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14 pages, 2841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bifidogenic Effect of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Pediatric IBD Fecal Microbiota

by Nize Otaru, Danica Bajic, Pieter Van den Abbeele, Saskia Vande Velde, Stephanie Van Biervliet, Robert E. Steinert and Ateequr Rehman

Microorganisms 2024, 12(10), 1977; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12101977 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 982

Abstract

The prevalence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (pIBD) has been increasing over the last two decades. Yet, treatment strategies are still limited, in part due to the multifactorial nature of the disease and the complex interplay between genetic, environmental, dietary, immune, and gut [...] Read more.

The prevalence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (pIBD) has been increasing over the last two decades. Yet, treatment strategies are still limited, in part due to the multifactorial nature of the disease and the complex interplay between genetic, environmental, dietary, immune, and gut microbial factors in its etiology. With their direct and indirect anti-inflammatory properties, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a promising treatment and management strategy for IBD. However, to date there are no insights into how HMOs may affect pIBD microbiota. Here, we compared the effects of 2′fucosyllactose (2′FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), 3′sialyllactose (3′SL), and blends thereof with fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on microbiota functionality (short- and branched-chain fatty acids, pH, and gas production) and composition (quantitative shallow shotgun sequencing) using fecal material from eight different pediatric Crohn’s disease patients inoculated in the SIFR^® technology. In general, all HMO treatments significantly increased total short-chain fatty acid production when compared with FOS, despite equal gas production. We found that 2′FL, either alone or in combination with DFL and 3′SL, exhibited a strong acetogenic and propiogenic effect, and 3′SL an acetogenic effect that surpassed the effects observed with FOS. No differences in overall community diversity between HMO- and FOS-treated pIBD microbiota were observed. There was, however, a stronger bifidogenic effect of 2′FL, 3′SL, 2′FL/DFL, and 2′FL/DFL + 3′SL when compared with FOS. In general, 3′SL and HMO blends enriched a broader species profile, including taxa with potentially anti-inflammatory properties, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Blautia species. This study suggests HMOs as a promising strategy to beneficially alter the gut microbial profile in pIBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Dysbiosis)

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11 pages, 7062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AG1^®, a Novel Synbiotic, Maintains Gut Barrier Function following Inflammatory Challenge in a Caco-2/THP1-Blue™ Co-Culture Model

by Philip A. Sapp, Jeremy R. Townsend, Trevor O. Kirby, Marlies Govaert, Cindy Duysburgh, Lynn Verstrepen, Massimo Marzorati, Tess M. Marshall and Ralph Esposito

Microorganisms 2024, 12(7), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071263 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

Nutritional interventions to reduce gastrointestinal (GI) permeability are of significant interest to physically active adults and those experiencing chronic health conditions. This in vitro study was designed to assess the impact of AG1, a novel synbiotic, on GI permeability following an inflammatory challenge. [...] Read more.

Nutritional interventions to reduce gastrointestinal (GI) permeability are of significant interest to physically active adults and those experiencing chronic health conditions. This in vitro study was designed to assess the impact of AG1, a novel synbiotic, on GI permeability following an inflammatory challenge. Interventions [AG1 (vitamins/minerals, pre-/probiotics, and phytonutrients) and control (control medium)] were fed separately into a human GI tract model (stomach, small intestine, and colon). In the colonic phase, the GI contents were combined with fecal inocula from three healthy human donors. GI permeability was evaluated with transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in a Caco-2 (apical)/THP1-Blue™ (basolateral) co-culture model. The apical side received sodium butyrate (positive control) or Caco-2 complete medium (negative control) during baseline testing. In the 24 h experiment, the apical side received colonic simulation isolates from the GI model, and the basolateral side was treated with Caco-2 complete medium, then 6 h treatment with lipopolysaccharide. TEER was assessed at 0 h and 24 h, and inflammatory markers were measured at 30 h in triplicate. Paired samples t-tests were used to evaluate endpoint mean difference (MD) for AG1 vs. control. TEER was higher for AG1 (mean ± SD: 99.89 ± 1.32%) vs. control (mean ± SD: 92.87 ± 1.22%) following activated THP1-induced damage [MD: 7.0% (p < 0.05)]. AG1 maintained TEER similar to the level of the negative control [−0.1% (p = 0.02)]. No differences in inflammatory markers were observed. These in vitro data suggest that acute supplementation with AG1 might stimulate protective effects on GI permeability. These changes may be driven by SCFA production due to the pre-/probiotic properties of AG1, but more research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Dysbiosis)

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18 pages, 4613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Analysis of the Transcriptome and Microbial Diversity in the Intestine of Miniature Pig Obesity Model

by Wenjing Qi, Siran Zhu, Lingli Feng, Jinning Liang, Xiaoping Guo, Feng Cheng, Yafen Guo, Ganqiu Lan and Jing Liang

Microorganisms 2024, 12(2), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020369 - 10 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1796

Abstract

Obesity, a key contributor to metabolic disorders, necessitates an in-depth understanding of its pathogenesis and prerequisites for prevention. Guangxi Bama miniature pig (GBM) offers an apt model for obesity-related studies. In this research, we used transcriptomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to discern [...] Read more.

Obesity, a key contributor to metabolic disorders, necessitates an in-depth understanding of its pathogenesis and prerequisites for prevention. Guangxi Bama miniature pig (GBM) offers an apt model for obesity-related studies. In this research, we used transcriptomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to discern the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within intestinal (jejunum, ileum, and colon) tissues and variations in microbial communities in intestinal contents of GBM subjected to normal diets (ND) and high-fat, high-carbohydrate diets (HFHCD). After a feeding duration of 26 weeks, the HFHCD-fed experimental group demonstrated notable increases in backfat thickness, BMI, abnormal blood glucose metabolism, and blood lipid levels alongside the escalated serum expression of pro-inflammatory factors and a marked decline in intestinal health status when compared to the ND group. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a total of 1669 DEGs, of which 27 had similar differences in three intestinal segments across different groups, including five immune related genes: COL6A6, CYP1A1, EIF2AK2, NMI, and LGALS3B. Further, we found significant changes in the microbiota composition, with a significant decrease in beneficial bacterial populations within the HFHCD group. Finally, the results of integrated analysis of microbial diversity with transcriptomics show a positive link between certain microbial abundance (Solibacillus, norank_f__Saccharimonadaceae, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and unclassified_f__Butyricicoccaceae) and changes in gene expression (COL6A6 and NMI). Overall, HFHCD appears to co-contribute to the initiation and progression of obesity in GBM by aggravating inflammatory responses, disrupting immune homeostasis, and creating imbalances in intestinal flora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Dysbiosis)

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Review

Jump to: Research

25 pages, 3441 KiB

Open AccessReview

Narrative Review: Advancing Dysbiosis Treatment in Onco-Hematology with Microbiome-Based Therapeutic Approach

by Salomé Biennier, Mathieu Fontaine, Aurore Duquenoy, Carole Schwintner, Joël Doré and Nathalie Corvaia

Microorganisms 2024, 12(11), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112256 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 571

Abstract

This review explores the complex relationship between gut dysbiosis and hematological malignancies, focusing on graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients. We discuss how alterations in microbial diversity and composition can influence disease development, progression, and treatment outcomes in [...] Read more.

This review explores the complex relationship between gut dysbiosis and hematological malignancies, focusing on graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients. We discuss how alterations in microbial diversity and composition can influence disease development, progression, and treatment outcomes in blood cancers. The mechanisms by which the gut microbiota impacts these conditions are examined, including modulation of immune responses, production of metabolites, and effects on intestinal barrier function. Recent advances in microbiome-based therapies for treating and preventing GvHD are highlighted, with emphasis on full ecosystem standardized donor-derived products. Overall, this review underscores the growing importance of microbiome research in hematology–oncology and its potential to complement existing treatments and improve outcomes for thousands of patients worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Dysbiosis)

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24 pages, 978 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in IBD

by Fabrizio Fanizzi, Ferdinando D’Amico, Isadora Zanotelli Bombassaro, Alessandra Zilli, Federica Furfaro, Tommaso Lorenzo Parigi, Clelia Cicerone, Gionata Fiorino, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Silvio Danese and Mariangela Allocca

Microorganisms 2024, 12(9), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091755 - 23 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1064

Abstract

Gut microbiota dysbiosis has a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, prompting the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches like fecal microbiota transplantation, which involves the transfer of fecal microbiota from a healthy donor to a recipient with the aim of [...] Read more.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis has a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, prompting the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches like fecal microbiota transplantation, which involves the transfer of fecal microbiota from a healthy donor to a recipient with the aim of restoring a balanced microbial community and attenuating inflammation. Fecal microbiota transplantation may exert beneficial effects in inflammatory bowel disease through modulation of immune responses, restoration of mucosal barrier integrity, and alteration of microbial metabolites. It could alter disease course and prevent flares, although long-term durability and safety data are lacking. This review provides a summary of current evidence on fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease management, focusing on its challenges, such as variability in donor selection criteria, standardization of transplant protocols, and long-term outcomes post-transplantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Dysbiosis)

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23 pages, 2546 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pre- to Postbiotics: The Beneficial Roles of Pediatric Dysbiosis Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

by Roberta Ottria, Ornella Xynomilakis, Silvana Casati and Pierangela Ciuffreda

Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081582 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2214

Abstract

Probiotics are “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amount, confer health benefits on the host”. They can be found in certain foods like yogurt and kefir and in dietary supplements. The introduction of bacterial derivatives has not only contributed to disease control [...] Read more.

Probiotics are “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amount, confer health benefits on the host”. They can be found in certain foods like yogurt and kefir and in dietary supplements. The introduction of bacterial derivatives has not only contributed to disease control but has also exhibited promising outcomes, such as improved survival rates, immune enhancement, and growth promotion effects. It is interesting to note that the efficacy of probiotics goes beyond the viability of the bacteria, giving rise to concepts like paraprobiotics, non-viable forms of probiotics, and postbiotics. Paraprobiotics offer various health benefits in children with intestinal dysbiosis, contributing to improved digestive health, immune function, and overall well-being. In this review, the potential of these therapeutic applications as alternatives to pharmacological agents for treating pediatric intestinal dysbiosis will be thoroughly evaluated. This includes an analysis of their efficacy, safety, long-term benefits, and their ability to restore gut microbiota balance, improve digestive health, enhance immune function, and reduce inflammation. The aim is to determine if these non-pharmacological interventions can effectively and safely manage intestinal dysbiosis in children, reducing the need for conventional medications and their side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Dysbiosis)

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10 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Relationship between Exposome and Microbiome

by Giuseppe Merra, Paola Gualtieri, Giada La Placa, Giulia Frank, David Della Morte, Antonino De Lorenzo and Laura Di Renzo

Microorganisms 2024, 12(7), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071386 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1070

Abstract

Currently, exposome studies include a raft of different monitoring tools, including remote sensors, smartphones, omics analyses, distributed lag models, etc. The similarity in structure between the exposome and the microbiota plus their functions led us to pose three pertinent questions from this viewpoint, [...] Read more.

Currently, exposome studies include a raft of different monitoring tools, including remote sensors, smartphones, omics analyses, distributed lag models, etc. The similarity in structure between the exposome and the microbiota plus their functions led us to pose three pertinent questions from this viewpoint, looking at the actual relationship between the exposome and the microbiota. In terms of the exposome, a bistable equilibrium between health and disease depends on constantly dealing with an ever-changing totality of exposures that together shape an individual from conception to death. Regarding scientific knowledge, the exposome is still lagging in certain areas, like the importance of microorganisms in the equation. The human microbiome is defined as an aggregate assemblage of gut commensals that are hosted by our surfaces related to the external environment. Commensals’ resistance to a variety of environmental exposures, such as antibiotic administration, confirms that a layer of these organisms is protected within the host. The exposome is a conceptual framework defined as the environmental component of the science-inspired systems ideology that shifts from a specificity-based medical approach to reasoning in terms of complexity. A parallel concept in population health research and precision public health is the human flourishing index, which aims to account for the numerous environmental factors that affect individual and population well-being beyond ambient pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Dysbiosis)

15 pages, 3222 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Importance of Maintaining and Improving a Healthy Gut Microbiota in Athletes as a Preventive Strategy to Improve Heat Tolerance and Acclimatization

by Sergi Cinca-Morros and Jesús Álvarez-Herms

Microorganisms 2024, 12(6), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061160 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

Exposure to passive heat (acclimation) and exercise under hot conditions (acclimatization), known as heat acclimation (HA), are methods that athletes include in their routines to promote faster recovery and enhance physiological adaptations and performance under hot conditions. Despite the potential positive effects of [...] Read more.

Exposure to passive heat (acclimation) and exercise under hot conditions (acclimatization), known as heat acclimation (HA), are methods that athletes include in their routines to promote faster recovery and enhance physiological adaptations and performance under hot conditions. Despite the potential positive effects of HA on health and physical performance in the heat, these stimuli can negatively affect gut health, impairing its functionality and contributing to gut dysbiosis. Blood redistribution to active muscles and peripheral vascularization exist during exercise and HA stimulus, promoting intestinal ischemia. Gastrointestinal ischemia can impair intestinal permeability and aggravate systemic endotoxemia in athletes during exercise. Systemic endotoxemia elevates the immune system as an inflammatory responses in athletes, impairing their adaptive capacity to exercise and their HA tolerance. Better gut microbiota health could benefit exercise performance and heat tolerance in athletes. This article suggests that: (1) the intestinal modifications induced by heat stress (HS), leading to dysbiosis and altered intestinal permeability in athletes, can decrease health, and (2) a previously acquired microbial dysbiosis and/or leaky gut condition in the athlete can negatively exacerbate the systemic effects of HA. Maintaining or improving the healthy gut microbiota in athletes can positively regulate the intestinal permeability, reduce endotoxemic levels, and control the systemic inflammatory response. In conclusion, strategies based on positive daily habits (nutrition, probiotics, hydration, chronoregulation, etc.) and preventing microbial dysbiosis can minimize the potentially undesired effects of applying HA, favoring thermotolerance and performance enhancement in athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Dysbiosis)

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