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21 pages, 10691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Blast Furnace Slag on Cement Concrete Road by Microstructure Characterization and Assessment of Physical-Mechanical Resistances at 150/480 Days

by Liliana Maria Nicula, Daniela Lucia Manea, Dorina Simedru, Oana Cadar, Anca Becze and Mihai Liviu Dragomir

Materials 2023, 16(9), 3332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093332 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2337

Abstract

The results presented in this paper on the appropriateness of using of blast furnace slag (BFS) in the composition of roads make an original contribution to the development of sustainable materials with the aim to reduce the carbon footprint and the consumption of [...] Read more.

The results presented in this paper on the appropriateness of using of blast furnace slag (BFS) in the composition of roads make an original contribution to the development of sustainable materials with the aim to reduce the carbon footprint and the consumption of natural resources. The novelty of this work consists of determining the optimal percentage of BSF in road concrete, in order to: increase mechanical resistances, reduce contractions in the hardening process, and ensure increased corrosion resistances, even superior to classic cement-based mixtures. Thus, the physical-mechanical characteristics and the microstructure of some road concretes were studied in the laboratory for three different recipes. We kept the same amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a substitute for Portland cement, respectively three percentages of 20%, 40%, 60% air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS) and crushed as sand substitute from now on called S54/20, S54/40, S54/60. Drying shrinkage, mechanical resistances, carbonation-induced corrosion, microstructure characterization of hardened concretes, and degree of crystallinity by SEM and XRD measurements were analyzed after a longer curing period of 150/480 days. The obtained results on the three BSF mixtures indicated a reduction of drying shrinkage and implicitly increased the tensile resistance by bending to 150 days well above the level of the blank composition. The degree of crystallinity and the content of the majority phases of the mineralogical compounds, albites, quartz, and tobermorite out of the three BSF samples justifies the increase in the compressive strengths at the age of 480 days in comparison with the test samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction measurements showed the highest compactness and lowest portlandite crystal content for the S54/20 slag composite. Future research concerns are the realization of experimental sections in situ, the study of the influence of BFS on the elasticity module of road concrete, and the opportunity to use other green materials that can contribute to the reduction of the carbon footprint, keeping the physical and mechanical properties of road concrete at a high level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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14 pages, 9492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Isothermal Annealing on Sn Whisker Growth Behavior of Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni Solder Joint

by Aimi Noorliyana Hashim, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh, Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Andrei Victor Sandu, Petrica Vizureanu and Ioan Gabriel Sandu

Materials 2023, 16(5), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051852 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1461

Abstract

This paper presents an assessment of the effect of isothermal annealing of Sn whisker growth behavior on the surface of Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni solder joints using the hot-dip soldering technique. Sn0.7Cu and Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni solder joints with a similar solder coating thickness was aged up to [...] Read more.

This paper presents an assessment of the effect of isothermal annealing of Sn whisker growth behavior on the surface of Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni solder joints using the hot-dip soldering technique. Sn0.7Cu and Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni solder joints with a similar solder coating thickness was aged up to 600 h in room temperature and annealed under 50 °C and 105 °C conditions. Through the observations, the significant outcome was the suppressing effect of Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni on Sn whisker growth in terms of density and length reduction. The fast atomic diffusion of isothermal annealing consequently reduced the stress gradient of Sn whisker growth on the Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni solder joint. It was also established that the smaller (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ grain size and stability characteristic of hexagonal η-Cu₆Sn₅ considerably contribute to the residual stress diminished in the (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMC interfacial layer and are able to suppress the growth of Sn whiskers on the Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni solder joint. The findings of this study provide environmental acceptance with the aim of suppressing Sn whisker growth and upsurging the reliability of the Sn0.7Cu0.05Ni solder joint at the electronic-device-operation temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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14 pages, 2981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computer Simulations of End-Tapering Anchorages of EBR FRP-Strengthened Prestressed Concrete Slabs at Service Conditions

by Chirawat Wattanapanich, Thanongsak Imjai, Reyes Garcia, Nur Liza Rahim, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Andrei Victor Sandu, Petrica Vizureanu, Petre Daniel Matasaru and Blessen Skariah Thomas

Materials 2023, 16(2), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020851 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1996

Abstract

This article examines numerically the behavior of prestressed reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) consisting of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. The non-linear finite element (FE) program Abaqus^® is used to model EBR FRP-strengthened prestressed concrete slabs tested previously in [...] Read more.

This article examines numerically the behavior of prestressed reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) consisting of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. The non-linear finite element (FE) program Abaqus^® is used to model EBR FRP-strengthened prestressed concrete slabs tested previously in four-point bending. After the calibration of the computational models, a parametric study is then conducted to assess the influence of the FRP axial stiffness (thickness and modulus of elasticity) on the interfacial normal and shear stresses. The numerical analysis results show that increasing the thickness or the elastic modulus of the FRP strengthening affects the efficiency of the FRP bonding and makes it susceptible to earlier debonding failures. A tapering technique is proposed in wet lay-up applications since multiple FRP layers are often required. It is shown that by gradually decreasing the thickness of the FRP strengthening, the concentration of stress along the plate end can be reduced, and thus, the overall strengthening performance is maximized. The tapering is successful in reducing the bond stress concentrations by up to 15%, which can be sufficient to prevent concrete rip-off and peel-off debonding failure modes. This article contributes towards a better understanding of the debonding phenomena in FRP-strengthened elements in flexure and towards the development of more efficient computational tools to analyze such structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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17 pages, 3078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixing of Excitons in Nanostructures Based on a Perylene Dye with CdTe Quantum Dots

by Yuri P. Piryatinski, Markiian B. Malynovskyi, Maryna M. Sevryukova, Anatoli B. Verbitsky, Olga A. Kapush, Aleksey G. Rozhin and Petro M. Lutsyk

Materials 2023, 16(2), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020552 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

Semiconductor quantum dots of the A₂B₆ group and organic semiconductors have been widely studied and applied in optoelectronics. This study aims to combine CdTe quantum dots and perylene-based dye molecules into advanced nanostructure system targeting to improve their functional properties. [...] Read more.

Semiconductor quantum dots of the A₂B₆ group and organic semiconductors have been widely studied and applied in optoelectronics. This study aims to combine CdTe quantum dots and perylene-based dye molecules into advanced nanostructure system targeting to improve their functional properties. In such systems, new electronic states, a mixture of Wannier–Mott excitons with charge-transfer excitons, have appeared at the interface of CdTe quantum dots and the perylene dye. The nature of such new states has been analyzed by absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy with picosecond time resolution. Furthermore, aggregation of perylene dye on the CdTe has been elucidated, and contribution of Förster resonant energy transfer has been observed between aggregated forms of the dye and CdTe quantum dots in the hybrid CdTe-perylene nanostructures. The studied nanostructures have strongly quenched emission of quantum dots enabling potential application of such systems in dissociative sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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17 pages, 6347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effect of Ultraviolet Absorber UV-531 on the Performance of SBS-Modified Asphalt

by Li Liu, Leixin Liu, Zhaohui Liu, Chengcheng Yang, Boyang Pan and Wenbo Li

Materials 2022, 15(22), 8110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228110 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1633

Abstract

Asphalt pavements at high altitudes are susceptible to aging and disease under prolonged action of UV light. To improve their anti-ultraviolet aging performance, UV-531/SBS-modified asphalts with UV-531 dopings of 0.4%, 0.7%, and 1.0% were prepared by the high-speed shear method, and the effect [...] Read more.

Asphalt pavements at high altitudes are susceptible to aging and disease under prolonged action of UV light. To improve their anti-ultraviolet aging performance, UV-531/SBS-modified asphalts with UV-531 dopings of 0.4%, 0.7%, and 1.0% were prepared by the high-speed shear method, and the effect of UV-531 on the conventional performance of SBS-modified asphalt before aging was studied by needle penetration, softening point and 5 °C ductility tests. The high- and low-temperature rheological properties of UV-531/SBS-modified asphalt before and after aging were also analyzed by high temperature dynamic shear rheology test and low-temperature glass transition temperature test. Finally, the effect of UV-531 on the anti-aging performance of SBS-modified asphalt was evaluated by three methods, including rutting factor ratio, viscosity aging index, and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that with the increase of UV-531 doping, the needle penetration and 5 °C ductility show an increasing trend, but the effect on the softening point is small. The high temperature stability of SBS-modified asphalt is not much affected by the addition of UV-531, and the low-temperature stability is improved, and when 0.7% UV absorber is added, SBS-modified asphalt shows better low-temperature performance. The results of all three evaluation methods show that the addition of UV-531 significantly improved the anti-UV aging performance of SBS-modified asphalt, with the amount of 0.7% providing the asphalt with the best anti-UV aging performance. The results of the study can provide an important reference for improving the anti-ultraviolet aging performance of SBS-modified asphalt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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18 pages, 5693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Fe₂O₃, MgO and Molarity of NaOH Solution on the Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers

by Brăduț Alexandru Ionescu, Mihail Chira, Horațiu Vermeșan, Andreea Hegyi, Adrian-Victor Lăzărescu, Gyorgy Thalmaier, Bogdan Viorel Neamțu, Timea Gabor and Ioana Monica Sur

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6965; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196965 - 7 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2016

Abstract

The use of waste from industrial activities is of particular importance for environmental protection. Fly ash has a high potential in the production of construction materials. In the present study, the use of fly ash in the production of geopolymer paste and the [...] Read more.

The use of waste from industrial activities is of particular importance for environmental protection. Fly ash has a high potential in the production of construction materials. In the present study, the use of fly ash in the production of geopolymer paste and the effect of Fe₂O₃, MgO and molarity of NaOH solution on the mechanical strength of geopolymer paste are presented. Samples resulting from the heat treatment of the geopolymer paste were subjected to mechanical tests and SEM, EDS and XRD analyses. Samples were obtained using 6 molar and 8 molar NaOH solution with and without the addition of Fe₂O₃ and MgO. Samples obtained using a 6 molar NaOH solution where Fe₂O₃ and MgO were added had higher mechanical strengths compared to the other samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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10 pages, 1498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unexpected Method of High-Viscosity Shear Thickening Fluids Based on Polypropylene Glycols Development via Thermal Treatment

by Mariusz Tryznowski, Tomasz Gołofit, Selim Gürgen, Patrycja Kręcisz and Marcin Chmielewski

Materials 2022, 15(17), 5818; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175818 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1642

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the influence of the thermal treatment of shear thickening fluids, STFs, on their viscosity. For this purpose, shear thickening fluids based on polypropylene glycols PPG400 and PPG1000 and Aerosil^®200 were developed. The shear thickening behavior of [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of the thermal treatment of shear thickening fluids, STFs, on their viscosity. For this purpose, shear thickening fluids based on polypropylene glycols PPG400 and PPG1000 and Aerosil^®200 were developed. The shear thickening behavior of obtained fluids was confirmed by using a parallel-plate rheometer. Next, thermogravimetric (TG) analyses were used to characterized thermal stability and weight loss of the STFs at a constant temperature. Finally, the thermal treatment of the STFs obtained was provided using the apparatus developed for this purpose. The received STFs exhibited a very high maximum viscosity up to 15 kPa. The rheology of the STFs measured after thermal treatment indicated that the proposed method allowed the development of STFs with a very high maximum viscosity. The maximum viscosity of the STFs increased twofold when thermal treatment of the STFs at elevated temperature for 210 min was performed. TG confirmed the convergence of the weight loss in the apparatus. Our results show that controlling the thermal treatment of STFs allows STFs to be obtained with high viscosity and a dilatation jump of the STFs by degradation of the liquid matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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19 pages, 3320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydroxyapatite from Natural Sources for Medical Applications

by Laura Madalina Cursaru, Miruna Iota, Roxana Mioara Piticescu, Daniela Tarnita, Sorin Vasile Savu, Ionel Dănuț Savu, Gabriela Dumitrescu, Diana Popescu, Radu-Gabriel Hertzog and Mihaela Calin

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5091; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155091 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3123

Abstract

The aim of this work is to study the physical-chemical, mechanical, and biocompatible properties of hydroxyapatite obtained by hydrothermal synthesis, at relatively low temperatures and high pressures, starting from natural sources (Rapana whelk shells), knowing that these properties influence the behavior of nanostructured [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to study the physical-chemical, mechanical, and biocompatible properties of hydroxyapatite obtained by hydrothermal synthesis, at relatively low temperatures and high pressures, starting from natural sources (Rapana whelk shells), knowing that these properties influence the behavior of nanostructured materials in cells or tissues. Thus, hydroxyapatite nanopowders were characterized by chemical analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In vitro studies on osteoblast cell lines (cytotoxicity and cell proliferation), as well as preliminary mechanical tests, have been performed. The results showed that the obtained powders have a crystallite size below 50 nm and particle size less than 100 nm, demonstrating that hydrothermal synthesis led to hydroxyapatite nanocrystalline powders, with a Ca:P ratio close to the stoichiometric ratio and a controlled morphology (spherical particle aggregates). The tensile strength of HAp samples sintered at 1100 °C/90 min varies between 37.6–39.1 N/mm². HAp samples sintered at 1300 °C/120 min provide better results for the investigated mechanical properties. The coefficient of friction has an appropriate value for biomechanical applications. The results of cell viability showed that the cytotoxic effect is low for all tested samples. Better cell proliferation is observed for osteoblasts grown on square samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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11 pages, 2111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comfort Analysis of Hafnium (Hf) Doped ZnO Coated Self-Cleaning Glazing for Energy-Efficient Fenestration Application

by Srijita Nundy, Aritra Ghosh, Abdelhakim Mesloub, Emad Noaime and Mabrouk Touahmia

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144934 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1613

Abstract

To attain a comfortable building interior, building windows play a crucial role. Because of the transparent nature of the window, it allows heat loss and gain and daylight. Thus, they are one of the most crucial parts of the building envelope that have [...] Read more.

To attain a comfortable building interior, building windows play a crucial role. Because of the transparent nature of the window, it allows heat loss and gain and daylight. Thus, they are one of the most crucial parts of the building envelope that have a significant contribution to the overall building energy consumption. The presence of dust particles on a window can change the entering light spectrum and creates viewing issues. Thus, self-cleaning glazing is now one of the most interesting research topics. However, aside from the self-cleaning properties, there are other properties that are nominated as glazing factors and are imperative for considering self-cleaning glazing materials. In this work, for the first time, Hf-doped ZnO was investigated as self-cleaning glazing and its glazing factors were evaluated. These outcomes show that the various percentages of ZnO doping with Hf improved the glazing factors, making it a suitable glazing candidate for the cold-dominated climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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Review

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34 pages, 3044 KiB

Open AccessReview

Study on the Possibilities of Developing Cementitious or Geopolymer Composite Materials with Specific Performances by Exploiting the Photocatalytic Properties of TiO₂ Nanoparticles

by Andreea Hegyi, Adrian-Victor Lăzărescu, Adrian Alexandru Ciobanu, Brăduţ Alexandru Ionescu, Elvira Grebenişan, Mihail Chira, Carmen Florean, Horaţiu Vermeşan and Vlad Stoian

Materials 2023, 16(10), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103741 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

Starting from the context of the principles of Sustainable Development and Circular Economy concepts, the paper presents a synthesis of research in the field of the development of materials of interest, such as cementitious composites or alkali-activated geopolymers. Based on the reviewed literature, [...] Read more.

Starting from the context of the principles of Sustainable Development and Circular Economy concepts, the paper presents a synthesis of research in the field of the development of materials of interest, such as cementitious composites or alkali-activated geopolymers. Based on the reviewed literature, the influence of compositional or technological factors on the physical-mechanical performance, self-healing capacity and biocidal capacity obtained was analyzed. The inclusion of TiO₂ nanoparticles in the matrix increase the performances of cementitious composites, producing a self-cleaning capacity and an anti-microbial biocidal mechanism. As an alternative, the self-cleaning capacity can be achieved through geopolymerization, which provides a similar biocidal mechanism. The results of the research carried out indicate the real and growing interest for the development of these materials but also the existence of some elements still controversial or insufficiently analyzed, therefore concluding the need for further research in these areas. The scientific contribution of this study consists of bringing together two apparently distinct research directions in order to identify convergent points, to create a favorable framework for the development of an area of research little addressed so far, namely, the development of innovative building materials by combining improved performance with the possibility of reducing environmental impact, awareness and implementation of the concept of a Circular Economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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29 pages, 1993 KiB

Open AccessReview

Solidification/Stabilization Technology for Radioactive Wastes Using Cement: An Appraisal

by Ismail Luhar, Salmabanu Luhar, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Andrei Victor Sandu, Petrica Vizureanu, Rafiza Abdul Razak, Dumitru Doru Burduhos-Nergis and Thanongsak Imjai

Materials 2023, 16(3), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16030954 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3466

Abstract

Across the world, any activity associated with the nuclear fuel cycle such as nuclear facility operation and decommissioning that produces radioactive materials generates ultramodern civilian radioactive waste, which is quite hazardous to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, the development of effectual and [...] Read more.

Across the world, any activity associated with the nuclear fuel cycle such as nuclear facility operation and decommissioning that produces radioactive materials generates ultramodern civilian radioactive waste, which is quite hazardous to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, the development of effectual and commanding management is the need of the hour to make certain the sustainability of the nuclear industries. During the management process of waste, its immobilization is one of the key activities conducted with a view to producing a durable waste form which can perform with sustainability for longer time frames. The cementation of radioactive waste is a widespread move towards its encapsulation, solidification, and finally disposal. Conventionally, Portland cement (PC) is expansively employed as an encapsulant material for storage, transportation and, more significantly, as a radiation safeguard to vigorous several radioactive waste streams. Cement solidification/stabilization (S/S) is the most widely employed treatment technique for radioactive wastes due to its superb structural strength and shielding effects. On the other hand, the eye-catching pros of cement such as the higher mechanical strength of the resulting solidified waste form, trouble-free operation and cost-effectiveness have attracted researchers to employ it most commonly for the immobilization of radionuclides. In the interest to boost the solidified waste performances, such as their mechanical properties, durability, and reduction in the leaching of radionuclides, vast attempts have been made in the past to enhance the cementation technology. Additionally, special types of cement were developed based on Portland cement to solidify these perilous radioactive wastes. The present paper reviews not only the solidification/stabilization technology of radioactive wastes using cement but also addresses the challenges that stand in the path of the design of durable cementitious waste forms for these problematical functioning wastes. In addition, the manuscript presents a review of modern cement technologies for the S/S of radioactive waste, taking into consideration the engineering attributes and chemistry of pure cement, cement incorporated with SCM, calcium sulpho–aluminate-based cement, magnesium-based cement, along with their applications in the S/S of hazardous radioactive wastes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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34 pages, 8493 KiB

Open AccessReview

Scientometric Review for Research Patterns on Additive Manufacturing of Lattice Structures

by Chiemela Victor Amaechi, Emmanuel Folarin Adefuye, Irish Mpho Kgosiemang, Bo Huang and Ebube Charles Amaechi

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5323; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155323 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3608

Abstract

Over the past 15 years, interest in additive manufacturing (AM) on lattice structures has significantly increased in producing 3D/4D objects. The purpose of this study is to gain a thorough grasp of the research pattern and the condition of the field’s research today [...] Read more.

Over the past 15 years, interest in additive manufacturing (AM) on lattice structures has significantly increased in producing 3D/4D objects. The purpose of this study is to gain a thorough grasp of the research pattern and the condition of the field’s research today as well as identify obstacles towards future research. To accomplish the purpose, this work undertakes a scientometric analysis of the international research conducted on additive manufacturing for lattice structure materials published from 2002 to 2022. A total of 1290 journal articles from the Web of Science (WoS) database and 1766 journal articles from the Scopus database were found using a search system. This paper applied scientometric science, which is based on bibliometric analysis. The data were subjected to a scientometric study, which looked at the number of publications, authorship, regions by countries, keyword co-occurrence, literature coupling, and scientometric mapping. VOSviewer was used to establish research patterns, visualize maps, and identify transcendental issues. Thus, the quantitative determination of the primary research framework, papers, and themes of this research field was possible. In order to shed light on current developments in additive manufacturing for lattice structures, an extensive systematic study is provided. The scientometric analysis revealed a strong bias towards researching AM on lattice structures but little concentration on technologies that emerge from it. It also outlined its unmet research needs, which can benefit both the industry and academia. This review makes a prediction for the future, with contributions by educating researchers, manufacturers, and other experts on the current state of AM for lattice structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III)

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