Metals

Research

Jump to: Review

18 pages, 19396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimisation of the Heat Treatment Profile for Powder-Bed Fusion Built AlSi10Mg by Age Hardening and Ice-Water Quenching

by Busisiwe J. Mfusi, Patricia Abimbola Popoola and Ntombizodwa R. Mathe

Metals 2024, 14(3), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14030292 - 29 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

During powder-bed fusion (PBF), the irradiated material causes undesirable thermal stresses while experiencing large temperature oscillations over a rapid period. This requires the components produced by this technique to undergo thermal treatment. The characteristics of additively manufactured materials, which are rapid heating and [...] Read more.

During powder-bed fusion (PBF), the irradiated material causes undesirable thermal stresses while experiencing large temperature oscillations over a rapid period. This requires the components produced by this technique to undergo thermal treatment. The characteristics of additively manufactured materials, which are rapid heating and cooling, do not accept conventional methods, such as thermal treatment, that alleviate stress for the removal of thermal stresses. In this research, the thermal treatment of age hardening is explored, in which AlSi10Mg is subjected to lower temperatures for longer periods of time. Other samples were thermally treated at 300 °C and 400 °C for various hours and quenched in ice water. This is conducted to identify the acceptable temperature and conditions that will improve the properties after thermal treatment without jeopardising other properties of the material and to investigate the effects of the thermal treatment profiles on the microstructural and mechanical characteristics of the AlSi10Mg samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 25356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Aging Treatments on the Age Hardening Behavior and Microstructures in an Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy

by Limei Liu, Yingpeng Hou, Tuo Ye, Like Zhang, Xuan Huang, Yuqing Gong, Chao Liu, Yuanzhi Wu and Shiyun Duan

Metals 2024, 14(2), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14020238 - 15 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1923

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effects of modified aging treatments on the microstructures and hardness in a commercial 6016 Al alloy through hardness tests and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The results demonstrate that many fine needle-like β″ phases contribute to the [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the effects of modified aging treatments on the microstructures and hardness in a commercial 6016 Al alloy through hardness tests and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. The results demonstrate that many fine needle-like β″ phases contribute to the high hardness of peak-aged (T6) alloys. Over-aging treatments lead to the precipitation of lath-like β′, β″/disordered, or B′/disordered composite phases. Moderate over-aging treatment results in the coarsening of grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) and widening of the precipitate-free zone (PFZ), while heavy over-aging treatment triggers the re-precipitation of Cu-containing GBPs and increases the number density of GBPs. A retrogression and re-aging (RRA) treatment precipitates β″, lath-like β′, and disordered phases, while a two-step aging (T78) treatment precipitates β″, B′, and disordered phases. Both the T78 and the RRA treatments lead to the coarsening of GBPs and the widening of PFZs. The decreased hardness during over-aging treatments is attributed to a combination of coarsening intragranular precipitates and/or wider PFZs. The T78 and RRA tempers achieve 95.5% and 94% of the hardness values of the T6 treatment, respectively. The hardness values of the RRA and T78 treated alloys are related to the finer nano-sized precipitates formed during the high temperature process. These precipitates can compensate for the loss of hardness caused by the increase in the widths of the PFZs and the coarsening of the matrix precipitates. The relationship between the hardness and microstructures such as PFZs and precipitates in the matrix during various heat treatments is elucidated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 7912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Low Nickel Content on Microstructure and High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Al-7Si-1.5Cu-0.4Mg Aluminum Alloy

by Hongping Chen, Shusen Wu, Jianyu Li, Dijia Zhao and Shulin Lü

Metals 2024, 14(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14020223 - 12 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1313

Abstract

In this paper, the effects of Ni content on the room and elevated temperature (250 °C) tensile strength of Al-7Si-1.5Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Mn-0.1RE-xNi (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 wt.%) alloys were investigated, along with microstructure characterization and tensile testing. In the as-cast state, the dominant [...] Read more.

In this paper, the effects of Ni content on the room and elevated temperature (250 °C) tensile strength of Al-7Si-1.5Cu-0.4Mg-0.3Mn-0.1RE-xNi (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 wt.%) alloys were investigated, along with microstructure characterization and tensile testing. In the as-cast state, the dominant Ni-rich phases were primarily the γ-Al7Cu4Ni and δ-Al3CuNi phases. Following the solution heat treatment, a significant reduction in the γ-Al7Cu4Ni phase was noted, accompanied by the emergence of numerous small ε-Al3Ni phases. Both room temperature strength and high temperature strength at 250 °C exhibited a consistent increase with rising Ni content, reaching 405 MPa and 261 MPa, respectively, at 0.9 Ni content, which were increased by 6.4% and 16.8%, respectively, compared with 0 Ni content. The elongation exhibited an oscillating increase within the Ni content range of 0 to 0.6, reaching peak values of 2.6% in room temperature and 4.3% in high temperature at 0.6 Ni, followed by a rapid decline. At 0.6 Ni content, the alloy demonstrated a well-balanced combination of mechanical properties, featuring commendable strength and plasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 7697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Temperature Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Ultrathin 3003mod Aluminum Alloy Fins

by Wenhui Zheng, Chengyuan Ni, Chengdong Xia, Shaohui Deng, Xiaoying Jiang and Wei Xu

Metals 2024, 14(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14020142 - 24 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1481

Abstract

The effects of Si, Fe and Zr elements on the high temperature properties and microstructure of ultrathin 3003mod aluminum alloy fins were studied by means of high-temperature tensile tests, sagging tests and microstructure analyses. The results show that the alloying of Si, Fe, [...] Read more.

The effects of Si, Fe and Zr elements on the high temperature properties and microstructure of ultrathin 3003mod aluminum alloy fins were studied by means of high-temperature tensile tests, sagging tests and microstructure analyses. The results show that the alloying of Si, Fe, and Zr elements formed a large amount of nano-scale α-Al(Mn,Fe) Si and Al₃Zr particles, and significantly reduced the number of micro-scale coarse Al₆(Mn,Fe) particles in the 3003mod aluminum alloy, exhibiting 5 to 10 MPa higher strength and better sagging resistance than 3003 aluminum alloy at the same temperature. The variations in properties such as high-temperature mechanical properties, sagging resistance and elongation below 400 °C were ascribed to the high-stability nanoparticles effectively preventing recovery and grain boundary migration, as well as reducing the nucleation cores of recrystallization. The nanoparticles in 3003mod aluminum alloy were coarsened significantly at 500 °C, and the grains were completely recrystallized and coarsened, resulted in a significant decrease in strength, sagging resistance and elongation compared with these at 400 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Soaking Time on Mechanical Properties of Roll-Bonded AA3003 and AA4045 Used for Heat Exchangers

by Joseph S. Moema, Charles W. Siyasiya, Veronica K. Morudu and Thokozani Buthelezi

Metals 2023, 13(10), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101636 - 23 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1204

Abstract

Due to the rising need for energy saving, high-performing automotive heat exchangers, demand has significantly grown in recent years. As a result, effective fin-tube heat exchangers are becoming more popular. These tubes are typically made by rolling flat strips of AA3003 aluminum alloys [...] Read more.

Due to the rising need for energy saving, high-performing automotive heat exchangers, demand has significantly grown in recent years. As a result, effective fin-tube heat exchangers are becoming more popular. These tubes are typically made by rolling flat strips of AA3003 aluminum alloys that have either one or both sides coated with AA4xxx alloys. The AA3003 type of alloy is typically used as the core, which is then covered in either AA4045 or AA4343, which melts during the brazing process to adhere the fins to the tubes. To maintain the optimal size and distribution of manganese (Mn)-containing precipitates, preheating parameters are carefully controlled. Then, longer soaking times or higher soaking temperatures result in larger precipitates, which cause the final product to exhibit poor mechanical properties. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize the different manufacturing steps, such as homogenization, soaking time, and brazing in order to achieve a high quality product. Studies on the impact of homogenization temperature and time on the microstructure of AA3xxx aluminum alloys have been conducted. However, there has been little research on the impact of soaking (reheating) time on AA3003 cladded alloys. Hence, the effects of isothermal soaking time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA3003 cladded with AA4045 alloy were investigated in this work. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the microstructure and identify intermetallic phases. The final microstructure in terms of grain structure at various homogenization times was characterized by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). After the hot-rolling and cold-rolling of the as-received material, large particles of intermetallic (mainly in the form of Chinese script morphology consisting of Fe-Mn-Si) were broken into smaller particles with an increased Fe, Mn, and Si content, indicating the formation of an α-Al(Fe,Mn)Si phase. The α-Al(Mn,Fe)Si was found to be a dominant dispersoid precipitate in the modified AA3003 core. Coarsening of the Al(Mn,Fe)Si dispersoids at 505 °C was only observed at a 45 h homogenization time. The hardness trend with homogenization time was found to be similar to that after homogenization, cold working, and annealing, with exception of an increase in hardness in the latter possibly due to strain hardening (from cold-rolling). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 8136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Artificial Aging Time on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Porthole Die Extruded 6063 Aluminum Alloy

by Shikang Li, Fangyu Shen, Yu Guo, Haijun Liu and Changbai Yu

Metals 2023, 13(9), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091621 - 19 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1416

Abstract

The influence of artificial aging time on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the 6063 aluminum alloy profile extruded by porthole die was investigated through hardness testing, expansion testing, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the [...] Read more.

The influence of artificial aging time on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the 6063 aluminum alloy profile extruded by porthole die was investigated through hardness testing, expansion testing, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the artificial aging time had a significant impact on the size, morphology, distribution of precipitated phases, and mechanical properties of the porthole die extruded 6063 aluminum alloy profiles. As the artificial aging time increased, the second phase particles gradually precipitated, and the precipitation strengthening gradually enhanced, resulting in an increase in the hardness of the profile. The hardness of the welding zone was lower than that of the matrix zone. Compared with the precipitation in the matrix zone, the size and distribution of the precipitates were uneven, and the time for the precipitation was long in the welding zone due to the influence of grain size. The width of the precipitate free zone (PFZ) in the welding zone was greater than that in the matrix zone. The expansion ratio decreased with the increase of aging time, which indicated that the artificial aging treatment was adverse to the plastic deformation ability of the profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

28 pages, 7454 KiB

Open AccessReview

Low-Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Titanium-Aluminium-Based Intermetallic Alloys: A Short Review

by John J. M. Ellard, Maria N. Mathabathe, Charles W. Siyasiya and Amogelang S. Bolokang

Metals 2023, 13(8), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13081491 - 20 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1962

Abstract

Over the past decade, relentless efforts have brought lightweight high-temperature γ-TiAl-based intermetallic alloys into real commercialisation. The materials have found their place in General Electric’s (GE) high bypass turbofan aircraft engines for the Boeing 787 as well as in the PW1100GTF engines for [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, relentless efforts have brought lightweight high-temperature γ-TiAl-based intermetallic alloys into real commercialisation. The materials have found their place in General Electric’s (GE) high bypass turbofan aircraft engines for the Boeing 787 as well as in the PW1100GTF engines for low-pressure turbine (LPT) blades. In service, the alloys are required to withstand hostile environments dominated by cyclic stresses or strains. Therefore, to enhance the fatigue resistance of the alloys, a clear understanding of the alloys’ response to fatigue loading is pivotal. In the present review, a detailed discussion about the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behaviour of γ-TiAl-based alloys in terms of crack initiation, propagation and fracture mechanisms, and the influence of temperature and environment on cyclic deformation mechanisms and the resulting fatigue life has been presented. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion about modelling and prediction of the fatigue property of these alloys with regard to the initiation and propagation lives as well as the total fatigue life has been provided. Moreover, effective methods of optimising the microstructures of γ-TiAl-based alloys to ensure improved LCF behaviour have been elucidated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 5453 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Alloying Elements on the Microstructure and Properties of Al-Si-Based Casting Alloys: A Review

by Bruna Callegari, Tiago Nunes Lima and Rodrigo Santiago Coelho

Metals 2023, 13(7), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071174 - 24 Jun 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6890

Abstract

The excellent casting behavior and mechanical and corrosion properties of aluminum-silicon (Al-Si)-based alloys make them ideal for the manufacture of lightweight components with complex geometries. However, these properties depend directly on their microstructure, which, in its turn, is strongly affected by the composition [...] Read more.

The excellent casting behavior and mechanical and corrosion properties of aluminum-silicon (Al-Si)-based alloys make them ideal for the manufacture of lightweight components with complex geometries. However, these properties depend directly on their microstructure, which, in its turn, is strongly affected by the composition of the alloy, among other factors. Several elements can be added to the material aiming to promote microstructural changes, e.g., grain refinement, optimization of phase morphology and distribution, and precipitation strengthening. Efforts are continuously put into such enhancements of cast Al alloys since they lead to quality improvements that allow for weight reduction and safety increase. Considering the technological relevance of the subject, this paper provides an overview of the research focused on the addition of alloying elements to these alloys, with a greater focus on Al-Si-based systems and the comprehension of the effects of these additions on their microstructure and properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Aluminum Alloys: Structures, Properties and Applications

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (8 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI