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Metals
Special Issues
Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials
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Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2019) | Viewed by 20165

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Ida Westermann

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Head of the Physical Metallurgy Group, Department of materials science and engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz v. 2, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
Interests: physical metallurgy; thermo-mechanical processing of aluminum alloys and the interplay between microstructure and mechanical properties; solid-state joining and additive manufacturing of multi-materials; microstructure characterization using in-situ SEM in combination with digital image correlation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There is a common need in the society to understand how a material acts under different conditions. The general understanding of how local deformations at a sub-micron level influence the overall behavior of a full-size component under different loading conditions is still not fully understood. With an increased focus on safety, e.g., in infrastructure, terror security, and extreme weather, there is great interest in understanding the material behavior under both quasi-static and dynamic conditions.

With this Special Issue, I want to encourage both experimental and numerical original contributions that may elucidate the behavior of metallic materials in the range from quasi-static to dynamic conditions, and from micro scale to full-scale component testing.

Prof. Dr. Ida Westermann
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metallic materials
  • mechanical behavior
  • quasi-static testing
  • impact
  • dynamic testing
  • failure
  • micro scale testing
  • component testing

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 150 KiB  
Editorial
Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials
by Ida Westermann
Metals 2020, 10(3), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030328 - 1 Mar 2020
Viewed by 1870
Abstract
Understanding the deformation of metallic materials at different states is essential in forming operations and under working conditions [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 8377 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Damage of Structural Components with Macrostructure Defects
by Paweł Grzegorz Kossakowski
Metals 2019, 9(11), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111238 - 19 Nov 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2971
Abstract
The article presents a numerical analysis of the process of damage of structural steel, the scope of which encompassed the estimation of the time to failure of a structural component. The analysis was conducted using the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman material model, which takes into account [...] Read more.
The article presents a numerical analysis of the process of damage of structural steel, the scope of which encompassed the estimation of the time to failure of a structural component. The analysis was conducted using the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman material model, which takes into account the influence of microdefects on material strength. Considered was a plate element with a central hole modelling the material discontinuity that may arise in a structural component as a result of corrosion. The conducted simulation permitted an analysis of the phenomenon of nucleation and evolution of microdamage in S235JR steel, which allowed, for the analysed component, the detection of the initiation of microdamages and their development in the area susceptible to damage. Changes to the state of stress taking place during plastic deformation of structural steel due to the evolution of microdefects of the material structure were analysed. Presented are the results of this research, in which the stress state described by the stress triaxiality in relation to the changes in the volumetric fraction of voids determining the size of microdefects was given a detailed analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials)
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23 pages, 33642 KiB  
Article
Comparing In Situ DIC Results from an Etched Surface with a Gold Speckled Surface
by Christian Oen Paulsen, Egil Fagerholt, Tore Børvik and Ida Westermann
Metals 2019, 9(8), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080820 - 25 Jul 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4397
Abstract
A ferrite-pearlite two-phase steel was investigated using in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) tensile testing combined with digital image correlation (DIC). Two different speckled patterns were used and compared. The first pattern was achieved by etching a polished surface in order to reveal [...] Read more.
A ferrite-pearlite two-phase steel was investigated using in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) tensile testing combined with digital image correlation (DIC). Two different speckled patterns were used and compared. The first pattern was achieved by etching a polished surface in order to reveal the microstructural features. Second, a gold speckled pattern was obtained. Here, a continuous layer of gold was applied to a polished surface. This continuous layer was remodeled into gold nanoparticles by keeping the specimen at 180 °C for 96 h with an Ar/Styrene mixture flowing across the specimen surface. The result is randomly distributed gold nanoparticles on the surface. These particles and the etched microstructure were then used by the DIC software to correlate an image series to obtain the local strain field of the material. The differences between the two techniques are numerous. Considering the etched surface, most microstructural features were grain boundaries and pearlite lamellas. As a consequence, large areas within grains did not provide sufficient contrast for DIC, thus restricting maximum resolution. However, the technique is fast and does not expose the material to any elevated temperatures. In contrast, the gold remodeling method provides a finely dispersed gold speckle pattern on the surface, giving excellent contrast across the recorded area. DIC with gold particles achieved a spatial resolution of 0.096 µm, compared to 2.24 µm in the DIC for the etched specimen. As a result, DIC with gold speckles can resolve slip lines. Conversely, DIC with etched microstructure resolves local strains on grain level. However, it is less cumbersome and faster to perform the test on the etched specimen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials)
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11 pages, 2718 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of an Extruded 6013-T4 Alloy at Elevated Temperatures
by Tuo Ye, Yuanzhi Wu, Wei Liu, Bin Deng, Anmin Liu and Luoxing Li
Metals 2019, 9(6), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9060629 - 30 May 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3161
Abstract
The mechanical properties of an extruded 6013-T4 alloy were tested at a temperature range from 25 to 400 °C and strain rate range from 1 × 103 to 5 × 103 s−1. The results demonstrate that the stress level [...] Read more.
The mechanical properties of an extruded 6013-T4 alloy were tested at a temperature range from 25 to 400 °C and strain rate range from 1 × 103 to 5 × 103 s−1. The results demonstrate that the stress level is sensitive to strain rate and temperature. The stress level increases slightly with increasing strain rate and decreases remarkably with increasing temperature. The dislocation and precipitate undergo great changes. When deformed at 25 °C, the density of the dislocation increases with strain and strain rate; which leads to a higher stress level. A great number of needle-like precipitates were observed at samples deformed at 200 °C. It is clear that the density of dislocation increases with strain and strain rate. When impacted at 400 °C, the coarser precipitates were found in the specimen; the density of the dislocation increases with strain and strain rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials)
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28 pages, 14899 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation for Elasto-Plastic Contact of Novel Ti-(SiCf/Al3Ti)-Laminated Composite with Double-Layered SiC Fiber Reinforcements
by Jingchuan Liu, Mengqi Zhang, Fengchun Jiang, Lan Zhang, Liquan Wang and Feihong Yun
Metals 2019, 9(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020165 - 1 Feb 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3271
Abstract
An innovative, high-strength metal–intermetallic-laminate (MIL) composite Ti-(SiCf/Al3Ti), reinforced by double or even several SiC fiber rows, was fabricated. A high-efficiency, semi-analytical model with a numerical equivalent inclusion method (NEIM) was employed to investigate the deformation behaviors, microscopic strengthening, and [...] Read more.
An innovative, high-strength metal–intermetallic-laminate (MIL) composite Ti-(SiCf/Al3Ti), reinforced by double or even several SiC fiber rows, was fabricated. A high-efficiency, semi-analytical model with a numerical equivalent inclusion method (NEIM) was employed to investigate the deformation behaviors, microscopic strengthening, and failure mechanisms of the composite during elasto-plastic sphere–plane contact. The microstructure and interface features were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The contact model for the Ti-(SiCf/Al3Ti) composite was validated via quasi-static compressive indentation tests with a spherical indenter. A series of in-depth parametric studies were conducted to quantify the effect of the microstructure. The results indicate that the as-fabricated laminated composite has a well-organized microstructure and a higher volume fraction of fibers. The SiC fiber rows effectively enhance the strength and toughness of the composite. The optimal diameter of the SiC fibers is 32 μm when the horizontal center distance between the adjacent fibers is 2.5 times that of the fiber diameter. The hole defects occurring above the fibers would damage the material strength most compared with those occurring in other positions. The optimal quantity of the SiC fiber rows is four when the thickness of the SiCf/Al3Ti layer is 400 μm and the fiber diameter is 8 μm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials)
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13 pages, 6408 KiB  
Article
The Application of DIC Technique to Evaluate Residual Tensile Strength of Aluminum Alloy Plates with Multi-Site Damage of Collinear and Non-Collinear Cracks
by Yajun Chen, Chunming Ji, Changtian Zhang and Shengjie Sun
Metals 2019, 9(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020118 - 23 Jan 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3303
Abstract
This paper introduces an aviation industrial application of digital image correlation (DIC) technique on the measurement of residual tensile strength (RTS). In order to investigate multi-site damage (MSD) that is common in the fuselage of aging aircraft, RTS of 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet [...] Read more.
This paper introduces an aviation industrial application of digital image correlation (DIC) technique on the measurement of residual tensile strength (RTS). In order to investigate multi-site damage (MSD) that is common in the fuselage of aging aircraft, RTS of 2024-T4 aluminum alloy sheet with MSD was evaluated using DIC technique. Firstly, the four-factor and three-level orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the DIC method to control the strain calculation error by considering subset size, interpolation tap, calibration score and step size. Secondly, RTS and strain fields were generated to analyze the path of crack propagation. The results show the optimal factor combination is 0.018 of calibration score, 23 pixels of subset size, step size is 1/4 of subset size and the filter size of interpolation calibration is 8 pixels. With the increase of spacing between adjacent holes, the RTS increases and the collinear cracked specimen becomes more perilous than that of non-collinear cracked while the hole spacing is 25 mm from the statistical analysis. Based on the Net section yield criterion, the RTS was calculated, which can give a conservative prediction of RTS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quasi-Static and Dynamic Testing of Metallic Materials)
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