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Micromachines
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Recent Advancements in Flexible, Reconfigurable and Wearable Antennas for 5G...
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Recent Advancements in Flexible, Reconfigurable and Wearable Antennas for 5G and Beyond

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "E：Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 12152

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wahaj Abbas Awan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
Interests: antenna engineering; reconfigurable and flexible antennas; wearable and metamaterial-loaded antennas
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Syeda Iffat Naqvi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan
Interests: mm-wave antennas; 5G; MIMO antennas; metasurface antennas; 5G antennas for mobile phones and handheld devices; reconfigurable antennas; THz antennas
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Niamat Hussain

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Smart Device Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
Interests: antenna engineering; wireless power transfer; bioelectromagnetic (SAR reduction in mobile antennas, study of electromagnetic effects of human health)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The rapid expansion of wireless communication systems has created a significant need for the creation of microwave/millimeter-wave components that are multi-band, reconfigurable, and easy to combine with other devices, including wearables. In comparison to prior technologies, such as 4G wireless applications, 5G and future 6G technologies are transitioning to higher frequencies, resulting in broader bandwidths and more capacity. The utilization of mm-wave and THz bands, as well as the sub-6GHz band, has been proposed to provide services that support networks of small/large cells, allowing for high-capacity hotspot zones while enhancing area efficiency. Printed antennas/filters have been identified as the ideal choice for use in 5G and future communication systems; they should be small in size, have a broad bandwidth and high gain, and be compatible with other system components.

This Special Issue focuses on the most recent technological advances and improvements in microwave/millimeter-wave system components, with the goal of overcoming technical obstacles by bringing together academic and industrial researchers to find and debate unique achievements in this field. For this Special Issue, we seek original submissions from the scientific community as well as themes of interest. Submissions may concentrate on research concepts or applied research related, but not limited, to the themes included in the list of keywords below.

Dr. Wahaj Abbas Awan
Dr. Syeda Iffat Naqvi
Dr. Niamat Hussain
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • design of miniaturized wearable antennas
  • Antennas for IoT wearable devices
  • Antennas for biomedical telemetry
  • reconfigurable antennas and devices
  • sub-6 GHz MIMO antennas
  • phased arrays for mm-wave 5G communication
  • THz antenna
  • metasurface antennas
  • filtering antennas
  • frequency-selective surfaces
  • reconfigurable metasurfaces
  • Antenna design and optimization techniques.

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 18852 KiB  
Article
A Dual-Band 8-Antenna Array Design for 5G/WiFi 5 Metal-Frame Smartphone Applications
by Huiyang Li, Shanshan Xiao, Lefei He, Qibo Cai and Gui Liu
Micromachines 2024, 15(5), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15050584 - 28 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1040
Abstract
This paper presents a dual-band 8-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna specifically designed for fifth-generation (5G) smartphones, featuring two open-slot metal frames. To enhance impedance matching and improve isolation between adjacent antenna elements, each antenna element employed a coupling feed. All simulation results in [...] Read more.
This paper presents a dual-band 8-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna specifically designed for fifth-generation (5G) smartphones, featuring two open-slot metal frames. To enhance impedance matching and improve isolation between adjacent antenna elements, each antenna element employed a coupling feed. All simulation results in this paper come from Ansys HFSS. The operational frequency bands of the proposed antenna spanned 3.36–4.2 GHz for the lower band and 4.37–5.95 GHz for the higher band, covering 5G New Radio (NR) bands N78 (3.4–3.6 GHz) and N79 (4.4–4.9 GHz), as well as WiFi 5 (5.15–5.85 GHz). Notably, the antenna demonstrated outstanding isolation exceeding 16.5 dB within the specified operating bands. The exceptional performance positions the proposed antenna as a promising candidate for integration into 5G metal-frame smartphones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Flexible, Reconfigurable and Wearable Antennas for 5G and Beyond)
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12 pages, 2935 KiB  
Article
Mutual Coupling Reduction in Compact MIMO Antenna Operating on 28 GHz by Using Novel Decoupling Structure
by Tanvir Islam, Fahd Alsaleem, Fahad N. Alsunaydih and Khaled Alhassoon
Micromachines 2023, 14(11), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112065 - 7 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1398
Abstract
This article presents an antenna with compact and simple geometry and a low profile. Roger RT6002, with a 10 mm × 10 mm dimension, is utilized to engineer this work, offering a wideband and high gain. The antenna structure contains a patch of [...] Read more.
This article presents an antenna with compact and simple geometry and a low profile. Roger RT6002, with a 10 mm × 10 mm dimension, is utilized to engineer this work, offering a wideband and high gain. The antenna structure contains a patch of circular-shaped stubs and a circular stub and slot. These insertions are performed to improve the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna is investigated, and the results are analyzed in the commercially accessible electromagnetic (EM) software tool High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Afterwards, a two-port multiple–input–multiple–output (MIMO) antenna is engineered by orthogonalizing the second element to the first element. The antenna offers good value for mutual coupling of less than −20 dB. The decoupling structure or parasitic patch is placed between two MIMO elements for more refined mutual coupling of the proposed MIMO antenna. The resultant antenna offers mutual coupling of less than −32 dB. Moreover, other MIMO parameters like envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL) are also studied to recommend antennas for future applications. The hardware model is fabricated and tested to validate the results, which resembles software-generated results. Moreover, the comparison of outcomes and other important parameters is performed using published work. The outcome of this proposed work is performed using already published work. The outcomes and comparison make the presented design the best option for future 5G devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Flexible, Reconfigurable and Wearable Antennas for 5G and Beyond)
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14 pages, 4015 KiB  
Article
Analyzing the Performance of Millimeter Wave MIMO Antenna under Different Orientation of Unit Element
by Tanvir Islam, Fahad N. Alsunaydih, Fahd Alsaleem and Khaled Alhassoon
Micromachines 2023, 14(11), 1975; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14111975 - 24 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1748
Abstract
In this paper, a compact and simplified geometry monopole antenna with high gain and wideband is introduced. The presented antenna incorporates a microstrip feedline and a circular patch with two circular rings of stubs, which are inserted into the reference circular patch antenna [...] Read more.
In this paper, a compact and simplified geometry monopole antenna with high gain and wideband is introduced. The presented antenna incorporates a microstrip feedline and a circular patch with two circular rings of stubs, which are inserted into the reference circular patch antenna to enhance the bandwidth and return loss. Roger RT/Duroid 6002 is used as the material for the antenna, and has overall dimensions of WS × LS = 12 mm × 9 mm. Three designs of two-port MIMO configurations are derived from the reference unit element antenna. In the first design, the antenna element is placed parallel to the reference antenna, while in the second design, the element is placed orthogonal to the reference element of the antenna. In the third design, the antenna elements are adjusted to be opposite each other. In this study, we analyze the isolation between the MIMO elements with different arrangements of the elements. The MIMO configurations have dimensions of 15 mm × 26 mm for two of the cases and 15 mm × 28.75 mm for the third case. All three MIMO antennas are made using similar materials and have the same specifications as the single element antenna. Other significant MIMO parameters, including the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG), are also researched. Additionally, the paper includes a table summarizing the assessment of this work in comparison to relevant literature. The results of this study indicate that the proposed antenna is well-suited for future millimeter wave applications operating at 28 GHz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Flexible, Reconfigurable and Wearable Antennas for 5G and Beyond)
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17 pages, 8683 KiB  
Article
Compact Sub 6 GHz Dual Band Twelve-Element MIMO Antenna for 5G Metal-Rimmed Smartphone Applications
by Chih-Chung Lin, Shao-Hung Cheng, Shu-Chuan Chen and Cheng-Siang Wei
Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14071399 - 9 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1656
Abstract
In this paper, a twelve-antenna system is designed for 5G smartphones with metal frames. The system is compact and operates on dual bands within the sub-6 GHz frequency range using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. Two sets of six-antenna units are included in the [...] Read more.
In this paper, a twelve-antenna system is designed for 5G smartphones with metal frames. The system is compact and operates on dual bands within the sub-6 GHz frequency range using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. Two sets of six-antenna units are included in the system, arranged in a diagonal mirror-image configuration, and positioned at the center of the circuit board’s longer edges. The profile height of each of the six-antenna units is only 3 mm, and the overall array dimensions are 105 × 3 × 3.1 mm3. A single antenna unit is 15 × 3 × 3.1 mm3 (0.173 λ × 0.035 λ × 0.036 λ, where λ equals the free-space wavelength of 3450 MHz). The arrangement of the antennas in the six-antenna units is parallel, with a 3 mm separation between adjacent antennas. The antenna structure comprises of an inverted L-shaped feed branch and two inverted L-shaped short-circuit branches integrated into part of the metal frame. The proposed array can form multiple resonance paths, achieving dual-band operation at 3300–3600 MHz and 4800–5000 MHz. The measured isolation of this twelve-antenna system within the operating frequency band is over 10 dB, and the measured antenna efficiency is greater than 36%. Therefore, the system is suitable for use in smartphones with high screen-to-body ratios and metal frames. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Flexible, Reconfigurable and Wearable Antennas for 5G and Beyond)
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15 pages, 3714 KiB  
Article
A High Performance All-Textile Wearable Antenna for Wristband Application
by Asma Ejaz, Iqra Jabeen, Zia Ullah Khan, Akram Alomainy, Khaled Aljaloud, Ali H. Alqahtani, Niamat Hussain, Rifaqat Hussain and Yasar Amin
Micromachines 2023, 14(6), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14061169 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2936
Abstract
A compact, conformal, all-textile wearable antenna is proposed in this paper for the 2.45 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band. The integrated design consists of a monopole radiator backed by a 2 × 1 Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) array, resulting in a [...] Read more.
A compact, conformal, all-textile wearable antenna is proposed in this paper for the 2.45 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band. The integrated design consists of a monopole radiator backed by a 2 × 1 Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) array, resulting in a small form factor suitable for wristband applications. An EBG unit cell is optimized to work in the desired operating band, the results of which are further explored to achieve bandwidth maximization via floating EBG ground. A monopole radiator is made to work in association with the EBG layer to produce the resonance in the ISM band with plausible radiation characteristics. The fabricated design is tested for free space performance analysis and subjected to human body loading. The proposed antenna design achieves bandwidth of 2.39 GHz to 2.54 GHz with a compact footprint of 35.4 × 82.4 mm2. The experimental investigations reveal that the reported design adequately retains its performance while operating in close proximity to human beings. The presented Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis reveals 0.297 W/kg calculated at 0.5 W input power, which certifies that the proposed antenna is safe for use in wearable devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Flexible, Reconfigurable and Wearable Antennas for 5G and Beyond)
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19 pages, 8365 KiB  
Article
Multi Frequency Controllable In-Band Suppressions in a Broad Bandwidth Microstrip Filter Design for 5G Wi-Fi and Satellite Communication Systems Utilizing a Quad-Mode Stub-Loaded Resonator
by Guoqiang Zhang, Abdul Basit, Muhammad Irshad Khan, Amil Daraz, Najmus Saqib and Farid Zubir
Micromachines 2023, 14(4), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14040866 - 17 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1792
Abstract
The key elements used for receiving and processing signals in communication systems are the bandpass filters. Initially, a common operating mechanism was applied for the design of broadband filters, i.e., by cascading low-pass filters or high-pass filters using multiple line resonators with length [...] Read more.
The key elements used for receiving and processing signals in communication systems are the bandpass filters. Initially, a common operating mechanism was applied for the design of broadband filters, i.e., by cascading low-pass filters or high-pass filters using multiple line resonators with length quarter-half- or full-wavelength with central frequency, but using these approaches, the design topology becomes expensive and complex. The above mechanisms can be possibly overcome using a planar microstrip transmission line structure due to its simple design fabrication procedure and low cost. So, pointing out the above problems in bandpass filters such as low-cost, low insertion loss, and good out-of-band performance, this article presents a broadband filter with multifrequency suppression capability at 4.9 GHz, 8.3 GHz, and 11.5 GHz using a T-shaped shorted stub-loaded resonator with a central square ring coupled to the basic broadband filter. Initially, the C-shaped resonator is utilized for the formation of a stopband at 8.3 GHz for a satellite communication system, and then a shorted square ring resonator is added to the existing C-shaped structure for the realization of two more stopbands at 4.9 GHz and 11.5 GHz for 5G (WLAN 802.11j) communication, respectively. The overall circuit area covered with the proposed filter is 0.52 λg × 0.32 λg (λg is the wavelength of the feed lines at frequency 4.9 GHz). All the loaded stubs are folded in order to save the circuit area, which is an important requirement of next-generation wireless communication systems. The proposed filter has been analyzed using a well-known transmission line theory, even–odd-mode, and simulated with the 3D software HFSS. After the parametric analysis, some attractive features were obtained, i.e., compact structure, simple planar topology, low insertion losses of 0.4 dB over the entire band, good return loss greater than 10 dB, and independently controlled mutli stopbands, which make the proposed design unique and can be used in various wireless communication system applications. Finally, a Rogers RO-4350 substrate is selected for the fabrication of the prototype using an LPKF S63 ProtoLaser machine and then measured using a ZNB20 vector network analyzer for matching the simulated and measured results. After testing the prototype, a good agreement was found between the results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Flexible, Reconfigurable and Wearable Antennas for 5G and Beyond)
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