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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical and Photonic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 21378

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Prof. Dr. Yuriy Zorenko

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Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: scintillators; development of luminescent materials in the single crystalline and crystals forms; energy transfer proceses in scintillators; defects and dopant as emission and trapping centers in dielectrics
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Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Fabisiak

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Department of Production Engineering Management, University of Bydgoszcz, Unii Lubelskiej 4c, 85059 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: CVD diamond; thin nano- and microcrystalline films; diamond single crystals; optical spectroscopy
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We have the honour and pleasure to invite you to publish your latest results in a Special Issue "Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation" of "Materials".

Significant achievements in recent years in the synthesis of new luminescence compounds in the different crystalline forms resulted in easy access of engineers and designers to these materials for creation of various detectors of ionizing radiation for application in the different branches of industry and science. These new materials offer solutions that can shift performance of respective devices to new levels and enabling completely new approaches to challenging problems, especially in the medical diagnostic.

This special issue of Material "Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation" will be a forum for the presentation of the latest developments in basic and applied research in the field of radioluminescence, the processes of energy transfer and storage in solids, the physics and chemistry of luminescent phosphor and scintillation materials, and related with them applications.

Prof. Dr. Yuriy Zorenko
Prof. Dr. Kazimierz Fabisiak
Guest Editors

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Keywords

luminescent materials
radiation detectors and transformers of ionizing radiation
crystals
film
nanophosphors and nanocomposites

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Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation (Second Volume) in Materials (1 article)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 10154 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issues of “Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation”

by Yuriy Zorenko, Kazimierz Fabisiak and Janusz Winiecki

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3319; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093319 - 23 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1133

Abstract

The papers published in the first and second Special Issues of “Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation” were selected from the manuscripts related to the respective presentations at the 11th International Conference on Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

15 pages, 4288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optically Stimulated Luminescent Response of the LiMgPO₄ Silicone Foils to Protons and Its Dependence on Proton Energy

by Michał Sądel, Leszek Grzanka, Jan Swakoń, Jakub Baran, Jan Gajewski and Paweł Bilski

Materials 2023, 16(5), 1978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051978 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1622

Abstract

Modern radiotherapy (RT) techniques, such as proton therapy, require more and more sophisticated dosimetry methods and materials. One of the newly developed technologies is based on flexible sheets made of a polymer, with the embedded optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) material in the form of powder (LiMgPO₄, LMP) and a self-developed optical imaging setup. The detector properties were evaluated to study its potential application in the proton treatment plan verification for eyeball cancer. The data showed a well-known effect of lower luminescent efficiency of the LMP material response to proton energy. The efficiency parameter depends on a given material and radiation quality parameters. Therefore, the detailed knowledge of material efficiency is crucial in establishing a calibration method for detectors exposed to mixed radiation fields. Thus, in the present study, the prototype of the LMP-based silicone foil material was tested with monoenergetic uniform proton beams of various initial kinetic energies constituting the so-called spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). The irradiation geometry was also modelled using the Monte Carlo particle transport codes. Several beam quality parameters, including dose and the kinetic energy spectrum, were scored. Finally, the obtained results were used to correct the relative luminescence efficiency response of the LMP foils for monoenergetic and spread-out proton beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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16 pages, 3518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single Crystalline Films of Ce³⁺-Doped Y₃Mg_xSi_yAl_5−x−yO₁₂ Garnets: Crystallization, Optical, and Photocurrent Properties

by Vitaliy Gorbenko, Tetiana Zorenko, Anna Shakhno, Paweł Popielarski, Andres Osvet, Miroslaw Batentschuk, Alexander Fedorov, Sebastian Mahlik, Tadeusz Leśniewski, Natalia Majewska and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2023, 16(5), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051869 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

This research focuses on LPE growth, and the examination of the optical and photovoltaic properties of single crystalline film (SCF) phosphors based on Ce³⁺-doped Y₃Mg_xSi_yAl_5−x−yO₁₂ garnets with Mg and Si contents in x = 0–0.345 and y = 0–0.31 ranges. The absorbance, luminescence, scintillation, and photocurrent properties of Y₃Mg_xSi_yAl_5−x−yO₁₂:Ce SCFs were examined in comparison with Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce (YAG:Ce) counterpart. Especially prepared YAG:Ce SCFs with a low (x, y < 0.1) concentration of Mg²⁺ and Mg²⁺–Si⁴⁺ codopants also showed a photocurrent that increased with rising Mg²⁺ and Si⁴⁺ concentrations. Mg²⁺ excess was systematically present in as-grown Y₃Mg_xSi_yAl_5−x−yO₁₂:Ce SCFs. The as-grown SCFs of these garnets under the excitation of α–particles had a low light yield (LY) and a fast scintillation response with a decay time in the ns range due to producing the Ce⁴⁺ ions as compensators for the Mg²⁺ excess. The Ce⁴⁺ dopant recharged to the Ce³⁺ state after SCF annealing at T > 1000 °C in a reducing atmosphere (95%N₂ + 5%H₂). Annealed SCF samples exhibited an LY of around 42% and similar scintillation decay kinetics to those of the YAG:Ce SCF counterpart. The photoluminescence studies of Y₃Mg_xSi_yAl_5−x−yO₁₂:Ce SCFs provide evidence for Ce³⁺ multicenter formation and the presence of an energy transfer between various Ce³⁺ multicenters. The Ce³⁺ multicenters possessed variable crystal field strengths in the nonequivalent dodecahedral sites of the garnet host due to the substitution of the octahedral positions by Mg²⁺ and the tetrahedral positions by Si⁴⁺. In comparison with YAG:Ce SCF, the Ce³⁺ luminescence spectra of Y₃Mg_xSi_yAl_5−x−yO₁₂:Ce SCFs greatly expanded in the red region. Using these beneficial trends of changes in the optical and photocurrent properties of Y₃Mg_xSi_yAl_5−x−yO₁₂:Ce garnets as a result of Mg²⁺ and Si⁴⁺ alloying, a new generation of SCF converters for white LEDs, photovoltaics, and scintillators could be developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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11 pages, 3098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Three-Layered Composite Color Converters for White LEDs Based on the Epitaxial Structures of YAG:Ce, TbAG:Ce and LuAG:Ce Garnets

by Anton Markovskyi, Vitaliy Gorbenko, Tatiana Zorenko, Sandra Witkiewicz-Lukaszek, Oleg Sidletskiy, Alexander Fedorov and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2023, 16(5), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051848 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1463

Abstract

This work was dedicated to the development of novel types of composite phosphor converters of white LED, based on the epitaxial structures containing Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce (YAG:Ce) and Tb₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce (TbAG:Ce) single crystalline films, steeply grown, using the liquid-phase epitaxy method, onto LuAG:Ce single crystal substrates. The influence of Ce³⁺ concentration in the LuAG:Ce substrate, as well as the thickness of the subsequent YAG:Ce and TbAG:Ce films, on the luminescence and photoconversion properties of the three-layered composite converters were investigated. Compared to its traditional YAG:Ce counterpart, the developed composite converter demonstrates broadened emission bands, due to the compensation of the cyan–green dip by the additional LuAG:Ce substrate luminescence, along with yellow–orange luminescence from the YAG:Ce and TbAG:Ce films. Such a combination of emission bands from various crystalline garnet compounds allows the production of a wide emission spectrum of WLEDs. In turn, the variation in the thickness and activator concentration in each part of the composite converter allows the production of almost any shade from green to orange emission on the chromaticity diagram. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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19 pages, 4538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Elevated Temperature on Color Centers in LiF Crystals and Their Photoluminescence

by Małgorzata Sankowska, Pawel Bilski, Barbara Marczewska and Yaroslav Zhydachevskyy

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041489 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1634

Abstract

The radiation-induced photoluminescence (PL) of LiF has found its way into many applications for the detection and imaging of ionizing radiation. In this work, the influence of thermal treatment at temperatures up to 400 °C on absorption and PL emission spectra as well as fluorescent nuclear tracks in irradiated LiF crystals was investigated. It was found that carrying out PL measurements with the crystals kept at the temperature of about 80 °C leads to a considerable increase in luminescence emission of F₃⁺ color centers at 525 nm. This enhancement of PL intensity allows for the microscopic imaging of the fluorescent nuclear tracks using only F₃⁺ emission, which is not possible at room temperature. It was also found that heating the irradiated crystals before measurement at temperatures from 100 °C to 200 °C increases the concentration of F₃⁺ centers. However, the related enhancement of PL emission is insufficient in terms of enabling the observation of the fluorescent tracks in this part of the spectrum. In the case of the main PL emission at 670 nm related to F₂ centers, the thermal treatment at around 290 °C substantially increases the intensity of fluorescent tracks. This effect, however, was found to occur only at low fluences of alpha particles (up to about 10⁹ cm⁻²); therefore, it is barely visible in the emission spectrum and not noticeable in the absorption spectrum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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16 pages, 7456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of the LPE-Grown LuAG: Ce Film/YAG Crystal Composite Thermoluminescence Detector for Distinguishing the Components of the Mixed Radiation Field

by Anna Mrozik, Paweł Bilski, Wojciech Gieszczyk, Mariusz Kłosowski, Sandra Witkiewicz-Łukaszek, Vitaliy Gorbenko, Tetiana Zorenko and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8708; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248708 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1317

Abstract

Single-crystalline films (SCFs) of the LuAG: Ce garnet grown using the liquid-phase epitaxy method onto YAG single-crystal (SC) substrates were investigated for possible applications as composite thermoluminescent (TL) detectors. Such detectors may help to register the different components of ionizing radiation fields with various penetration depths, e.g., heavy charged particles and gamma or beta rays. It was found that the TL signal of LuAG: Ce SCF sufficiently differs from that of the YAG substrate concerning both the temperature and wavelength of emissions. Furthermore, even by analyzing TL glow curves, it was possible to distinguish the difference between weakly and deeply penetrating types of radiation. Within a test involving the exposure of detectors with the mixed alpha/beta radiations, the doses of both components were determined with an accuracy of a few percent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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13 pages, 3720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of the Composite Thermoluminescent Detectors Based on the Single Crystalline Films and Crystals of Perovskite Compounds

by Sandra Witkiewicz-Lukaszek, Anna Mrozik, Vitaliy Gorbenko, Tetiana Zorenko, Pawel Bilski, Yurii Syrotych and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238481 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1210

Abstract

This work is dedicated to the development of new types of composite thermoluminescent detectors based on the single crystalline films of Ce-doped GdAlO₃ perovskite and Mn-doped YAlO₃ and (Lu_0.8Y_0.2)AlO₃:Mn perovskites as well as Ce and Pr-doped YAlO₃ single crystal substrates. These detectors were obtained using the Liquid Phase Epitaxy growth method from the melt solution based on the PbO-B₂O₃ fluxes. Such composite detectors can by applied for the simultaneous registration of different components of mixed ionization fluxes using the differences between the thermoluminescent glow curves, recorded from the film and crystal parts of epitaxial structures. For creation of the new composite detectors, we considered using, for the film and crystal components of epitaxial structures (i) the different perovskite matrixes doped with the same type of activator or (ii) the same perovskite host with various types of activators. The thermoluminescent properties of the different types of epitaxial structures based on the abovementioned films and crystal substrates were examined in the conditions of β-particles and X-ray excitation with aim of determination of the optimal combination of perovskites for composite detectors. It was shown that, among the structures with all the studied compositions, the best properties for the simultaneous thermoluminescent detection of α- and X-rays were the GdAlO₃:Ce film/YAlO₃:Ce crystal epitaxial structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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13 pages, 5574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infrared Stimulated Luminescence of Ce³⁺ Doped YAG Crystals

by Paweł Bilski, Anna Mrozik, Wojciech Gieszczyk, Sergiy Nizhankovskiy and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238288 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

In this study, the infrared optically stimulated luminescence (IRSL) of single crystals of Ce³⁺ doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) was investigated for the first time. It was found that infrared stimulation of these crystals, following previous exposure to beta radiation, produces a strong luminescence signal. The highest luminescence efficiency was exhibited by the YAG crystal with 0.1% of Ce. With this crystal, it was possible to measure as low doses as 0.1 mGy. Moreover, IRSL is mainly related to the TL peak at a relatively high temperature of c.a. 175 °C, which leads to quite good stability of the signal in time. These properties create good prospects for potential applications of YAG:Ce in dosimetric radiation measurements Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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20 pages, 7137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scintillation Characteristics of the Single-Crystalline Film and Composite Film-Crystal Scintillators Based on the Ce³⁺-Doped (Lu,Gd)₃(Ga,Al)₅O₁₂ Mixed Garnets under Alpha and Beta Particles, and Gamma Ray Excitations

by Jiri A. Mares, Vitalii Gorbenko, Romana Kucerkova, Petr Prusa, Alena Beitlerova, Tetiana Zorenko, Martin Pokorny, Sandra Witkiewicz-Łukaszek, Yurii Syrotych, Carmelo D’Ambrosio, Martin Nikl, Oleg Sidletskiy and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2022, 15(22), 7925; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15227925 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

The crystals of (Lu,Gd)₃(Ga,Al)₅O₁₂ multicomponent garnets with high density ρ and effective atomic number Z_eff are characterized by high scintillation efficiency and a light yield value up to 50,000 ph/MeV. During recent years, single-crystalline films and composite film/crystal scintillators were developed on the basis of these multicomponent garnets. These film/crystal composites are potentially applicable for particle identification by pulse shape discrimination due to the fact that α-particles excite only the film response, γ-radiation excites only the substrate response, and β-particles excite both to some extent. Here, we present new results regarding scintillating properties of selected (Lu,Gd)₃(Ga,Al)₅O₁₂:Ce single-crystalline films under excitation by alpha and beta particles and gamma ray photons. We conclude that some of studied compositions are indeed suitable for testing in the proposed application, most notably Lu_1.5Gd_1.5Al₃Ga₂O₁₂:Ce film on the GAGG:Ce substrate, exhibiting an α-particle-excited light yield of 1790–2720 ph/MeV and significantly different decay curves excited by α- and γ-radiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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12 pages, 4228 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Basic Characteristics of Dose Distributions of Photons Beam for Radiotherapeutic Applications Using YAG:Ce Crystal Detectors

by Janusz Winiecki, Sandra Witkiewicz-Lukaszek, Paulina Michalska, Seweryn Jakubowski, Sergiy Nizhankovskiy and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7861; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217861 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2195

Abstract

Thermostimulated luminescence (TSL) dosimetry is a versatile tool for the assessment of dose from ionizing radiation. In this work, the Ce³⁺ doped Y₃Al₅O₁₂ garnet (YAG:Ce) with a density ρ = 4.56 g/cm³ and effective atomic number Z_eff = 35 emerged as a prospective TSL material in radiotherapy applications due to its excellent radiation stability, uniformity of structural and optical properties, high yield of TSL, and good position of main glow peak around 290–300 °C. Namely, the set of TSL detectors produced from the YAG:Ce single crystal is used for identification of the uniformity of dose and energy spectra of X-ray radiation generated by the clinical accelerator with 6 MV and 15 MV beams located in Radiotherapy Department at the Oncology Center in Bydgoszcz, Poland. We have found that the YAG:Ce crystal detects shows very promising results for registration of X-ray radiation generated by the accelerator with 6 MV beam. The next step in the research is connected with application of TSL detectors based on the crystals of much heavier garnets than YAG. It is estimated that the LuAG:Ce garnet crystals with high density ρ = 6.0 g/cm³ and Z_eff = 62 can be used to evaluate the X-rays produced by the accelerator with the 15 MV beam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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14 pages, 8396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micropowder Ca₂YMgScSi₃O₁₂:Ce Silicate Garnet as an Efficient Light Converter for White LEDs

by Anna Shakhno, Anton Markovskyi, Tetiana Zorenko, Sandra Witkiewicz-Łukaszek, Yevheniya Vlasyuk, Andres Osvet, Jack Elia, Christoph J. Brabec, Miroslaw Batentschuk and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2022, 15(11), 3942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113942 - 1 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

This work is dedicated to the crystallization and luminescent properties of a prospective Ca₂YMgScSi₃O₁₂:Ce (CYMSSG:Ce) micropowder (MP) phosphor converter (pc) for a white light–emitting LED (WLED). The set of MP samples was obtained by conventional solid-phase synthesis using different amounts of B₂O₃ flux in the 1–5 mole percentage range. The luminescent properties of the CYMSSG:Ce MPs were investigated at different Ce³⁺ concentrations in the 1–5 atomic percentage range. The formation of several Ce³⁺ multicenters in the CYMSSG:Ce MPs was detected in the emission and excitation spectra as well as the decay kinetics of the Ce³⁺ luminescence. The creation of the Ce³⁺ multicenters in CYMSSG:Ce garnet results from: (i) the substitution by the Ce³⁺ ions of the heterovalent Ca²⁺ and Y³⁺ cations in the dodecahedral position of the garnet host; (ii) the inhomogeneous local environment of the Ce³⁺ ions when the octahedral positions of the garnet are replaced by heterovalent Mg²⁺ and Sc³⁺ cations and the tetrahedral positions are replaced by Si⁴⁺ cations. The presence of Ce³⁺ multicenters significantly enhances the Ce³⁺ emission band in the red range in comparison with conventional YAG:Ce phosphor. Prototypes of the WLEDs were also created in this work by using CYMSSG:Ce MP films as phosphor converters. Furthermore, the dependence of the photoconversion properties on the layer thickness of the CYMSSG:Ce MP was studied as well. The changes in the MP layer thickness enable the tuning of the white light thons from cold white/daylight to neutral white. The obtained results are encouraging and can be useful for the development of a novel generation of pcs for WLEDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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Review

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31 pages, 13349 KiB

Open AccessReview

Composite Detectors Based on Single-Crystalline Films and Single Crystals of Garnet Compounds

by Sandra Witkiewicz-Lukaszek, Vitalii Gorbenko, Tetiana Zorenko, Yurii Syrotych, Jiri A. Mares, Martin Nikl, Oleg Sidletskiy, Pawel Bilski, Akira Yoshikawa and Yuriy Zorenko

Materials 2022, 15(3), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031249 - 8 Feb 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2838

Abstract

This manuscript summarizes recent results on the development of composite luminescent materials based on the single-crystalline films and single crystals of simple and mixed garnet compounds obtained by the liquid-phase epitaxy growth method. Such composite materials can be applied as scintillating and thermoluminescent (TL) detectors for radiation monitoring of mixed ionization fluxes, as well as scintillation screens in the microimaging techniques. The film and crystal parts of composite detectors were fabricated from efficient scintillation/TL materials based on Ce³⁺-, Pr³⁺-, and Sc³⁺-doped Lu₃Al₅O₁₂ garnets, as well as Ce³⁺-doped Gd₃_−xA_xAl₅_−yGa_yO₁₂ mixed garnets, where A = Lu or Tb; x = 0–1; y = 2–3 with significantly different scintillation decay or positions of the main peaks in their TL glow curves. This work also summarizes the results of optical study of films, crystals, and epitaxial structures of these garnet compounds using absorption, cathodoluminescence, and photoluminescence. The scintillation and TL properties of the developed materials under α- and β-particles and γ-quanta excitations were studied as well. The most efficient variants of the composite scintillation and TL detectors for monitoring of composition of mixed beams of ionizing radiation were selected based on the results of this complex study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Luminescent Detectors and Transformers of Ionizing Radiation)

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