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Metabolites
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Metabolomics and Plant Defence
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Metabolomics and Plant Defence

A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2024) | Viewed by 19901

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shitou Xia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
Interests: plant-microbe interaction; phytohormone; plant immunity; plant physiology; microbe genetics and gene function analysis; oilseed rape resistance; genetic engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Junxing Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
Interests: plant immunity; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The environment is not always suitable for plant growth and development. To combat the adversities relating to biotic and abiotic stresses, plants need to change their metabolic pathways to adapt to the environment. During this process, some special metabolites such as defence phytohormones or flavonoids might be produced or enhanced, which will be beneficial to plant defence and help them survive under environmental stresses.

For this Special Issue, we aim to collect research that is relevant to all aspects of plant metabolomics under biotic and abiotic stresses, the positive and negative effects of some special metabolites on defence and plant growth and development, phytohormone-regulated metabolic homeostasis, and methodologies advances with regard to primary and secondary metabolisms related to plant defence. We welcome original research articles as well as in-depth reviews covering these topics.

Prof. Dr. Shitou Xia
Dr. Junxing Lu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metabolomics
  • plant defense
  • biotic and abiotic stresses
  • phytohormone
  • metabolites and metabolic homeostasis
  • metabolomic profiling methodology

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3605 KiB  
Article
Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity against Moko Disease as a Defense Mechanism of Musa spp. from the Ecuadorian Coast Area
by Raluca A. Mihai, Vanessa A. Terán-Maza, Karen A. Portilla-Benalcazar, Lissette E. Ramos-Guaytarilla, María J. Vizuete-Cabezas, Erly J. Melo-Heras, Nelson S. Cubi-Insuaste and Rodica D. Catana
Metabolites 2024, 14(6), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14060307 - 28 May 2024
Viewed by 1148
Abstract
The Musa spp. represents the most commonly produced, transitioned, and consumed fruit around the globe, with several important applications in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Moko disease is produced by Ralstonia solanacearum—a factor with a high impact on all crops in [...] Read more.
The Musa spp. represents the most commonly produced, transitioned, and consumed fruit around the globe, with several important applications in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Moko disease is produced by Ralstonia solanacearum—a factor with a high impact on all crops in Ecuador, representing one of the biggest phytosanitary problems. Four of the most common varieties of Musa spp. were tested to identify the metabolic reaction of plants facing Moko disease. The phenolic and flavonoid content has been evaluated as a defense system, and the α-diphenyl-α-picrylhydrazyl free-radical-scavenging method (DPPH), free-radical-scavenging activity (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have been adapted to analyze the active compounds with the antioxidant capacity necessary to counteract the pathogenic attack. Our results indicate that all the studied varieties of Musa spp. react in the same way, such that the diseased samples showed a higher accumulation of secondary metabolites with antioxidant capacity compared with the healthy ones, with high active compound synthesis identified during the appearance of Moko disease symptoms. More than 40 compounds and their derivatives (from kaempferol and quercetin glycosides) with protective roles demonstrate the implication of the Musa spp. defense system against R. solanacearum infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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21 pages, 3360 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Characterization of Metabolome Reprogramming during Early Development of Sorghum Seedlings
by Ian A. Dubery, Lerato P. Nephali, Fidele Tugizimana and Paul A. Steenkamp
Metabolites 2024, 14(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14020112 - 7 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1886
Abstract
Specialized metabolites are produced via discrete metabolic pathways. These small molecules play significant roles in plant growth and development, as well as defense against environmental stresses. These include damping off or seedling blight at a post-emergence stage. Targeted metabolomics was followed to gain [...] Read more.
Specialized metabolites are produced via discrete metabolic pathways. These small molecules play significant roles in plant growth and development, as well as defense against environmental stresses. These include damping off or seedling blight at a post-emergence stage. Targeted metabolomics was followed to gain insights into metabolome changes characteristic of different developmental stages of sorghum seedlings. Metabolites were extracted from leaves at seven time points post-germination and analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analysis combined with chemometric tools, such as principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares–discriminant analysis, were applied for data exploration and to reduce data dimensionality as well as for the selection of potential discriminant biomarkers. Changes in metabolome patterns of the seedlings were analyzed in the early, middle, and late stages of growth (7, 14, and 29 days post-germination). The metabolite classes were amino acids, organic acids, lipids, cyanogenic glycosides, hormones, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and flavonoids, with the latter representing the largest class of metabolites. In general, the metabolite content showed an increase with the progression of the plant growth stages. Most of the differential metabolites were derived from tryptophan and phenylalanine, which contribute to innate immune defenses as well as growth. Quantitative analysis identified a correlation of apigenin flavone derivatives with growth stage. Data-driven investigations of these metabolomes provided new insights into the developmental dynamics that occur in seedlings to limit post-germination mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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18 pages, 3407 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Rewiring in Tea Plants in Response to Gray Blight Disease Unveiled by Multi-Omics Analysis
by Shiqin Zheng, Zhenghua Du, Xiaxia Wang, Chao Zheng, Zonghua Wang and Xiaomin Yu
Metabolites 2023, 13(11), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13111122 - 1 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1924
Abstract
Gray blight disease, which is caused by Pestalotiopsis-like species, poses significant challenges to global tea production. However, the comprehensive metabolic responses of tea plants during gray blight infection remain understudied. Here, we employed a multi-omics strategy to characterize the temporal transcriptomic and [...] Read more.
Gray blight disease, which is caused by Pestalotiopsis-like species, poses significant challenges to global tea production. However, the comprehensive metabolic responses of tea plants during gray blight infection remain understudied. Here, we employed a multi-omics strategy to characterize the temporal transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in tea plants during infection by Pseudopestalotiopsis theae, the causal agent of gray blight. Untargeted metabolomic profiling with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOFMS) revealed extensive metabolic rewiring over the course of infection, particularly within 24 h post-inoculation. A total of 64 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified, including elevated levels of antimicrobial compounds such as caffeine and (−)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, as well as oxidative catechin polymers like theaflavins, theasinensins and theacitrins. Conversely, the synthesis of (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, oligomeric proanthocyanidins and flavonol glycosides decreased. Integrated omics analyses uncovered up-regulation of phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, lignin biosynthesis and down-regulation of photosynthesis in response to the pathogen stress. This study provides novel insights into the defense strategies of tea plants against gray blight disease, offering potential targets for disease control and crop improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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22 pages, 4574 KiB  
Article
Metabolomic Reconfiguration in Primed Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Plants in Response to Pyrenophora teres f. teres Infection
by Claude Y. Hamany Djande, Fidele Tugizimana, Paul A. Steenkamp, Lizelle A. Piater and Ian A. Dubery
Metabolites 2023, 13(9), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090997 - 7 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1697
Abstract
Necrotrophic fungi affect a wide range of plants and cause significant crop losses. For the activation of multi-layered innate immune defences, plants can be primed or pre-conditioned to rapidly and more efficiently counteract this pathogen. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics analyses were applied to [...] Read more.
Necrotrophic fungi affect a wide range of plants and cause significant crop losses. For the activation of multi-layered innate immune defences, plants can be primed or pre-conditioned to rapidly and more efficiently counteract this pathogen. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics analyses were applied to elucidate the biochemical processes involved in the response of 3,5-dichloroanthranilic acid (3,5-DCAA) primed barley plants to Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt). A susceptible barley cultivar (‘Hessekwa’) at the third leaf growth stage was treated with 3,5-DCAA 24 h prior to infection using a Ptt conidia suspension. The infection was monitored over 2, 4, and 6 days post-inoculation. For untargeted studies, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) was used to analyse methanolic plant extracts. Acquired data were processed to generate the data matrices utilised in chemometric modelling and multi-dimensional data mining. For targeted studies, selected metabolites from the amino acids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids classes were quantified using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. 3,5-DCAA was effective as a priming agent in delaying the onset and intensity of symptoms but could not prevent the progression of the disease. Unsupervised learning methods revealed clear differences between the sample extracts from the control plants and the infected plants. Both orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and ‘shared and unique structures’ (SUS) plots allowed for the extraction of potential markers of the primed and naïve plant responses to Ptt. These include classes of organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, phenolic acids, and derivatives and flavonoids. Among these, 5-oxo-proline and citric acid were notable as priming response-related metabolites. Metabolites from the tricarboxylic acid pathway were only discriminant in the primed plant infected with Ptt. Furthermore, the quantification of targeted metabolites revealed that hydroxycinnamic acids were significantly more prominent in the primed infected plants, especially at 2 d.p.i. Our research advances efforts to better understand regulated and reprogrammed metabolic responses that constitute defence priming in barley against Ptt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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18 pages, 3791 KiB  
Article
Coordinated Regulation of Central Carbon Metabolism in Pyroligneous Acid-Treated Tomato Plants under Aluminum Stress
by Raphael Ofoe, Raymond H. Thomas and Lord Abbey
Metabolites 2023, 13(6), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060770 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1751
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major threat to global crop production in acidic soils, which can be mitigated by natural substances such as pyroligneous acid (PA). However, the effect of PA in regulating plant central carbon metabolism (CCM) under Al stress is unknown. [...] Read more.
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major threat to global crop production in acidic soils, which can be mitigated by natural substances such as pyroligneous acid (PA). However, the effect of PA in regulating plant central carbon metabolism (CCM) under Al stress is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of varying PA concentrations (0, 0.25 and 1% PA/ddH2O (v/v)) on intermediate metabolites involved in CCM in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., ‘Scotia’) seedlings under varying Al concentrations (0, 1 and 4 mM AlCl3). A total of 48 differentially expressed metabolites of CCM were identified in the leaves of both control and PA-treated plants under Al stress. Calvin–Benson cycle (CBC) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites were considerably reduced under 4 mM Al stress, irrespective of the PA treatment. Conversely, the PA treatment markedly increased glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites compared to the control. Although glycolysis metabolites in the 0.25% PA-treated plants under Al stress were comparable to the control, the 1% PA-treated plants exhibited the highest accumulation of glycolysis metabolites. Furthermore, all PA treatments increased TCA metabolites under Al stress. Electron transport chain (ETC) metabolites were higher in PA-treated plants alone and under 1 mM, Al but were reduced under a higher Al treatment of 4 mM. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that CBC metabolites had a significantly strong positive (r = 0.99; p < 0.001) association with PPP metabolites. Additionally, glycolysis metabolites showed a significantly moderate positive association (r = 0.76; p < 0.05) with TCA metabolites, while ETC metabolites exhibited no association with any of the determined pathways. The coordinated association between CCM pathway metabolites suggests that PA can stimulate changes in plant metabolism to modulate energy production and biosynthesis of organic acids under Al stress conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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24 pages, 4590 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Reprogramming of Barley in Response to Foliar Application of Dichlorinated Functional Analogues of Salicylic Acid as Priming Agents and Inducers of Plant Defence
by Claude Y. Hamany Djande, Paul A. Steenkamp, Lizelle A. Piater, Fidele Tugizimana and Ian A. Dubery
Metabolites 2023, 13(5), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050666 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1682
Abstract
Designing innovative biological crop protection strategies to stimulate natural plant immunity is motivated by the growing need for eco-friendly alternatives to conventional biocidal agrochemicals. Salicylic acid (SA) and analogues are known chemical inducers of priming plant immunity against environmental stresses. The aim of [...] Read more.
Designing innovative biological crop protection strategies to stimulate natural plant immunity is motivated by the growing need for eco-friendly alternatives to conventional biocidal agrochemicals. Salicylic acid (SA) and analogues are known chemical inducers of priming plant immunity against environmental stresses. The aim of the study was to study the metabolic reprogramming in barley plants following an application of three proposed dichlorinated inducers of acquired resistance. 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic acid, 2,6-dichloropyridine-4-carboxylic acid, and 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid were applied to barley at the third leaf stage of development and harvested at 12, 24, and 36 h post-treatment. Metabolites were extracted using methanol for untargeted metabolomics analyses. Samples were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-definition mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HDMS). Chemometric methods and bioinformatics tools were used to mine and interpret the generated data. Alterations in the levels of both primary and secondary metabolites were observed. The accumulation of barley-specific metabolites, hordatines, and precursors was observed from 24 h post-treatment. The phenylpropanoid pathway, a marker of induced resistance, was identified among the key mechanisms activated by the treatment with the three inducers. No salicylic acid or SA derivatives were annotated as signatory biomarkers; instead, jasmonic acid precursors and derivatives were found as discriminatory metabolites across treatments. The study highlights differences and similarities in the metabolomes of barley after treatment with the three inducers and points to the triggering chemical changes associated with defence and resistance. This report is the first of its kind, and the knowledge acquired provides deeper insight into the role of dichlorinated small molecules as inducers of plant immunity and can be used in metabolomics-guided plant improvement programmes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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21 pages, 2324 KiB  
Article
Untargeted Metabolomics of Alternaria solani-Challenged Wild Tomato Species Solanum cheesmaniae Revealed Key Metabolite Biomarkers and Insight into Altered Metabolic Pathways
by Dhananjaya Pratap Singh, Mansi Singh Bisen, Ratna Prabha, Sudarshan Maurya, Suresh Reddy Yerasu, Renu Shukla, Jagesh Kumar Tiwari, Krishna Kumar Chaturvedi, Md. Samir Farooqi, Sudhir Srivastava, Anil Rai, Birinchi Kumar Sarma, Nagendra Rai, Prabhakar Mohan Singh, Tusar Kanti Behera and Mohamed A. Farag
Metabolites 2023, 13(5), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050585 - 24 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2486
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics of moderately resistant wild tomato species Solanum cheesmaniae revealed an altered metabolite profile in plant leaves in response to Alternaria solani pathogen. Leaf metabolites were significantly differentiated in non-stressed versus stressed plants. The samples were discriminated not only by the presence/absence [...] Read more.
Untargeted metabolomics of moderately resistant wild tomato species Solanum cheesmaniae revealed an altered metabolite profile in plant leaves in response to Alternaria solani pathogen. Leaf metabolites were significantly differentiated in non-stressed versus stressed plants. The samples were discriminated not only by the presence/absence of specific metabolites as distinguished markers of infection, but also on the basis of their relative abundance as important concluding factors. Annotation of metabolite features using the Arabidopsis thaliana (KEGG) database revealed 3371 compounds with KEGG identifiers belonging to biosynthetic pathways including secondary metabolites, cofactors, steroids, brassinosteroids, terpernoids, and fatty acids. Annotation using the Solanum lycopersicum database in PLANTCYC PMN revealed significantly upregulated (541) and downregulated (485) features distributed in metabolite classes that appeared to play a crucial role in defense, infection prevention, signaling, plant growth, and plant homeostasis to survive under stress conditions. The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), comprising a significant fold change (≥2.0) with VIP score (≥1.0), showed 34 upregulated biomarker metabolites including 5-phosphoribosylamine, kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, pantothenate, and O-acetyl-L-homoserine, along with 41 downregulated biomarkers. Downregulated metabolite biomarkers were mapped with pathways specifically known for plant defense, suggesting their prominent role in pathogen resistance. These results hold promise for identifying key biomarker metabolites that contribute to disease resistive metabolic traits/biosynthetic routes. This approach can assist in mQTL development for the stress breeding program in tomato against pathogen interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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21 pages, 3646 KiB  
Article
How Central Carbon Metabolites of Mexican Mint (Plectranthus amboinicus) Plants Are Impacted under Different Watering Regimes
by Lord Abbey, Raphael Ofoe, Zijing Wang and Sparsha Chada
Metabolites 2023, 13(4), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13040539 - 10 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2375
Abstract
Plants are sessile, and their ability to reprogram their metabolism to adapt to fluctuations in soil water level is crucial but not clearly understood. A study was performed to determine alterations in intermediate metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism (CCM) following exposure of [...] Read more.
Plants are sessile, and their ability to reprogram their metabolism to adapt to fluctuations in soil water level is crucial but not clearly understood. A study was performed to determine alterations in intermediate metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism (CCM) following exposure of Mexican mint (Plectranthus amboinicus) to varying watering regimes. The water treatments were regular watering (RW), drought (DR), flooding (FL), and resumption of regular watering after flooding (DHFL) or after drought (RH). Leaf cluster formation and leaf greening were swift following the resumption of regular watering. A total of 68 key metabolites from the CCM routes were found to be significantly (p < 0.01) impacted by water stress. Calvin cycle metabolites in FL plants, glycolytic metabolites in DR plants, total tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites in DR and DHFL plants, and nucleotide biosynthetic molecules in FL and RH plants were significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites were equally high in all the plants except DR plants. Total Calvin cycle metabolites had a significantly (p < 0.001) strong positive association with TCA cycle (r = 0.81) and PPP (r = 0.75) metabolites. Total PPP metabolites had a moderately positive association with total TCA cycle metabolites (r = 0.68; p < 0.01) and a negative correlation with total glycolytic metabolites (r = −0.70; p < 0.005). In conclusion, the metabolic alterations of Mexican mint plants under different watering regimes were revealed. Future studies will use transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to identify genes and proteins that regulate the CCM route. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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15 pages, 4009 KiB  
Article
β-Cyclocitral-Mediated Metabolic Changes Optimize Growth and Defense Responses in Solanum lycopersicum L.
by Shreyas Deshpande and Sirsha Mitra
Metabolites 2023, 13(3), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13030329 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1748
Abstract
β-cyclocitral (βCC) is one of the significant oxidative products of β-carotene. It primes plants for multiple stress acclimation without compromising plant growth. Metabolic reorganization is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and defense. However, the βCC-mediated changes in a plant’s metabolic network [...] Read more.
β-cyclocitral (βCC) is one of the significant oxidative products of β-carotene. It primes plants for multiple stress acclimation without compromising plant growth. Metabolic reorganization is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and defense. However, the βCC-mediated changes in a plant’s metabolic network are unknown. Here, we demonstrate how βCC-induced metabolic changes enable Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) plants to promote defense and maintain growth under stress. An analysis of early (0–240 min) and late (72 h) changes in the tomato metabolome after βCC-treatment using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry identified 57 compounds. A principal coordinate analysis suggested that βCC treatment significantly changes the metabolite profile. A variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis revealed 16 and 19 discriminant metabolites from early and late samples, respectively (VIP ≥ 1.0). Upregulated metabolites were mainly amino acids and phytophenols. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that βCC treatment influenced amino acid metabolism at early and later times; however, phenylpropanoid and isoquinoline biosynthesis were influenced only at the later time. A 66.6% similarity in the upregulated metabolites of βCC- and simulated-herbivory-treated plants confirmed βCC’s role against herbivores. We conclude that βCC steers a temporal separation in amino acids and defense metabolite accumulation that optimizes resource allocation to growth and defense. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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Review

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28 pages, 5902 KiB  
Review
Deleterious Effects of Heat Stress on the Tomato, Its Innate Responses, and Potential Preventive Strategies in the Realm of Emerging Technologies
by Qaisar Khan, Yixi Wang, Gengshou Xia, Hui Yang, Zhengrong Luo and Yan Zhang
Metabolites 2024, 14(5), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14050283 - 15 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2091
Abstract
The tomato is a fruit vegetable rich in nutritional and medicinal value grown in greenhouses and fields worldwide. It is severely sensitive to heat stress, which frequently occurs with rising global warming. Predictions indicate a 0.2 °C increase in average surface temperatures per [...] Read more.
The tomato is a fruit vegetable rich in nutritional and medicinal value grown in greenhouses and fields worldwide. It is severely sensitive to heat stress, which frequently occurs with rising global warming. Predictions indicate a 0.2 °C increase in average surface temperatures per decade for the next three decades, which underlines the threat of austere heat stress in the future. Previous studies have reported that heat stress adversely affects tomato growth, limits nutrient availability, hammers photosynthesis, disrupts reproduction, denatures proteins, upsets signaling pathways, and damages cell membranes. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species in response to heat stress is toxic to tomato plants. The negative consequences of heat stress on the tomato have been the focus of much investigation, resulting in the emergence of several therapeutic interventions. However, a considerable distance remains to be covered to develop tomato varieties that are tolerant to current heat stress and durable in the perspective of increasing global warming. This current review provides a critical analysis of the heat stress consequences on the tomato in the context of global warming, its innate response to heat stress, and the elucidation of domains characterized by a scarcity of knowledge, along with potential avenues for enhancing sustainable tolerance against heat stress through the involvement of diverse advanced technologies. The particular mechanism underlying thermotolerance remains indeterminate and requires further elucidatory investigation. The precise roles and interplay of signaling pathways in response to heat stress remain unresolved. The etiology of tomato plants’ physiological and molecular responses against heat stress remains unexplained. Utilizing modern functional genomics techniques, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, can assist in identifying potential candidate proteins, metabolites, genes, gene networks, and signaling pathways contributing to tomato stress tolerance. Improving tomato tolerance against heat stress urges a comprehensive and combined strategy including modern techniques, the latest apparatuses, speedy breeding, physiology, and molecular markers to regulate their physiological, molecular, and biochemical reactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Plant Defence)
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