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Medicina
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Research on Olfaction and the Role of Nasal Surgery in...
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Research on Olfaction and the Role of Nasal Surgery in Smell Restoration

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Surgery".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2021) | Viewed by 6757

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Peter Andrews

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of ENT, Royal National ENT & Eastman Dental Hospitals, 47-49 Huntley St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6DG, UK
2. Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
Interests: olfaction; nasal obstruction; patient-reported outcome measures

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) has recently gained more attention in the general public as a key presenting symptom of SARS-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19). However, it is well known that many respiratory viruses (coronaviruses included) can cause OD, with 80% of patients experiencing subjective spontaneous improvement and 30% showing a complete recovery of smell in one year. Similarly, OD is thought to affect 61–83% of patients with CRS, and histopathological evidence suggests that the olfactory neuroepithelium may undergo remodeling with more established disease. However, although it is known that several diseases can affect olfactory function, available treatments to improve/restore sense of smell remain exiguous. Endoscopic sinus surgery has been shown to improve the sense of smell in CRS patients, with a higher responsiveness demonstrated by the CRS subgroup with nasal polyps. Conversely, no surgical options are currently available for post-infectious or post-traumatic OD. There is a need to embrace new therapies exploring damaged neuron regeneration and promoting olfactory cell regeneration. Based on their regenerative properties to support the sense of smell by enabling continual turnover and axonal regrowth of olfactory sensory neurons, transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells could be regarded as a potential therapy in the future for the regeneration of damaged neurons.

Dr. Peter Andrews
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • olfaction
  • sense of smell
  • nasal surgery
  • regenerative therapy
  • endoscopic sinus surgery
  • olfactory cells
  • olfactory ensheathing cells

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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7 pages, 249 KiB  
Article
The Role of Social Media in Improving Patient Recruitment for Research Studies on Persistent Post-Infectious Olfactory Dysfunction
by Alfonso Luca Pendolino, Annakan V. Navaratnam, Juman Nijim, Christine E. Kelly, Premjit S. Randhawa and Peter J. Andrews
Medicina 2022, 58(3), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030348 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of cases of post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) has substantially increased. Despite a good recovery rate, olfactory dysfunction (OD) becomes persistent in up to 15% of cases and further research is needed to find [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of cases of post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) has substantially increased. Despite a good recovery rate, olfactory dysfunction (OD) becomes persistent in up to 15% of cases and further research is needed to find new treatment modalities for those patients who have not improved on currently available treatments. Social media has emerged as a potential avenue for patient recruitment, but its role in recruiting patients with smell dysfunction remains unexplored. We conducted a survey using the AbScent Facebook page to evaluate the feasibility of using this platform for future studies on smell dysfunction. Materials and Methods: Between 26 October and 4 November 2021, we conducted an online survey to evaluate propensity of patients with PIOD who would be willing to participate in research studies on smell dysfunction. Results: Sixty-five subjects were surveyed with a response rate of 90.7%. The median visual analogue scale (VAS) for sense of smell was 0 at infection and 2 at survey completion. The median length of OD was 1.6 years, and the main cause of OD was SARS-CoV-2 (57.6%). Parosmia was reported in 41 subjects (69.5%) whilst phantosmia in 22 (37.3%). The median length of olfactory training (OT) was 6 months but subjectively effective in 15 subjects (25.4%). Twenty-seven subjects (45.8%) tried other medications to improve olfaction, but only 6 participants (22.2%) reported an improvement. All subjects expressed their propensity to participate in future studies with most of them (38; 64.4%) willing to be enrolled either in medical and surgical studies or to be part of a randomised study design (11; 18.6%). Conclusions: Using the AbScent Facebook platform we successfully selected a population of subjects with persistent and severe OD that have failed to improve on available treatments and are willing to participate in further clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Olfaction and the Role of Nasal Surgery in Smell Restoration)
10 pages, 827 KiB  
Article
Olfactory and Gustatory Function before and after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
by Cecilia Berro, Alfonso Luca Pendolino, Mirto Foletto, Maria Cristina Facciolo, Pietro Maculan, Luca Prevedello, Diletta Giulia Giuntoli, Bruno Scarpa, Chiara Pavan, Peter J. Andrews and Giancarlo Ottaviano
Medicina 2021, 57(9), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57090913 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1938
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bariatric surgery is the gold standard for the treatment of morbid obesity, and current evidence suggests that patients undergoing surgery can show changes in their sense of taste and smell. However, no definitive conclusions can be drawn given the [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Bariatric surgery is the gold standard for the treatment of morbid obesity, and current evidence suggests that patients undergoing surgery can show changes in their sense of taste and smell. However, no definitive conclusions can be drawn given the heterogeneity of the studies and the contrasting results reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 18 obese patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and 15 obese controls. At baseline (T0) and 6 months after enrollment/surgery (T1), both groups underwent Sniffin’ Sticks and whole mouth test. Post-operative qualitative taste variations were also analyzed and SNOT-22, VAS for taste and smell, and MMSE were administered. Results: An improvement in the olfactory threshold was observed in the treatment group (p = 0.03) at 6 months. At multivariate analysis, the olfactory threshold differences observed correlated with MMSE (p = 0.03) and T0 gustatory identification (p = 0.01). No changes in sense of taste were observed between the two groups at 6 months, even though nine subjects in the treatment group reported a worsening of taste. This negatively correlated with age (p < 0.001), but a positive marginal correlation was observed with the olfactory threshold difference between T0 and T1 (p = 0.06). Conclusions: Olfaction can improve after LSG, and this seems to be the consequence of an improved olfactory threshold. Although we did not observe any change in gustatory identification, food’s pleasantness worsened after bariatric surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Olfaction and the Role of Nasal Surgery in Smell Restoration)
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5 pages, 526 KiB  
Brief Report
Advancement of PD Is Reflected by White Matter Changes in Olfactory Areas: A Pilot Study
by Thomas Hummel, Antje Haehner, Divesh Thaploo, Charalampos Georgiopoulos, Björn Falkenburger and Katherine Whitcroft
Medicina 2021, 57(11), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111183 - 1 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2050
Abstract
Loss of sense of smell is a well-known non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we present insight into the association between PD advancement and equivalents of smell loss in olfactory-eloquent brain areas, such as the posterior cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. Twelve PD [...] Read more.
Loss of sense of smell is a well-known non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, we present insight into the association between PD advancement and equivalents of smell loss in olfactory-eloquent brain areas, such as the posterior cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. Twelve PD patients in different Hoehn and Yahr stages and 12 healthy normosmic individuals were examined with diffusion tensor imaging. Tract-based spatial statistics were used to analyze microstructural changes in white matter adjacent to the bilateral posterior and orbitofrontal cortex. Axial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were significantly higher in olfactory ROIs in advanced PD patients. The results of this preliminary study indicate that PD advancement is associated with progressive neurodegeneration in olfactory-related brain areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Olfaction and the Role of Nasal Surgery in Smell Restoration)
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