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Bioactive Small Molecules and Natural Products as Drug Leads or Chemical Probes

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2021) | Viewed by 6472

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
Interests: rational drug development; molecular simulations; advanced methods for solvation mapping; natural products; biophysics; protein kinases; epigenetics

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Co-Guest Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The successful introduction of the chemical probe concept has transformed the field of chemical biology into a domain of prime importance for medicinal chemists. Using small molecules to elucidate the functionality of emerging gene products and experimentally assessing their druggability and therapeutic potential is currently recognized as one of the major tools for advancing current drug discovery. In this respect, a multitude of experimental methodologies have been combined in an exceedingly productive fashion to facilitate the fusion of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry into a new and exciting, interdisciplinary domain of life sciences. Traditional genetic and biochemical techniques along with innovative biophysical screening methods, X-ray crystallography, and cutting-edge computational tools are harmonically integrated with organic synthesis, aiming at advancing and rationalizing the whole hit discovery and hit-to-lead optimization process toward bioactive leads that can serve either as promising drug candidates or competent chemical probes to enable target identification and validation.

The current Special Issue aims at collecting original research articles as well as thorough reviews that address the interplay between chemical biology and medicinal chemistry and their implementation toward the discovery of new chemical entities that show promising potential as drug leads or chemical probes for emerging therapeutic targets. In this issue, special emphasis will be given to the exploration of natural products as biologically privileged structures, while establishing the importance of sophisticated computational methodologies, such as free energy calculations and molecular dynamics, solvation mapping algorithms and artificial intelligence in the search for new leads is of key interest for the present issue. Furthermore, the discovery of versatile scaffolds that may efficiently sustain hit-to-lead optimization efforts either via high throughput screening campaigns or organic synthesis will be considered at a high priority.

Prof. Dr. Vassilios Myrianthopoulos

Prof. Dr. Emmanuel Mikros

Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Target identification and validation using small molecule approaches
  • Advanced theoretical tools in hit discovery, including free energy simulations, hydration mapping, consensus virtual screening, and artificial intelligence implementations
  • Biophysical techniques and their integration with computational methods
  • X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy for lead identification and optimization
  • Natural product screening and semisynthetic analogue development

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 4089 KiB  
Article
Detection, Purification and Elucidation of Chemical Structure and Antiproliferative Activity of Taxol Produced by Penicillium chrysogenum
by Ashraf El-Sayed, Gamal Enan, Abdul-Raouf Al-Mohammadi, Ahmed H. Moustafa and Nashwa El-Gazzar
Molecules 2020, 25(20), 4822; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204822 - 20 Oct 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2817
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum has been reported as a potent taxol producer based on quantitative analysis by TLC and HPLC. The biosynthetic potency of taxol has been validated from PCR detection of rate-limiting genes of taxol synthesis such as taxadienesynthase and 10-de-acetylbaccatin III-O-acetyltransferase (DBAT), which [...] Read more.
Penicillium chrysogenum has been reported as a potent taxol producer based on quantitative analysis by TLC and HPLC. The biosynthetic potency of taxol has been validated from PCR detection of rate-limiting genes of taxol synthesis such as taxadienesynthase and 10-de-acetylbaccatin III-O-acetyltransferase (DBAT), which catalyzes the immediate diterpenoid precursor of the taxol substance, as detected by PCR. Taxol production by P. chrysogenum was assessed by growing the fungus on different media. Potato dextrose broth (PDB) was shown to be the best medium for obtaining the higher amount of taxol (170 µg/L). A stepwise optimization of culture conditions necessary for production of higher amounts of taxol was investigated. The substance taxol was produced optimally after 18 d of incubation at 30 °C in PDB adjusted initially at pH 8.0 with shaking (120 rpm) (250 µg/L). The P. chrysogenum taxol was purified successfully by HPLC. Instrumental analyzes such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, 1HNMR and 13C NMR approved the structural formula of taxol (C47H51NO14), as constructed by ChemDraw. The P. chrysogenum taxol showed promising anticancer activity. Full article
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16 pages, 3569 KiB  
Article
Screening of Heteroaromatic Scaffolds against Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Enables Identification of Substituted Pyrazolo[3,4-c]Pyridines as Potent and Selective Orthosteric Inhibitors
by Anna-Maria Fantel, Vassilios Myrianthopoulos, Anastasios Georgoulis, Nikolaos Lougiakis, Iliana Zantza, George Lamprinidis, Fiona Augsburger, Panagiotis Marakos, Constantinos E. Vorgias, Csaba Szabo, Nicole Pouli, Andreas Papapetropoulos and Emmanuel Mikros
Molecules 2020, 25(16), 3739; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163739 - 16 Aug 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3155
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme in the production of the signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide, deregulation of which is known to contribute to a range of serious pathological states. Involvement of hydrogen sulfide in pathways of paramount importance for cellular homeostasis [...] Read more.
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme in the production of the signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide, deregulation of which is known to contribute to a range of serious pathological states. Involvement of hydrogen sulfide in pathways of paramount importance for cellular homeostasis renders CBS a promising drug target. An in-house focused library of heteroaromatic compounds was screened for CBS modulators by the methylene blue assay and a pyrazolopyridine derivative with a promising CBS inhibitory potential was discovered. The compound activity was readily comparable to the most potent CBS inhibitor currently known, aminoacetic acid, while a promising specificity over the related cystathionine γ-lyase was identified. To rule out any possibility that the inhibitor may bind the enzyme regulatory domain due to its high structural similarity with cofactor s-adenosylmethionine, differential scanning fluorimetry was employed. A sub-scaffold search guided follow-up screening of related compounds, providing preliminary structure-activity relationships with respect to requisites for efficient CBS inhibition by this group of heterocycles. Subsequently, a hypothesis regarding the exact binding mode of the inhibitor was devised on the basis of the available structure-activity relationships (SAR) and a deep neural networks analysis and further supported by induced-fit docking calculations. Full article
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