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Metabolites
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Salivary Metabolomics for Oral and Systemic Diseases
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Salivary Metabolomics for Oral and Systemic Diseases

A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Advances in Metabolomics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 16875

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Arja Kullaa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Oral Medicine, Univeristy of Eastern Finland, 1, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
Interests: oral diseases; oral cancer; salivary metabolites; metabolomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Saliva is an important biological fluid and a valuable source of biological information. Saliva contains many of the same components that can be found in blood or serum, but the components of interest tend to be at a lower concentration in saliva, and their analysis demands more sensitive techniques. Metabolomics is starting to emerge as a viable method for assessing the salivary metabolites which are generated by the process of metabolism in elucidating the pathways underlying different oral and systemic diseases. Although saliva collection is non-invasive and the handling and preparation of saliva samples for metabolomic analysis is relatively simple, very few salivary studies have been published using metabolomics technologies as compared to other biofluids. Therefore, this Special Issue “Salivary Metabolomics for Oral and Systemic Diseases” will be dedicated to the use of metabolomics in salivary research. Specific areas of this Special Issue include but are not limited to analytical protocols of salivary sample preparation and analysis, and the identification of salivary biomarkers for oral or systemic diseases and for treatment monitoring.

Prof. Dr. Arja Kullaa
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Metabolomics
  • Salivary metabolites
  • Oral diseases
  • Oral cancer
  • Periodontal diseases
  • Oral microbiome
  • Systemic diseases

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 1487 KiB  
Article
Identification of Possible Salivary Metabolic Biomarkers and Altered Metabolic Pathways in South American Patients Diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Mariana de Sá Alves, Nayara de Sá Rodrigues, Celso Muller Bandeira, José Francisco Sales Chagas, Maria Beatriz Nogueira Pascoal, Gabrielle Luana Jimenez Teodoro Nepomuceno, Herculano da Silva Martinho, Mônica Ghislaine Oliveira Alves, Maria Anita Mendes, Meriellen Dias, Levy Anderson César Alves and Janete Dias Almeida
Metabolites 2021, 11(10), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100650 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3396
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 90% of oral malignant neoplasms. The search for specific biomarkers for OSCC is a very active field of research contributing to establishing early diagnostic methods and unraveling underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In this work we investigated the salivary [...] Read more.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 90% of oral malignant neoplasms. The search for specific biomarkers for OSCC is a very active field of research contributing to establishing early diagnostic methods and unraveling underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In this work we investigated the salivary metabolites and the metabolic pathways of OSCC aiming find possible biomarkers. Salivary metabolites samples from 27 OSCC patients and 41 control individuals were compared through a gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. Our results allowed identification of pathways of the malate-aspartate shuttle, the beta-alanine metabolism, and the Warburg effect. The possible salivary biomarkers were identified using the area under receiver-operating curve (AUC) criterion. Twenty-four metabolites were identified with AUC > 0.8. Using the threshold of AUC = 0.9 we find malic acid, maltose, protocatechuic acid, lactose, 2-ketoadipic, and catechol metabolites expressed. We notice that this is the first report of salivary metabolome in South American oral cancer patients, to the best of our knowledge. Our findings regarding these metabolic changes are important in discovering salivary biomarkers of OSCC patients. However, additional work needs to be performed considering larger populations to validate our results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Metabolomics for Oral and Systemic Diseases)
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13 pages, 1290 KiB  
Article
Low-Dose Doxycycline Treatment Normalizes Levels of Some Salivary Metabolites Associated with Oral Microbiota in Patients with Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
by Maria Herrala, Soile Turunen, Kati Hanhineva, Marko Lehtonen, Jopi J. W. Mikkonen, Hubertus Seitsalo, Reijo Lappalainen, Leo Tjäderhane, Raija K. Niemelä, Tuula Salo, Sami Myllymaa, Arja M. Kullaa and Olli Kärkkäinen
Metabolites 2021, 11(9), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11090595 - 3 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4181
Abstract
Saliva is a complex oral fluid, and plays a major role in oral health. Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), as an autoimmune disease that typically causes hyposalivation. In the present study, salivary metabolites were studied from stimulated saliva samples (n = 15) of [...] Read more.
Saliva is a complex oral fluid, and plays a major role in oral health. Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), as an autoimmune disease that typically causes hyposalivation. In the present study, salivary metabolites were studied from stimulated saliva samples (n = 15) of female patients with pSS in a group treated with low-dose doxycycline (LDD), saliva samples (n = 10) of non-treated female patients with pSS, and saliva samples (n = 14) of healthy age-matched females as controls. Saliva samples were analyzed with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on the non-targeted metabolomics method. The saliva metabolite profile differed between pSS patients and the healthy control (HC). In the pSS patients, the LDD treatment normalized saliva levels of several metabolites, including tyrosine glutamine dipeptide, phenylalanine isoleucine dipeptide, valine leucine dipeptide, phenylalanine, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), urocanic acid, and salivary lipid cholesteryl palmitic acid (CE 16:0), to levels seen in the saliva samples of the HC. In conclusion, the data showed that pSS is associated with an altered saliva metabolite profile compared to the HC and that the LLD treatment normalized levels of several metabolites associated with dysbiosis of oral microbiota in pSS patients. The role of the saliva metabolome in pSS pathology needs to be further studied to clarify if saliva metabolite levels can be used to predict or monitor the progress and treatment of pSS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Metabolomics for Oral and Systemic Diseases)
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16 pages, 535 KiB  
Article
Salivary Osteopontin as a Potential Biomarker for Oral Mucositis
by Enikő Gebri, Attila Kiss, Ferenc Tóth and Tibor Hortobágyi
Metabolites 2021, 11(4), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11040208 - 30 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2729
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional phosphoglycoprotein also presents in saliva, plays a crucial role in tumour progression, inflammation and mucosal protection. Mucosal barrier injury due to high-dose conditioning regimen administered during autologous and allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplantation (APSCT) has neither efficient therapy nor [...] Read more.
Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional phosphoglycoprotein also presents in saliva, plays a crucial role in tumour progression, inflammation and mucosal protection. Mucosal barrier injury due to high-dose conditioning regimen administered during autologous and allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplantation (APSCT) has neither efficient therapy nor established biomarkers. Our aim was to assess the biomarker role of OPN during APSCT, with primary focus on oral mucositis (OM). Serum and salivary OPN levels were determined by ELISA in 10 patients during APSCT at four stages of transplantation (day −3/−7, 0, +7, +14), and in 23 respective healthy controls. Results: There was a negative correlation between both salivary and serum OPN levels and grade of OM severity during APSCT (r = −0.791, p = 0.019; r = −0.973, p = 0.001). Salivary OPN increased at days +7 (p = 0.011) and +14 (p = 0.034) compared to controls. Among patients, it was higher at day +14 compared to the time of admission (day −3/−7) (p = 0.039) and transplantation (day 0) (p = 0.011). Serum OPN remained elevated at all four stages of transplantation compared to controls (p = 0.013, p = 0.02, p = 0.011, p = 0.028). During APSCT elevated salivary OPN is a potential non-invasive biomarker of oral mucositis whereas the importance of high serum OPN warrants further studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Metabolomics for Oral and Systemic Diseases)
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Review

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10 pages, 1528 KiB  
Review
Salivary Metabolomics for Diagnosis and Monitoring Diseases: Challenges and Possibilities
by Eelis Hyvärinen, Minttu Savolainen, Jopi J. W. Mikkonen and Arja M. Kullaa
Metabolites 2021, 11(9), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11090587 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5449
Abstract
Saliva is a useful biological fluid and a valuable source of biological information. Saliva contains many of the same components that can be found in blood or serum, but the components of interest tend to be at a lower concentration in saliva, and [...] Read more.
Saliva is a useful biological fluid and a valuable source of biological information. Saliva contains many of the same components that can be found in blood or serum, but the components of interest tend to be at a lower concentration in saliva, and their analysis demands more sensitive techniques. Metabolomics is starting to emerge as a viable method for assessing the salivary metabolites which are generated by the biochemical processes in elucidating the pathways underlying different oral and systemic diseases. In oral diseases, salivary metabolomics has concentrated on periodontitis and oral cancer. Salivary metabolites of systemic diseases have been investigated mostly in the early diagnosis of different cancer, but also neurodegenerative diseases. This mini-review article aims to highlight the challenges and possibilities of salivary metabolomics from a clinical viewpoint. Furthermore, applications of the salivary metabolic profile in diagnosis and prognosis, monitoring the treatment success, and planning of personalized treatment of oral and systemic diseases are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Metabolomics for Oral and Systemic Diseases)
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