge of concrete and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) strength is possible through the so-called strength-equivalent time (Et) curves. A timely knowledge of concrete strength is useful, for instance, to precisely determine when the shores of a hardening structural element can be safely removed. At the present time, the preparation of the strength-Et curves requires time-consuming and labor-intensive testing prior to the beginning of construction operations. This paper proposes an innovative method to derive the strength-Et and total heat-Et curves for both normal strength and UHPC. Results confirmed that the proposed method is fast, inexpensive, self-calibrating, accurate and can detect any variation of the concrete mix proportions or components quality. In addition, the quality of predictions of strength–maturity curves can be constantly improved as the specimens’ population increases. Finally, results obtained with the proposed method were compared with those obtained using standard methods, showing a good agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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21 pages, 61561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Implementation of the LDEM in the Ansys LS-DYNA Finite Element Code

by Andrea Zanichelli, Angélica Colpo, Leandro Friedrich, Ignacio Iturrioz, Andrea Carpinteri and Sabrina Vantadori

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7792; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247792 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2513

Abstract

In this paper, a novel implementation of the Lattice Discrete Element Method (LDEM) is proposed: in particular, the LDEM is implemented in the Ansys LS-DYNA finite element code. Such an implementation is employed to evaluate the fracture behaviour of sandwich panels under bending. First, the novel hybrid model proposed is validated by simulating some three-point bending experimental tests carried out at the University of Parma, and then it is used to model the fracture behaviour of sandwich panels under four-point bending. Failure mechanisms, damage locations, and load-deflection curves are numerically determined by employing such a novel model, and the results show a good agreement with the available experimental findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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32 pages, 10284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Nonlinear Elastic Model for Compressible Aluminum Alloys with Finite Element Implementation

by Aleksander Szwed and Marcin D. Gajewski

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237351 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2054

Abstract

In this paper, a three-dimensional model of nonlinear elastic material is proposed. The model is formulated in the framework of Green elasticity, which is based on the specific elastic energy potential. Equivalently, this model can be associated to the deformation theory of plasticity. The constitutive relationship, derived from the assumed specific energy, divides the material’s behavior into two stages: the first one starts with an initial almost linear stress–strain relation which, for higher strain, smoothly turns into the second stage of hardening. The proposed relation mimics the experimentally observed response of ductile metals, aluminum alloys in particular. In contrast to the classic deformation theory of plasticity or the plastic flow theory, the presented model can describe metal compressibility in both stages of behavior. The constitutive relationship is non-reversible expressing stress as a function of strain. Special attention is given to the calibration process, in which a one-dimensional analog of the three-dimensional model is used. Various options of calibration based on uniaxial stress test are extensively discussed. A finite element code is written and verified in order to validate the model. Solutions of selected problems, obtained via ABAQUS, confirm the correctness of the model and its usefulness in numerical simulations, especially for buckling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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24 pages, 3118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tie Rod-Equivalent Non-Linear Constitutive Law for Uniformly Loaded Cables

by Pietro Croce

Materials 2021, 14(19), 5502; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195502 - 23 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2036

Abstract

Cables are typically used in engineering applications as tensile members. Relevant examples are the main cables of suspension bridges, the stays of cable-stayed bridges, the load-bearing and stabilizing cables of tensile structures, the anchor cables of floating mooring structures, the guy-ropes for ship masts, towers, and wind turbines, the copper cables of electrical power lines. Since cables are characterized by non-linear behavior, analysis of cable structures often requires advanced techniques, like non-linear FEM, able to consider geometric non-linearity. Nevertheless, a traditional simplified approach consists in replacing the cable with an equivalent tie rod, characterized by a suitable non-linear constitutive law. Currently used equivalent constitutive laws have been derived by Dischinger, Ernst and Irvine. Since the equivalence is restricted to taut cables, characterized by small sag to chord ratios, these traditional formulae are not appropriate for uniformly loaded sagging cables: the main cables of suspension bridges are a particularly emblematic case. Despite some recent attempts to find more refined solutions, the problem is still open, since closed form solutions of general validity are not available. In the paper, general analytical formulae of the non-linear constitutive law of the equivalent tie rod are proposed, distinguishing two relevant cases, according as the length of the cable can vary or not. The expressions, derived by applying the general form of the theorem of virtual work, can be applied independently on the material, on the sag to chord ratio, on the load intensity and on the stress level, so allowing the replacement of the whole cable with a single equivalent tie rod. The expressions are critically discussed referring to a wide parametric study also in comparison with the existing formulae, stressing the influence of the most relevant parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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24 pages, 1590 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Third-Order Theory for the Bending Analysis of Laminated Thin and Thick Plates Including the Strain Gradient Effect

by Michele Bacciocchi and Angelo Marcello Tarantino

Materials 2021, 14(7), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071771 - 3 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3225

Abstract

The aim of the paper is the development of a third-order theory for laminated composite plates that is able to accurately investigate their bending behavior in terms of displacements and stresses. The starting point is given by the corresponding Reddy’s Third-order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT). This model is then generalized to consider simultaneously the Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT), as well as the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT). The constitutive laws are modified according to the principles of the nonlocal strain gradient approach. The fundamental equations are solved analytically by means of the Navier methodology taking into account cross-ply and angle-ply lamination schemes. The numerical applications are presented to highlight the nonlocal effects on static behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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27 pages, 13166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shear Wave Splitting and Polarization in Anisotropic Fluid-Infiltrating Porous Media: A Numerical Study

by Nico De Marchi, WaiChing Sun and Valentina Salomoni

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4988; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214988 - 5 Nov 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2664

Abstract

The triggering and spreading of volumetric waves in soils, namely pressure (P) and shear (S) waves, developing from a point source of a dynamic load, are analyzed. Wave polarization and shear wave splitting are innovatively reproduced via a three-dimensional Finite Element research code upgraded to account for fast dynamic regimes in fully saturated porous media. The mathematical–numerical model adopts a u-v-p formulation enhanced by introducing Taylor–Hood mixed finite elements and the stability features of the solution are considered by analyzing different implemented time integration strategies. Particularly, the phenomena have been studied and reconstructed by numerically generating different types of medium anisotropy accounting for (i) an anisotropic solid skeleton, (ii) an anisotropic permeability tensor, and (iii) a Biot’s effective stress coefficient tensor. Additionally, deviatoric-volumetric coupling effects have been emphasized by specifically modifying the structural anisotropy. A series of analyses are conducted to validate the model and prove the effectiveness of the results, from the directionality of polarized vibrations, the anisotropy-induced splitting, up to the spreading of surface waves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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Review

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26 pages, 8692 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modeling the Tensile Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites: A Review

by Paula de Oliveira Ribeiro, Pablo Augusto Krahl, Ricardo Carrazedo and Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093365 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2358

Abstract

Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites (SHCCs) exhibit high toughness and durability, allowing the design of resilient structures. Despite the exceptional properties of SHCC and the current modeling techniques, the widespread use of the composite is limited. One limiting factor is developing and validating analytical models that could be used for optimizing mixes and designing structural elements. Furthermore, the composite mechanical response is complex and depends on several phenomena, such as fiber pullout, fiber orientation and distribution, size effect, fiber content, group effect, embedding length, fiber dimensions, and matrix strength. In this context, this research presents the state-of-the-art on the micro- and mesomechanisms occurring in SHCC during cracking and robust techniques to predict its tensile behavior accounting for such phenomena already proved experimentally. The study is relevant for designers and the scientific community because it presents the gaps for the research groups to develop new investigations for consolidating SHCC, which is a material to produce resilient structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Constitutive Laws for Traditional and Innovative Building Materials)

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