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Metals
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Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures
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Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion and Protection".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 22986

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Gang Liu

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Guest Editor
School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
Interests: ocean engineering; marine structural safety; fatigue; fracture; creepage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yunze Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
Interests: corrosion; erosion-corrosion; steel; marine structure; pipeline
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Da-Hai Xia

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Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Interests: corrosion; electrochemistry and surface science
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Prof. Dr. Jian Zhang

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Guest Editor
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacture and Process for Marine Mechanical Equipment, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
Interests: underwater equipment biomimetic technology; modern design theory and methods of marine equipment, submersibles; pressure-resistant structures; buckling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ships and marine structures are constructed by various metallic materials including high-strength steels, stainless steels, copper alloys, titanium alloys and so on. The damage and failure of these metal components directly threaten the safety of ships, ocean platforms, offshore wind power structures, subsea vehicles, subsea pipelines, risers and cross-sea bridges. Due to the wind, wave and current loads in the ocean, ships and marine structures can suffer from serious mechanical failure, including fatigue, fracture, creepage, erosion and buckling. On the other hand, the metal structures can lessen the risks of electrochemical corrosion in seawater, which could induce the degradation of ships and marine structures. Furthermore, the synergy of the mechanical load and the corrosion (including but not limited to stress corrosion, erosion-corrosion, tribo-corrosion and corrosion fatigue) could lead to the quick failure of the ships and marine structures. As a result, detecting the metal damage and understanding the failure mechanism of metals caused by both mechanical load and electrochemical corrosion in complex marine environments are crucial for early warnings and the protection of ships and marine structures.

Prof. Dr. Gang Liu
Dr. Yunze Xu
Dr. Da-Hai Xia
Prof. Dr. Jian Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • ships and marine structures
  • marine metals
  • marine environment
  • mechanical failure
  • corrosion
  • synergy
  • damage monitoring

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 164 KiB  
Editorial
Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures
by Yunze Xu, Da-Hai Xia, Jian Zhang and Gang Liu
Metals 2023, 13(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020272 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1810
Abstract
In addition to the development of ocean engineering, many ships and offshore structures have been constructed in recent years for use in shipping, oil and gas exploration, clean energy, mining and military purposes [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)

Research

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19 pages, 6356 KiB  
Article
Investigation on the Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of TP2 Copper and Influence of BTA in Organic Acid Environment
by Zhexu Zhang, Chuanbo Zheng, Guo Yi, Cheng Zhang and Haoyu Qi
Metals 2022, 12(10), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101629 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2045
Abstract
In this work, the corrosion behavior of copper in a simulated organic acid environment containing formic acid and acetic acid was investigated by electrochemical testing and surface characterization. In addition to deducing the corrosion mechanism of copper in the organic acid corrosion environment, [...] Read more.
In this work, the corrosion behavior of copper in a simulated organic acid environment containing formic acid and acetic acid was investigated by electrochemical testing and surface characterization. In addition to deducing the corrosion mechanism of copper in the organic acid corrosion environment, the corrosion inhibitor BTA was also used to slow down the corrosion of copper by organic acid. The results show that the corrosion rate of copper in the two groups of organic acids first decreases and then increases with the immersion time. Microelectrochemical (Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique) results shows that the anodic peak of the sample is higher in formic acid. Formic acid is more corrosive. The corrosion products of red copper gradually increased in the two groups of organic acid atmospheres, and the final corrosion products were cuprous oxide, copper formate particles and copper acetate hydrate, respectively. When the concentration of BTA is 0.5 g/L, the electrochemical activity of TP2 copper is weakened, the surface of the sample is relatively smooth, there are no large corrosion pits, and the corrosion rate is reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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24 pages, 29500 KiB  
Article
Collapse of Externally Pressurized Steel–Composite Hybrid Cylinders: Analytical Solution and Experimental Verification
by Xinlong Zuo, Wenxian Tang, Jian Zhang, Yongsheng Li and Ming Zhan
Metals 2022, 12(10), 1591; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101591 - 24 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1514
Abstract
To evaluate the collapse pressure of the steel–composite hybrid cylinders under external pressure without excessive computational cost, an analytical formula was derived in this study. The rationality of the derived formula was verified by the comparison with experimental and numerical results. The experimental [...] Read more.
To evaluate the collapse pressure of the steel–composite hybrid cylinders under external pressure without excessive computational cost, an analytical formula was derived in this study. The rationality of the derived formula was verified by the comparison with experimental and numerical results. The experimental results indicate that samples are manufactured and tested with good quality. The derived formula considered material failure and could reasonably predict the collapse pressure of the steel–composite hybrid cylinders with a maximum difference of 3.1%. Moreover, the effects of the wrap angle, thickness, and length on the collapse pressure of the hybrid cylinders were theoretically analyzed. The loading capacity of the hybrid cylinders was maximized under a wrap angle of ±55° for the composite layer. These findings are mainly because the hoop stress is twice the value of axial stress for a cylinder under uniform pressure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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13 pages, 3845 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Properties of Laser Surface Remelting AlCoCrFeNi2.1 High-Entropy Alloy
by Jingrun Chen, Jing Zhang, Ke Li, Dongdong Zhuang, Qianhao Zang, Hongmei Chen, Yandi Lu, Bo Xu and Yan Zhang
Metals 2022, 12(10), 1590; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101590 - 24 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2078
Abstract
In this study, laser surface remelting of an AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloy was performed using a Yb:YAG laser. The effects of laser surface remelting on the phase structure, microstructure, Vickers hardness, frictional wear properties, and corrosion resistance of the high-entropy alloy were investigated. [...] Read more.
In this study, laser surface remelting of an AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloy was performed using a Yb:YAG laser. The effects of laser surface remelting on the phase structure, microstructure, Vickers hardness, frictional wear properties, and corrosion resistance of the high-entropy alloy were investigated. The remelted layer of the AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloy was produced by remelting at 750 W laser power and formed a good metallurgical bond with the substrate. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the 750 W remelted layer consisted of face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic phases, which were consistent with the phases of the as-cast AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloy, and a new phase was not generated within the remelted layer. Laser surface remelting is very effective in refining the lamellar structure, and the 750 W remelted layer shows a finer lamellar structure compared to the matrix. The surface hardness and wear resistance of the AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high-entropy alloy were substantially improved after laser surface remelting. In a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the laser-remelted surface had a larger self-corrosion potential and smaller self-corrosion current density, and the corrosion resistance was better than that of the as-cast high-entropy alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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20 pages, 9834 KiB  
Article
Buckling of Hydroformed Toroidal Pressure Hulls with Octagonal Cross-Sections
by Xiaobin Liu, Jian Zhang, Chenyang Di, Ming Zhan and Fang Wang
Metals 2022, 12(9), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091475 - 4 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1840
Abstract
This paper is devoted to the hydroforming performances of toroidal pressure hulls with octagonal cross-sections, together with the buckling performances of hydroformed hulls. The octagonal cross-sections of toroidal preforms are inscribed from the circular cross-sections of perfect toroidal shells with a 150 mm [...] Read more.
This paper is devoted to the hydroforming performances of toroidal pressure hulls with octagonal cross-sections, together with the buckling performances of hydroformed hulls. The octagonal cross-sections of toroidal preforms are inscribed from the circular cross-sections of perfect toroidal shells with a 150 mm major radius, a 75 mm section radius, and a 1.058 mm wall thickness. The nonlinear finite-element method was employed to study the hydroforming and buckling performances under various hydroforming pressures. To verify the numerical findings, three nominally identical toroidal pressure hulls with discrete octagonal cross-sections were tentatively manufactured, internally hydroformed, and externally collapsed. The numerical and experimental data exhibited satisfactory agreement. It is indicated that the hydroforming technique could greatly enhance the loading capacity of toroidal pressure hulls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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16 pages, 5189 KiB  
Article
Strength Prediction of Spherical Electronic Cabins with Pitting Corrosion
by Hao Wang, Yongmei Zhu, Xialei He, Wei Guan, Ming Zhan and Jian Zhang
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071120 - 29 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1373
Abstract
In this paper, strength prediction of spherical electronic cabins with pitting corrosion under external pressure was investigated. The finite element model of a spherical electronic cabin with random pitting was established using self-written code. The effects of the pitting distribution shape, pitting morphology [...] Read more.
In this paper, strength prediction of spherical electronic cabins with pitting corrosion under external pressure was investigated. The finite element model of a spherical electronic cabin with random pitting was established using self-written code. The effects of the pitting distribution shape, pitting morphology and size on the ultimate buckling load were numerically studied. In addition, the analytical formula for predicting the ultimate load of spherical cabin with random pitting corrosion was proposed and verified by experiments. This study can be used by engineering designers for relevant design and evaluation basis and provides a reference for the development of a new design code for the buckling stability of spherical cabins with pitting corrosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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19 pages, 7667 KiB  
Article
Effect of Residual Stress on Hydrogen Diffusion in Thick Butt-Welded High-Strength Steel Plates
by Jinhui Jiang, Wenshuo Zeng and Liangbi Li
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071074 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2218
Abstract
Thick high-strength steel plates are increasingly being used for ship structures. Moreover, hydrogen enters the process of manufacturing and service, and large residual tensile stress occurs near the weld. Such stress can facilitate the diffusion and accumulation of hydrogen in the material, leading [...] Read more.
Thick high-strength steel plates are increasingly being used for ship structures. Moreover, hydrogen enters the process of manufacturing and service, and large residual tensile stress occurs near the weld. Such stress can facilitate the diffusion and accumulation of hydrogen in the material, leading to hydrogen embrittlement fracture of the shell. Therefore, residual-stress-induced diffusion and accumulation of hydrogen in the stress concentration region of thick butt-welded high-strength steel plate structures need to be studied. In this study, manual metal arc welding was realized by numerical simulation of residual stress in a thick butt-welded high-strength steel plate model using the thermoelastic–plastic theory and a double ellipsoidal heat source model. To analyze residual stress, a set of numerical simulation methods was obtained through comparative analysis of the test results of relevant literature. Residual and hydrostatic stress distributions were determined based on these methods. Then, hydrogen diffusion parameters in each region of the model were obtained through experimental tests. Finally, the results of the residual stress field were used as the predefined field of hydrogen diffusion to conduct a numerical simulation analysis. The distribution of hydrogen diffusion under the influence of residual stress was obtained based on the theory of stress-induced hydrogen diffusion. The weak area of the welding joint was found to be near the weld toe, which exhibited high hydrostatic stress and hydrogen concentration. Further, the maximum hydrogen concentration value of the vertical weld path was approximately 6.1 ppm, and the maximum value of the path parallel to the weld centerline and 31 mm away from the weld centerline was approximately 6.22 ppm. Finally, the hydrostatic tensile stress in the vertical weld path was maximized (~345 MPa), degrading the material properties and causing hydrogen-related cracking. Hence, a reliable method for the analysis of hydrogen diffusion according to residual stress in thick high-strength steel plates was obtained. This work could provide a research basis for controlling and eliminating the adverse effects of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of ship structures and ensuring the safe service of marine equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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17 pages, 7995 KiB  
Article
Influence of Partial Rust Layer on the Passivation and Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Q235b Steel in the Carbonated Simulated Concrete Pore Solution
by Kaiqiang Li, Xincheng Li, Yubin Zhao, Kangchen Wang, Shenyou Song, Wenliang Jin, Dahai Xia, Yunze Xu and Yi Huang
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071064 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2074
Abstract
A partial pre-rusted wire beam electrode (WBE) was designed to study the influence of the rust layer on rebar corrosion in the carbonated simulated concrete pore solution (SCPS). The results show that the passive film generated on the pre-rusted steel area is more [...] Read more.
A partial pre-rusted wire beam electrode (WBE) was designed to study the influence of the rust layer on rebar corrosion in the carbonated simulated concrete pore solution (SCPS). The results show that the passive film generated on the pre-rusted steel area is more fragile than that formed on the fine polished steel area in carbonaceous media. Nevertheless, the pitting corrosion resulting from the presence of chloride ions still tends to occur on the fine polished steel surface due to the local acidification process being hindered by the rust layer. The rust layer could play a more important role than the passive film in inhibiting the initiation of chloride-induced corrosion on rebar. The expansion path of the corrosion product would be blocked by the rust layer, leading to the pit propagating in the fine polished region. Furthermore, the growth of pitting corrosion is greatly accelerated due to the catalytic cathodic reaction of the rust layer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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15 pages, 5666 KiB  
Article
Ductile Fracture Prediction of X80 Pipeline Steel Using Void Growth Model
by Chunjian Feng, Zengli Peng, Xin Li, Shiliu Bao and Ximin Jiang
Metals 2022, 12(6), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12060923 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2745
Abstract
In this study, the Void Growth Model (VGM) is employed to predict the ductile fracture of X80 pipeline steel. The X80 pipeline tends to be applied in challenging scenarios, such as extremely deep water and long-distance pipelines, which might cause a ductile fracture; [...] Read more.
In this study, the Void Growth Model (VGM) is employed to predict the ductile fracture of X80 pipeline steel. The X80 pipeline tends to be applied in challenging scenarios, such as extremely deep water and long-distance pipelines, which might cause a ductile fracture; however, the study of ductile fractures for pipeline steel is rare, especially for X80 pipeline steel. To understand ductile fractures of X80 pipeline steel, a hybrid numerical–experimental calibration method is used to determine the fracture parameter for the VGM model. The toughness capacity defined by the critical void growth index (VGI) in this study is determined to be 4.304. A shear-tension specimen is applied to verify the calibrated VGM. The results show that the calibrated VGM can predict the fracture initiation of the shear-tension specimen. In addition, the fracture of the shear-tension specimen initiates at the center of the section and propagates to the edge of the groove of the specimen. The initiation of fracture is identical to the testing observation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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16 pages, 3605 KiB  
Article
Influence of Surface Pretreatments on the Anticorrosion of Polypyrrole Electro-Polymerized Coatings for Copper in Artificial Seawater
by Hetao Zhu, Xiaoyan Liu, Hua Hao and Xingwen Zheng
Metals 2022, 12(3), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12030383 - 23 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1712
Abstract
Plasma discharging treatment (hydroxylation) was conducted on copper surfaces for the subsequent electro-polymerization procedure of polypyrrole (PPy) coating (d-PPy). The hydroxylated surface could solve the criticized adhesion strength and protection efficiency of electropolymerized coatings for metal substrate in corrosive media. Compared with the [...] Read more.
Plasma discharging treatment (hydroxylation) was conducted on copper surfaces for the subsequent electro-polymerization procedure of polypyrrole (PPy) coating (d-PPy). The hydroxylated surface could solve the criticized adhesion strength and protection efficiency of electropolymerized coatings for metal substrate in corrosive media. Compared with the counterpart obtained via passivation pretreatment (p-PPy), a well-adhered d-PPy layer was acquired on the hydroxylated copper surface, which earned a satisfactory adhesion grade, compactness and conductivity. Appreciable protection of d-PPy was measured for copper in the artificial seawater (ASW) at 298 K via electrochemical and surface analyses. Results of electrochemical measurements indicated that d-PPy coating effectively retarded copper corrosion in ASW with a lowered corrosion current density and improved charge transfer resistance. Surface analysis revealed that the typical morphology of PPy was retained after 240 h immersion in ASW. A favorable physical barrier and anodic protection efficacy might account for the superior protection of d-PPy coating for the underlying copper. Molecular dynamics simulations for the deposition of PPy chains on pristine and hydroxylated copper planes provided a definite correlation between the theoretical calculations and experimental observations. Theoretical modelling also disclosed in-depth the anchoring nature and anticorrosive mechanism for PPy toward the hydroxylated copper in ASW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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19 pages, 8893 KiB  
Article
Buckling Analysis of Corroded Pipelines under Combined Axial Force and External Pressure
by Chunjian Feng, Hang Wu and Xin Li
Metals 2022, 12(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12020308 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2029
Abstract
Affected by a complex environment, corrosion is a common defect in steel pipelines. Moreover, steel pipelines are subjected to large axial forces during their installation and operation. Corroded deep-sea steel pipelines are prone to local buckling under complex loads. Therefore, in view of [...] Read more.
Affected by a complex environment, corrosion is a common defect in steel pipelines. Moreover, steel pipelines are subjected to large axial forces during their installation and operation. Corroded deep-sea steel pipelines are prone to local buckling under complex loads. Therefore, in view of this problem, the collapse response of corroded steel pipelines under the combined axial force and external pressure is analyzed in detail. First, a formula for evaluating the collapse pressure of corroded steel pipelines under external pressure and axial force is proposed. Then, the factors affecting the collapse pressure of the steel pipeline are parameterized by using the finite element method. The accuracy of the finite element model is proved by collapse tests of the corroded steel pipeline. As shown in finite element results, the diameter-to-thickness ratio, initial ovality and corrosion defect size have significant effects on the buckling response of a steel pipeline. The collapse pressure of the steel pipeline decreases as the axial force increases. Finally, based on the finite element simulation results, the parameter variables in the evaluation formula are obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Failure and Metal Degradation of Ships and Marine Structures)
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