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13 pages, 5596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Cu^2+/1+ Redox Potential of Non-Macrocyclic Cu Complexes on Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction

by Kyuman Kim, Pawel Wagner, Klaudia Wagner and Attila J. Mozer

Molecules 2023, 28(13), 5179; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135179 - 3 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1896

Abstract

Cu^2+/1+ complexes facilitate the reduction of CO₂ to valuable chemicals. The catalytic conversion likely involves the binding of CO₂ and/or reduction intermediates to Cu^2+/1+, which in turn could be influenced by the electron density on the Cu^2+/1+ [...] Read more.

Cu^2+/1+ complexes facilitate the reduction of CO₂ to valuable chemicals. The catalytic conversion likely involves the binding of CO₂ and/or reduction intermediates to Cu^2+/1+, which in turn could be influenced by the electron density on the Cu^2+/1+ ion. Herein we investigated whether modulating the redox potential of Cu^2+/1+ complexes by changing their ligand structures influenced their CO₂ reduction performance significantly. We synthesised new heteroleptic Cu^2/1+ complexes, and for the first time, studied a (Cu-bis(8-quinolinolato) complex, covering a Cu^2+/1+ redox potential range of 1.3 V. We have found that the redox potential influenced the Faradaic efficiency of CO₂ reduction to CO. However, no correlation between the redox potential and the Faradaic efficiency for methane was found. The lack of correlation could be attributed to the presence of a Cu-complex-derived catalyst deposited on the electrodes leading to a heterogeneous catalytic mechanism, which is controlled by the structure of the in situ deposited catalyst and not the redox potential of the pre-cursor Cu^2+/1+ complexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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19 pages, 10145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Four Coordination Compounds Constructed from Two Benzimidazole-Based Asymmetric Polyazocyclic Ligands

by Chenfei Ren, Jian Li, Xingxing Zhang and Yunyin Niu

Molecules 2023, 28(9), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093841 - 1 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1800

Abstract

In this paper, two benzimidazole derivative ligands were obtained using o-phenylenediamine and n-pyridine formaldehyde (n = 3, 4) by amine–aldol condensation reactions, which were reacted with selected inorganic metal salts by ambient temperature volatilization method to give compounds 1–4: {[(L1)₆ [...] Read more.

In this paper, two benzimidazole derivative ligands were obtained using o-phenylenediamine and n-pyridine formaldehyde (n = 3, 4) by amine–aldol condensation reactions, which were reacted with selected inorganic metal salts by ambient temperature volatilization method to give compounds 1–4: {[(L1)₆]·[Cu₈I₈]} (1), {[L1]·[CuBr]·H₂O} (2), {[L2]·[CuBr]}_n (3), and {[(L2)₄]·[Cu₄I₄]} (4). They were characterized by IR, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and single crystal X-ray analysis. Simultaneously, compounds 1–4 were found to possess photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) by preliminary experimental investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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19 pages, 9972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Transfer Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde Using Homogeneous Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II) (E)-1-(Pyridin-2-yl)-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)methanimine and the Complexes Anchored on Fe₃O₄ Support as Pre-Catalysts: An Experimental and In Silico Approach

by Fortunate P. Sejie, Olayinka A. Oyetunji, James Darkwa, Isaac N. Beas, Banothile C. E. Makhubela, Nelson Y. Dzade and Nora H. de Leeuw

Molecules 2023, 28(2), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020659 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2382

Abstract

The imino pyridine Schiff base cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes (C1 and C2) and their functionalised γ-Fe₃O₄ counterparts (Fe₃O₄@C1 and Fe₃O₄@C2) were synthesised and characterised using IR, elemental analysis, [...] Read more.

The imino pyridine Schiff base cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes (C1 and C2) and their functionalised γ-Fe₃O₄ counterparts (Fe₃O₄@C1 and Fe₃O₄@C2) were synthesised and characterised using IR, elemental analysis, and ESI-MS for C1 and C2, and single crystal X-ray diffraction for C1, while the functionalised materials Fe₃O₄@C1 and Fe₃O₄@C2 were characterized using IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, ICP-OES, XPS and TGA. Complexes C1, C2 and the functionalised materials Fe₃O₄@C1 and Fe₃O₄@C2 were tested as catalysts for the selective transfer hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and all four pre-catalysts showed excellent catalytic activity. Complexes C1 and C2 acted as homogeneous catalysts with high selectivity towards the formation of hydrocinnamaldehyde (88.7% and 92.6%, respectively) while Fe₃O₄@C1 and Fe₃O₄@C2 acted as heterogeneous catalysts with high selectivity towards cinnamyl alcohol (89.7% and 87.7%, respectively). Through in silico studies of the adsorption energies, we were able to account for the different products formed using the homogeneous and the heterogeneous catalysts which we attribute to the preferred interaction of the C=C moiety in the substrate with the Ni centre in C2 (−0.79 eV) rather than the C=O (−0.58 eV). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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13 pages, 1853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rethinking Electronic Effects in Photochemical Hydrogen Evolution Using CuInS₂@ZnS Quantum Dots Sensitizers

by Antonio Orlando, Fiorella Lucarini, Elisabetta Benazzi, Federico Droghetti, Albert Ruggi and Mirco Natali

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8277; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238277 - 27 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1952

Abstract

Molecular catalysts based on coordination complexes for the generation of hydrogen via photochemical water splitting exhibit a large versatility and tunability of the catalytic properties through chemical functionalization. In the present work, we report on light-driven hydrogen production in an aqueous solution using [...] Read more.

Molecular catalysts based on coordination complexes for the generation of hydrogen via photochemical water splitting exhibit a large versatility and tunability of the catalytic properties through chemical functionalization. In the present work, we report on light-driven hydrogen production in an aqueous solution using a series of cobalt polypyridine complexes as hydrogen evolving catalysts (HECs) in combination with CuInS₂@ZnS quantum dots (QDs) as sensitizers, and ascorbate as the electron donor. A peculiar trend in activity has been observed depending on the substituents present on the polypyridine ligand. This trend markedly differs from that previously recorded using [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ (where bpy = 2,2’-bipyridine) as the sensitizer and can be ascribed to different kinetically limiting pathways in the photochemical reaction (viz. protonation kinetics with the ruthenium chromophore, catalyst activation via electron transfer from the QDs in the present system). Hence, this work shows how the electronic effects on light-triggered molecular catalysis are not exclusive features of the catalyst unit but depend on the whole photochemical system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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13 pages, 5546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Study on the Preparation of Soft Rock Similar Materials Using Redispersible Latex Powder as a Modifier

by Xu Ren, Zhufang Zhang, Min Xiang, Guihong Xu and Wenze Cao

Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7404; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217404 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1753

Abstract

The engineering geological problems of soft rock are common in large slope engineering and underground engineering surrounding rock. In order to study the change in mechanical properties of soft rock under the action of loading, excavation and rainfall, this paper carried out experimental [...] Read more.

The engineering geological problems of soft rock are common in large slope engineering and underground engineering surrounding rock. In order to study the change in mechanical properties of soft rock under the action of loading, excavation and rainfall, this paper carried out experimental research on similar materials of soft rock. The similar material of soft rock is prepared by using iron fine powder, barite powder and quartz sand as aggregate, gypsum as binder and redispersible latex powder as regulator. A single-factor influence test was designed with the content of redispersible latex powder as variation parameter. Analysis the influence of redispersible latex powder from the perspectives of physical and mechanical indexes, failure forms, stress–strain states and changes after water seepage. In addition, evaluate the feasibility of this similar material in geomechanical model test. Experimental results show that the density, compressive strength and Poisson’s ratio of similar materials can be improved to a certain extent by the redispersible latex powder with low dosage. However, the above indexes show a significant downward trend with the increase in dosage when the dosage exceeds 2%. The deformation modulus always shows a downward trend, and this trend becomes more significant especially when the dosage exceeds 2%. With the increase in the redispersible latex powder, the stress–strain curves of similar materials show obvious elastic and plastic stages. The failure mode gradually changes to X-shaped conjugate failure, which is common in soft rock, and the material changes from brittle failure to plastic failure. In addition, this type of similar material with gypsum as cementing agent will cause serious damage and loss of bearing capacity after seepage. These methods produce similar materials with low strength, low deformation modulus and plastic failure form, which can be used to simulate the stability of soft rock engineering caused by loading or excavation. At the same time, it also sheds lights on preparing similar materials of hard rock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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16 pages, 6070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Activation of Coal Gangue with Low Al/Si Ratio as Supplementary Cementitious Materials

by Xianli Yuan, Hong Wu, Ping Wang, Fen Xu and Shuang Ding

Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7268; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217268 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1705

Abstract

To effectively utilize coal gangue (CG) with low Al/Si ratio, the thermal activation method was used. The activated CG, as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), was added into ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to study its physical properties. The XRD results show that CG undergoes [...] Read more.

To effectively utilize coal gangue (CG) with low Al/Si ratio, the thermal activation method was used. The activated CG, as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), was added into ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to study its physical properties. The XRD results show that CG undergoes a phase transition from kaolinite to metakaolinite during activation. The NMR tests reveal that the low polymerization state Q₃ is continuously broadened, and the Al coordination gradually changes from Al ^VI to Al ^V and Al ^IV. The CG particles are scale-like and glassy with a loose structure. By mixing the activated CG (under 800 °C) with cement (mass ratio = 3:7), the water demand of normal consistency increases by 7.2% and the initial and final setting times extend by 67 min and 81 min, respectively. The rough surface and loose structure of activated CG are the main factors contributing to the higher water demand of normal consistency. The micro-aggregate effect of the activated CG reduces the contact rate between the cement particles and water, and the interparticles, thus slowing down the process of hydration reaction, and leading to longer setting times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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16 pages, 4456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Step Calcination to Gain Exfoliated g-C₃N₄/MoO₂ Composites for High-Performance Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

by Yan Chen, Ao Li, Xiuli Fu and Zhijian Peng

Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7178; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217178 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1833

Abstract

The difficulty of exposing active sites and easy recombination of photogenerated carriers have always been two critical problems restricting the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄. Herein, a simple (NH₄)₂MoO₄-induced one-step calcination method was successfully [...] Read more.

The difficulty of exposing active sites and easy recombination of photogenerated carriers have always been two critical problems restricting the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄. Herein, a simple (NH₄)₂MoO₄-induced one-step calcination method was successfully introduced to transform bulk g-C₃N₄ into g-C₃N₄/MoO₂ composites with a large specific surface area. During the calcination, with the assistance of NH₃ and water vapor produced by ammonium molybdate, the pyrolytical oxidation and depolymerization of a g-C₃N₄ interlayer were accelerated, finally realizing the exfoliation of the g-C₃N₄. Furthermore, another pyrolytical product of ammonium molybdate was transformed into MoO₂ under an NH₃ atmosphere, which was in situ loaded on the surface of a g-C₃N₄ nanosheet. Additionally, the results of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light show that the optimal g-C₃N₄/MoO₂ composite has a high specific surface area and much improved performance, which is 4.1 times that of pure bulk g-C₃N₄. Such performance improvement can be attributed to the full exposure of active sites and the formation of abundant heterojunctions. However, with an increasing feed amount of ammonium molybdate, the oxidation degree of g-C₃N₄ was enhanced, which would widen the band gap of g-C₃N₄, leading to a weaker response ability to visible light. The present strategy will provide a new idea for the simple realization of exfoliation and constructing a heterojunction for g-C₃N₄ simultaneously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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10 pages, 2545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Pd–Zn Bimetal MOF Nanosheets and MOF-Derived Pd_3.9Zn_6.1/CNS Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene under Simulated Front-End Conditions

by Xinxiang Cao, Ruijian Tong, Siye Tang, Ben W. -L. Jang, Arash Mirjalili, Jiayi Li, Xining Guo, Jingyi Zhang, Jiaxue Hu and Xin Meng

Molecules 2022, 27(17), 5736; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175736 - 5 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2567

Abstract

Novel zinc–palladium–porphyrin bimetal metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were directly synthesized by coordination chelation between Zn(II) and Pd(II) tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphin (TCPP(Pd)) using a solvothermal method. Furthermore, a serial of carbon nanosheets supported Pd–Zn intermetallics (Pd–Zn-ins/CNS) with different Pd: Zn atomic ratios were obtained by one-step [...] Read more.

Novel zinc–palladium–porphyrin bimetal metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets were directly synthesized by coordination chelation between Zn(II) and Pd(II) tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphin (TCPP(Pd)) using a solvothermal method. Furthermore, a serial of carbon nanosheets supported Pd–Zn intermetallics (Pd–Zn-ins/CNS) with different Pd: Zn atomic ratios were obtained by one-step carbonization under different temperature using the prepared Zn-TCPP(Pd) MOF nanosheets as precursor. In the carbonization process, Pd–Zn-ins went through the transformation from PdZn (650 °C) to Pd_3.9Zn_6.1 (~950 °C) then to Pd_3.9Zn_6.1/Pd (1000 °C) with the temperature increasing. The synthesized Pd–Zn-ins/CNS were further employed as catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Pd_3.9Zn_6.1 showed the best catalytic performance compared with other Pd–Zn intermetallic forms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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24 pages, 5602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocatalysts Synthesized with Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia on Glycol-Modified ZIF-8: Characterization and Utilization in the Synthesis of Green Biodiesel

by José Manuel Martínez Gil, Ricardo Vivas Reyes, Marlon José Bastidas Barranco, Liliana Giraldo and Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján

Molecules 2022, 27(17), 5396; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175396 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

This research presents results on the production of biodiesel from the transesterification of acylglycerides present in palm oil, using the biocatalysts ZIF-8-PCL and Gly@ZIF-8-PCL synthesized by immobilization of Pseudomonas Cepacia Lipase as catalytic materials and using pure ZIF-8 and Gly@ZIF-8 (modified ZIF-8) as [...] Read more.

This research presents results on the production of biodiesel from the transesterification of acylglycerides present in palm oil, using the biocatalysts ZIF-8-PCL and Gly@ZIF-8-PCL synthesized by immobilization of Pseudomonas Cepacia Lipase as catalytic materials and using pure ZIF-8 and Gly@ZIF-8 (modified ZIF-8) as supports. The Gly@ZIF-8 carbonaceous material was prepared by wet impregnation of ZIF-8 with ethylene glycol as the carbon source, and then thermally modified. The calcination conditions were 900 °C for two hours with a heating rate of 7 °C/min in an inert atmosphere. A textural characterization was performed, and results showed superficial changes of materials at the microporous and mesoporous levels for the Gly@ZIF-8 material. Both the starting materials and biocatalysts were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. During the transesterification, using the two biocatalysts (ZIF-8-PCL and Gly@ZIF-8-PCL), two supernatant liquids were generated which were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results show that the two routes of synthesis of supports from ZIF-8 will be configured as effective methods for the generation of effective biocatalysts for biodiesel production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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13 pages, 1938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Phyllanthus emblica fruit stone as a Potential Biomaterial for Sustainable Remediation of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solutions

by Sarita Kushwaha, Suhas, Monika Chaudhary, Inderjeet Tyagi, Rakesh Bhutiani, Joanna Goscianska, Jahangeer Ahmed, Manila and Shubham Chaudhary

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3355; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103355 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2657

Abstract

In the present work, an effort has been made to utilize Phyllanthus emblica (PE) fruit stone as a potential biomaterial for the sustainable remediation of noxious heavy metals viz. Pb(II) and Cd(II) from the aqueous solution using adsorption methodology. Further, to elucidate the [...] Read more.

In the present work, an effort has been made to utilize Phyllanthus emblica (PE) fruit stone as a potential biomaterial for the sustainable remediation of noxious heavy metals viz. Pb(II) and Cd(II) from the aqueous solution using adsorption methodology. Further, to elucidate the adsorption potential of Phyllanthus emblica fruit stone (PEFS), effective parameters, such as contact time, initial metal concentration, temperature, etc., were investigated and optimized using a simple batch adsorption method. It was observed that 80% removal for both the heavy metal ions was carried out within 60 min of contact time at an optimized pH 6. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters results indicated that the adsorption process in the present study was endothermic, spontaneous, and feasible in nature. The positive value of entropy further reflects the high adsorbent–adsorbate interaction. Thus, based on the findings obtained, it can be concluded that the biosorbent may be considered a potential material for the remediation of these noxious impurities and can further be applied or extrapolated to other impurities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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Review

Jump to: Research

34 pages, 5555 KiB

Open AccessReview

Status Quo on Graphene Electrode Catalysts for Improved Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions in Li-Air Batteries

by Ganesh Gollavelli, Gangaraju Gedda, Raja Mohan and Yong-Chien Ling

Molecules 2022, 27(22), 7851; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227851 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2908

Abstract

Reduced global warming is the goal of carbon neutrality. Therefore, batteries are considered to be the best alternatives to current fossil fuels and an icon of the emerging energy industry. Voltaic cells are one of the power sources more frequently employed than photovoltaic [...] Read more.

Reduced global warming is the goal of carbon neutrality. Therefore, batteries are considered to be the best alternatives to current fossil fuels and an icon of the emerging energy industry. Voltaic cells are one of the power sources more frequently employed than photovoltaic cells in vehicles, consumer electronics, energy storage systems, and medical equipment. The most adaptable voltaic cells are lithium-ion batteries, which have the potential to meet the eagerly anticipated demands of the power sector. Working to increase their power generating and storage capability is therefore a challenging area of scientific focus. Apart from typical Li-ion batteries, Li-Air (Li-O₂) batteries are expected to produce high theoretical power densities (3505 W h kg⁻¹), which are ten times greater than that of Li-ion batteries (387 W h kg⁻¹). On the other hand, there are many challenges to reaching their maximum power capacity. Due to the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OES), the cathode usually faces many problems. Designing robust structured catalytic electrode materials and optimizing the electrolytes to improve their ability is highly challenging. Graphene is a 2D material with a stable hexagonal carbon network with high surface area, electrical, thermal conductivity, and flexibility with excellent chemical stability that could be a robust electrode material for Li-O₂ batteries. In this review, we covered graphene-based Li-O₂ batteries along with their existing problems and updated advantages, with conclusions and future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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37 pages, 7595 KiB

Open AccessReview

Assessment of Performance of Photocatalytic Nanostructured Materials with Varied Morphology Based on Reaction Conditions

by Ashok Kumar Ganguli, Gajanan B. Kunde, Waseem Raza, Sandeep Kumar and Priyanka Yadav

Molecules 2022, 27(22), 7778; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227778 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2792

Abstract

Synthesis of nanomaterials with specific morphology is an essential aspect for the optimisation of its properties and applications. The application of nanomaterials is being discussed in a wide range of areas, one of which is directly relevant to the environment through photocatalysis. To [...] Read more.

Synthesis of nanomaterials with specific morphology is an essential aspect for the optimisation of its properties and applications. The application of nanomaterials is being discussed in a wide range of areas, one of which is directly relevant to the environment through photocatalysis. To produce an effective photocatalyst for environmental applications, morphology plays an important role as it affects the surface area, interfaces, crystal facets and active sites, which ultimately affects efficiency. The method of synthesis and synthesis temperature can be the basic considerations for the evaluation of a particular nanomaterial. In this study, we have considered the aspects of morphology with a basic understanding and analyzed them in terms of nanomaterial efficacy in photocatalysis. Different morphologies of specific nanomaterials such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silver phosphate, cadmium sulphide and zinc titanate have been discussed to come to reasonable conclusions. Morphologies such as nanorods, nanoflower, nanospindles, nanosheets, nanospheres and nanoparticles were compared within and outside the domain of given nanomaterials. The different synthesis strategies adopted for a specific morphology have been compared with the photocatalytic performance. It has been observed that nanomaterials with similar band gaps show different performances, which can be linked with the reaction conditions and their nanomorphology as well. Materials with similar morphological structures show different photocatalytic performances. TiO₂ nanorods appear to have the best features of efficient photocatalyst, while the nanoflowers show very low efficiency. For CdS, the nanoflower is the best morphology for photocatalysis. It appears that high surface area is the key apart from the morphology, which controls the efficiency. The overall understanding by analyzing all the available information has enumerated a path to select an effective photocatalyst amongst the several nanomaterials available. Such an analysis and comparison is unique and has provided a handle to select the effective morphology of nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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44 pages, 7654 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tin Oxide Based Hybrid Nanostructures for Efficient Gas Sensing

by Nayeem Ahmad Pandit and Tokeer Ahmad

Molecules 2022, 27(20), 7038; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207038 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3204

Abstract

Tin oxide as a semiconductor metal oxide has revealed great potential in the field of gas sensing due to its porous structure and reduced size. Especially for tin oxide and its composites, inherent properties such as high surface areas and their unique semiconducting [...] Read more.

Tin oxide as a semiconductor metal oxide has revealed great potential in the field of gas sensing due to its porous structure and reduced size. Especially for tin oxide and its composites, inherent properties such as high surface areas and their unique semiconducting properties with tunable band gaps make them compelling for sensing applications. In combination with the general benefits of metal oxide nanomaterials, the incorporation of metal oxides into metal oxide nanoparticles is a new approach that has dramatically improved the sensing performance of these materials due to the synergistic effects. This review aims to comprehend the sensing mechanisms and the synergistic effects of tin oxide and its composites in achieving high selectivity, high sensitivity and rapid response speed which will be addressed with a full summary. The review further vehemently highlights the advances in tin oxide and its composites in the gas sensing field. Further, the structural components, structural features and surface chemistry involved in the gas sensing are also explained. In addition, this review discusses the SnO₂ metal oxide and its composites and unravels the complications in achieving high selectivity, high sensitivity and rapid response speed. The review begins with the gas sensing mechanisms, which are followed by the synthesis methods. Further key results and discussions of previous studies on tin metal oxide and its composites are also discussed. Moreover, achievements in recent research on tin oxide and its composites for sensor applications are then comprehensively compiled. Finally, the challenges and scope for future developments are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Catalytic, Energetic, and Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials)

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