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15 pages, 4162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New ψ-Santonin Derivatives from Crossostephium chinense and Their Anti-Proliferative Activities against Leishmania major and Human Cancer Cells A549

by Zhichao Wang, Yoshi Yamano, Susumu Kawakami, Gadah Abdulaziz Al-Hamoud, Sachiko Sugimoto, Hideaki Otsuka and Katsuyoshi Matsunami

Molecules 2023, 28(24), 8108; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248108 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1166

Abstract

Previously, we reported two cytotoxic ψ-santonin–amino acid conjugates isolated from the EtOAc layer of Crossostephium chinense. However, a further phytochemical investigation seems to be required because of the few reports of similar derivatives. In this study, we targeted the 1-BuOH layer, [...] Read more.

Previously, we reported two cytotoxic ψ-santonin–amino acid conjugates isolated from the EtOAc layer of Crossostephium chinense. However, a further phytochemical investigation seems to be required because of the few reports of similar derivatives. In this study, we targeted the 1-BuOH layer, which resulted in the isolation of seven new ψ-santonin derivatives (1–7) together with ten known compounds (8–17). The structures of 1–7 were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (¹H, ¹³C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), IR spectrum, and high-resolution electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (HR-ESI–MS). The stereochemistry of new compounds was confirmed by NOESY and ECD calculations. All isolated compounds were evaluated by in vitro experiments for their anti-proliferative activities against Leishmania major, human lung cancer cell line A549, and Vero cells. As a result, most of the ψ-santonin derivatives, especially 1–5, showed significant cytotoxicity against L. major with a lower IC₅₀ than the positive control we used (miltefosine). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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21 pages, 5494 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Chemical Profiling and Therapeutic Evaluation of Standardized Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Terminalia chebula Fruits Collected from Different Locations in Manipur against Colorectal Cancer

by Soibam Thoithoisana Devi, Khaidem Devika Chanu, Nameirakpam Bunindro Singh, Sushil Kumar Chaudhary, Ojit Singh Keithellakpam, Kshetrimayum Birla Singh, Pulok K. Mukherjee and Nanaocha Sharma

Molecules 2023, 28(7), 2901; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072901 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3229

Abstract

Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), locally called Manahei, is a well-known medicinal plant that grows wildly in Manipur, a Northeastern state of India. It is used as a mild laxative, an anti-inflammatory agent, and a remedy for piles, colds, and ulcers by ethnic [...] Read more.

Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), locally called Manahei, is a well-known medicinal plant that grows wildly in Manipur, a Northeastern state of India. It is used as a mild laxative, an anti-inflammatory agent, and a remedy for piles, colds, and ulcers by ethnic communities of the state. The hydroalcoholic extract obtained from four fruit samples of T. chebula collected from different locations in Manipur were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for their chemical constituents and evaluated for their anticancer activity against the colon cancer cell HCT 116. GC-MS analysis results indicated significant variation in the composition and percentage of major compounds present in the extracts. 1,2,3-Benzenetriol was the most abundant chemical constituent present in all four extracts of T. chebula, ranging from 20.95 to 43.56%. 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and catechol were commonly present in all extracts. Two marker compounds, gallic acid and ellagic acid, were also quantified usingHPTLC in all four extracts of T. chebula. The highest content of gallic acid (22.44 ± 0.056 µg/mg of dried extract) was observed in TCH, and that of ellagic acidwas found in TYH (11.265 ± 0.089 µg/mg of dried extract). The IC₅₀ value of TYH for the DPPH and ABTS assays (12.16 ± 0.42 and 7.80 ± 0.23 µg/mL) was found to be even lower than that of Trolox (18 ± 0.44 and 10.15 ± 0.24 µg/mL), indicating its strong antioxidant properties among the four extracts of T. chebula. The MTT assay determined the effect of T. chebula extracts on the viability of HCT 116 cells. TYH showed the highest activity with anIC₅₀ value of 52.42 ± 0.87 µg/mL, while the lowest activity was observed in TCH (172.05 ± 2.0 µg/mL). The LDH assay confirmed the cytotoxic effect of TYH in HCT 116 cells. TYH was also found to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in HCT 116 cells after 48 h of treatment. Our study provides insight into the diversity of T. chebula in Manipur and its potential activity against colon cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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13 pages, 11178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dipterocarpol in Oleoresin of Dipterocarpus alatus Attributed to Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-Inducing Effect

by Ploenthip Puthongking, Chawalit Yongram, Somporn Katekaew, Bunleu Sungthong and Natthida Weerapreeyakul

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103187 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2876

Abstract

Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don is widely found in Southeast Asia. Its oleo-resin has reportedly been used in biodiesel production. Two different biodiesel production processes produce resinous byproducts, namely degumming (DG) and distillation (DT). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified sesquiterpenes and triterpenes in [...] Read more.

Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don is widely found in Southeast Asia. Its oleo-resin has reportedly been used in biodiesel production. Two different biodiesel production processes produce resinous byproducts, namely degumming (DG) and distillation (DT). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified sesquiterpenes and triterpenes in oleo-resin, DG, and DT; and long-chain hydrocarbons in oleo-resin. High-performance liquid chromatography detected dipterocarpol as a marker compound, with the highest to lowest amounts detected in DG, DT, and oleo-resin, respectively. Oleo-resin, DG, and DT exerted more cytotoxicity than dipterocarpol, and melphalan, a chemotherapeutic drug. Oleo-resin, DG, and DT exerted cytotoxicity to a different degree in T cell leukemia (Jurkat), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, while the highest selectivity was found in the Jurkat cells compared to the non-cancer Vero cells. Dipterocarpol exhibited the highest cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and the lowest cytotoxicity in Jurkat cells. Oleo-resin, DG, and DT induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells. In oleo-resin, DG, and DT, dipterocarpol and other compounds may act in synergy leading to cytotoxicity and an apoptosis-inducing effect. Oleo-resin, DG, and DT could be potential sources for anticancer agents. Dipterocarpol could serve as a biomarker for follow ups on the anticancer activity of a sample from D. alatus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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17 pages, 3099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Bioactivities of Manihot esculenta Leaves: UV Filter, Anti-Oxidation, Anti-Melanogenesis, Collagen Synthesis Enhancement, and Anti-Adipogenesis

by Manuschanok Jampa, Khaetthareeya Sutthanut, Natthida Weerapreeyakul, Wipawee Tukummee, Jintanaporn Wattanathorn and Suparporn Muchimapura

Molecules 2022, 27(5), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051556 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3550

Abstract

The cassava root is an important global agro-industrial crop that yields cassava leaf as a left-over co-product of interest for further development as a sustainable resource of health and cosmeceutical active compounds. This work aimed to investigate the cosmeceutical potential and chemical composition [...] Read more.

The cassava root is an important global agro-industrial crop that yields cassava leaf as a left-over co-product of interest for further development as a sustainable resource of health and cosmeceutical active compounds. This work aimed to investigate the cosmeceutical potential and chemical composition of an ethanolic cassava leaf extract (BM). rutin, apigenin, and kaempferol were found to be major constituents via HPLC-DAD UV analysis. Interestingly, the multiple beneficial bioactivities of BM for cosmeceutical applications were manifested in a dose-dependent manner, including anti-oxidation in a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, anti-melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells, collagen synthesis enhancement in human fibroblasts, and anti-adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, the potential of the collagen synthesis enhancement of BM and rutin was significant when compared to ascorbic acid. Additionally, a UV filter property comparable to BEMT with characteristics of board spectral absorption and constant high absorptivity throughout all UV wavelength ranges was exhibited by UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis. In conclusion, the cassava leaf was found to be a potential natural cosmeceutical active agent with multiple cosmeceutical-related bioactivities with respect to a substantial composition of bioactive flavonols. These obtained data will support and encourage the further study and development of cassava leaves as potential economic and sustainable sources of bioactive agents for health and cosmeceutical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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9 pages, 1076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Proteus Activity, Anti-Struvite Crystal, and Phytochemical Analysis of Sida acuta Burm. F. Ethanolic Leaf Extract

by Nitis Smanthong, Ratree Tavichakorntrakool, Patcharaporn Tippayawat, Aroonlug Lulitanond, Porntip Pinlaor, Jureerut Daduang, Nattaya Sae-ung, Arunrat Chaveerach, Jutarop Phetcharaburanin and Patcharee Boonsiri

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031092 - 6 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2686

Abstract

Proteus mirabilis is a significant cause of urinary tract infection that may contribute to struvite stones. Anti-infection of this bacterium and anti-struvite formation must be considered. Sida acuta Burm. F. (SA) has been used for the treatment of diseases related to kidneys. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Proteus mirabilis is a significant cause of urinary tract infection that may contribute to struvite stones. Anti-infection of this bacterium and anti-struvite formation must be considered. Sida acuta Burm. F. (SA) has been used for the treatment of diseases related to kidneys. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the SA leaf ethanolic extract (SAEE) on growth and on virulent factors (swarming motility and urease activity) of Proteusmirabilis isolated from kidney stone formers. We also evaluated anti-struvite crystal formation and phytochemical constituents of SAEE. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of SAEE against three clinical P. mirabilis isolates were 8 mg/mL. Intriguingly, the 1/2MIC of SAEE had significant inhibitory effects on the swarming motility and urease activity of clinical P. mirabilis isolates when compared with the condition without SAEE. The SAEE at the various concentrations significantly inhibited the average weights of struvite crystals in a dose-dependent manner, compared with the control. The phytochemical analysis revealed that SAEE contained catechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and ferulic acid. This study indicated that SAEE has anti-P. mirabilis and anti-struvite crystal activities via its bioactive compounds. For this reason, SAEE may be developed as a new agent for the treatment of struvite stone induced by P. mirabilis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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14 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Four New Anthraquinones with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Activity from Ventilago denticulata Roots

by Nattika Hangsamai, Kanokwan Photai, Thidathep Mahaamnart, Somdej Kanokmedhakul, Kwanjai Kanokmedhakul, Thanaset Senawong, Siripit Pitchuanchom and Mongkol Nontakitticharoen

Molecules 2022, 27(3), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031088 - 6 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2786

Abstract

Chromatographic separation of the crude extracts from the roots of Ventilago denticulata led to the isolation of four new anthraquinones, ventilanones L–O (1–4), together with eight known anthraquinones (5–12). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic [...] Read more.

Chromatographic separation of the crude extracts from the roots of Ventilago denticulata led to the isolation of four new anthraquinones, ventilanones L–O (1–4), together with eight known anthraquinones (5–12). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and 2D NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS), as well as comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. HDACs inhibitory activity evaluation resulted that compound 2 exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against HeLa and A549 cell lines but nontoxic to normal cell. Molecular docking indicated the phenolic functionality of 2 plays crucial interactions with class II HDAC4 enzyme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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15 pages, 2275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Extract from Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala Pulp Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity in Rats

by Arpamas Chariyakornkul, Waristha Juengwiroj, Jetsada Ruangsuriya and Rawiwan Wongpoomchai

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020553 - 16 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2373

Abstract

The indigenous purplish red fruit, Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala (CN), is grown in northern Thailand. The aqueous extract of CN pulp is known to exhibit antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. To search for an antioxidant fraction separated from CN, various hydroalcoholic extractions were performed. [...] Read more.

The indigenous purplish red fruit, Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala (CN), is grown in northern Thailand. The aqueous extract of CN pulp is known to exhibit antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. To search for an antioxidant fraction separated from CN, various hydroalcoholic extractions were performed. The acidified ethanolic extract of CN obtained from 0.5% (v/v) citric acid in 80% (v/v) ethanol yielded greater polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity when compared with other hydroethanolic extracts. Cyanidin-3-glucoside is a major anthocyanin present in the acidified ethanolic extract of CN (AECN). At a dose of 5000 mg/kg bw, an anthocyanin-rich extract was found to be safe when given to rats without any acute toxicity. To examine the hepatoprotective properties of AECN, an overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) was induced in a rat model, while silymarin was used as a standard reference. The administration of AECN at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw for 28 days improved hepatocyte architecture and modulated serum alanine aminotransferase levels in APAP-induced rats. Furthermore, it significantly decreased serum and hepatic malondialdehyde levels but increased hepatic glutathione content, as well as glutathione peroxidase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities. In conclusion, AECN may effectively reduce oxidative stress induced acute hepatotoxicity in overdose APAP-treated rats through the suppression of oxidative stress and the enhancement of the antioxidant system in rat livers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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15 pages, 6290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor 5-O-Caffeoylshikimic Acid Ameliorates Kidney Injury Caused by Hyperuricemia in Mice

by Dong Zhang, Mojiao Zhao, Yumei Li, Dafang Zhang, Yong Yang and Lijing Li

Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7307; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237307 - 1 Dec 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

Xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition has long been considered an effective anti-hyperuricemia strategy. To identify effective natural XOD inhibitors with little side effects, we performed a XOD inhibitory assay-coupled isolation of compounds from Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma (SGR), a traditional Chinese medicine frequently prescribed as [...] Read more.

Xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition has long been considered an effective anti-hyperuricemia strategy. To identify effective natural XOD inhibitors with little side effects, we performed a XOD inhibitory assay-coupled isolation of compounds from Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma (SGR), a traditional Chinese medicine frequently prescribed as anti-hyperuricemia agent for centuries. Through the in vitro XOD inhibitory assay, we obtained a novel XOD inhibitor, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid (#1, 5OCSA) with IC₅₀ of 13.96 μM, as well as two known XOD inhibitors, quercetin (#3) and astilbin (#6). Meanwhile, we performed in silico molecular docking and found 5OCSA could interact with the active sites of XOD (PDB ID: 3NVY) with a binding energy of −8.6 kcal/mol, suggesting 5OCSA inhibits XOD by binding with its active site. To evaluate the in vivo effects on XOD, we generated a hyperuricemia mice model by intraperitoneal injection of potassium oxonate (300 mg/kg) and oral gavage of hypoxanthine (500 mg/kg) for 7 days. 5OCSA could inhibit both hepatic and serum XOD in vivo, together with an improvement of histological and multiple serological parameters in kidney injury and HUA. Collectively, our results suggested that 5OCSA may be developed into a safe and effective XOD inhibitor based on in vitro, in silico and in vivo evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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12 pages, 2001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemopreventive Effect of Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) ssp. pruniflorum on Initial Stage Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats

by Piman Pocasap, Natthida Weerapreeyakul and Rawiwan Wongpoomchai

Molecules 2021, 26(14), 4235; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144235 - 12 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2903

Abstract

Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum (Kurz) Gogelein (CP) is an indigenous plant found mainly in southeast Asia. Several in vitro studies have confirmed its activity against hepatocellular carcinoma; however, in vivo studies of the effect of CP on liver cancer are needed. This study [...] Read more.

Cratoxylum formosum ssp. pruniflorum (Kurz) Gogelein (CP) is an indigenous plant found mainly in southeast Asia. Several in vitro studies have confirmed its activity against hepatocellular carcinoma; however, in vivo studies of the effect of CP on liver cancer are needed. This study investigated the effect of CP on early-stage hepatocarcinogenesis in rat liver when using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) as a carcinogen. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect (a) upregulation of glutathione S-transferase placental (GST-P) positive foci, (b) the proliferating cell nuclear antigen PCNA, and (c) apoptotic cells in the liver as indicators of early-stage carcinogenesis. Immunohistochemical parameters were observed in rats given CP orally following DEN injection. Rats given DEN presented overexpression of GST-P positive foci, PCNA, and apoptotic cells, indicating the formation of cancerous tissues, and these effects were diminished by CP treatment. CP thus inhibited hepatocarcinogenic effects in an animal model. These results could help plan further in vivo studies and support the use of CP to prevent processes that promote the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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13 pages, 1177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gastroprotective Activities of Ethanol Extract of Black Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L.) in Rats

by Peerachit Tonchaiyaphum, Warangkana Arpornchayanon, Parirat Khonsung, Natthakarn Chiranthanut, Pornsiri Pitchakarn and Puongtip Kunanusorn

Molecules 2021, 26(13), 3812; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133812 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2902

Abstract

Black rice is a type of rice in the Oryza sativa L. species. There are numerous reports regarding the pharmacological actions of black rice bran, but scientific evidence on its gastroprotection is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective activities of black [...] Read more.

Black rice is a type of rice in the Oryza sativa L. species. There are numerous reports regarding the pharmacological actions of black rice bran, but scientific evidence on its gastroprotection is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective activities of black rice bran ethanol extract (BRB) from the Thai black rice variety Hom Nil (O. sativa L. indica) as well as its mechanisms of action, acute oral toxicity in rats, and phytochemical screening. Rat models of gastric ulcers induced by acidified ethanol, indomethacin, and restraint water immersion stress were used. After pretreatment with 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of BRB in test groups, BRB at 800 mg/kg significantly inhibited the formation of gastric ulcers in all gastric ulcer models, and this inhibition seemed to be dose dependent in an indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model. BRB could not normalize the amount of gastric wall mucus, reduce gastric volume and total acidity, or increase gastric pH. Although BRB could not increase NO levels in gastric tissue, the tissue MDA levels could be normalized with DPPH radical scavenging activity. These results confirm the gastroprotective activities of BRB with a possible mechanism of action via antioxidant activity. The major phytochemical components of BRB comprise carotenoid derivatives with the presence of phenolic compounds. These components may be responsible for the gastroprotective activities of BRB. The 2000 mg/kg dose of oral BRB showed no acute toxicity in rats and confirmed, in part, the safe uses of BRB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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13 pages, 2156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amino Acid Profile and Biological Properties of Silk Cocoon as Affected by Water and Enzyme Extraction

by Chuleeporn Bungthong, Colin Wrigley, Thanathat Sonteera and Sirithon Siriamornpun

Molecules 2021, 26(11), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113455 - 7 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3597

Abstract

We compared the efficacy for protein extraction of water versus enzymatic extraction. The amino-acid composition, inhibitory activity against enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and anti-glycation activities of silk protein extract (SPE) were determined. We used water extraction (100 °C, six hours) and protease-enzymatic extraction. [...] Read more.

We compared the efficacy for protein extraction of water versus enzymatic extraction. The amino-acid composition, inhibitory activity against enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and anti-glycation activities of silk protein extract (SPE) were determined. We used water extraction (100 °C, six hours) and protease-enzymatic extraction. The microstructure of silk fibers was obviously different after extraction. The results showed that enzymatic extraction gave the greater values of protein content, amino acids, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as all biological activities parameters tested, but it also provided a more bitter taste in the extract—contributing amino acids of 51% (arginine, phenylalanine, histidine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and leucine) and less sweet and umami taste contributing amino acids than did water extraction, which could be more suitable to be used as concentrated nutraceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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12 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Amino Acid Profiles and Bioactive Compounds of Thai Silk Cocoons as Affected by Water Extraction

by Chuleeporn Bungthong and Sirithon Siriamornpun

Molecules 2021, 26(7), 2033; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072033 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2876

Abstract

Silk proteins have many advantageous components including proteins and pigments. The proteins—sericin and fibroin—have been widely studied for medical applications due to their good physiochemical properties and biological activities. Various strains of cocoon display different compositions such as amino-acid profiles and levels of [...] Read more.

Silk proteins have many advantageous components including proteins and pigments. The proteins—sericin and fibroin—have been widely studied for medical applications due to their good physiochemical properties and biological activities. Various strains of cocoon display different compositions such as amino-acid profiles and levels of antioxidant activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to find a suitable silk protein extraction method to obtain products with chemical and biological properties suitable as functional foods in two strains of Bombyx mori silk cocoon (Nangsew strains; yellow cocoon) and Samia ricini silk cocoon (Eri strains; white cocoon) extracted by water at 100 °C for 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. The results showed that Nangsew strains extracted for 6 h contained the highest amounts of protein, amino acids, total phenolics (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), plus DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), anti-glycation, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. The longer extraction time produced higher concentrations of amino acids, contributing to sweet and umami tastes in both silk strains. It seemed that the bitterness decreased as the extraction time increased, resulting in improvements in the sweetness and umami of silk-protein extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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19 pages, 6278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Fibrosis Effects of Magnesium Lithospermate B in Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis: By Inhibiting TGF-βRI/Smad Signaling

by Xin Luo, Qiangqiang Deng, Yaru Xue, Tianwei Zhang, Zhitao Wu, Huige Peng, Lijiang Xuan and Guoyu Pan

Molecules 2021, 26(6), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061715 - 19 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4685

Abstract

Pulmonary fibrosis is a severe and irreversible interstitial pulmonary disease with high mortality and few treatments. Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is a hydrosoluble component of Salvia miltiorrhiza and has been reported to have antifibrotic effects in other forms of tissue fibrosis. In this [...] Read more.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a severe and irreversible interstitial pulmonary disease with high mortality and few treatments. Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is a hydrosoluble component of Salvia miltiorrhiza and has been reported to have antifibrotic effects in other forms of tissue fibrosis. In this research, we studied the effects of MLB on pulmonary fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms. Our results indicated that MLB treatment (50 mg/kg) for seven days could attenuate bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis by reducing the alveolar structure disruption and collagen deposition in the C57 mouse model. MLB was also found to inhibit transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-stimulated myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of human lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) cells and collagen production by human type II alveolar epithelial cell line (A549) cells, mainly by decreasing the expression of TGF-β receptor I (TGF-βRI) and regulating the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Further studies confirmed that the molecular mechanisms of MLB in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice were similar to those observed in vitro. In summary, our results demonstrated that MLB could alleviate experimental pulmonary fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that MLB has great potential for pulmonary fibrosis treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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11 pages, 2485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Hispidulin, a Flavonoid from Salvia plebeia, on Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma CNE-2Z Cell Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and Apoptosis

by Yiqun Dai, Xiaolong Sun, Bohan Li, Hui Ma, Pingping Wu, Yingping Zhang, Meilin Zhu, Hong-Mei Li, Minjian Qin and Cheng-Zhu Wu

Molecules 2021, 26(6), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061604 - 14 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2565

Abstract

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant head and neck tumor. Drug resistance and distant metastasis are the predominant cause of treatment failure in NPC patients. Hispidulin is a flavonoid extracted from the bioassay-guided separation of the EtOH extract of Salvia plebeia with [...] Read more.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant head and neck tumor. Drug resistance and distant metastasis are the predominant cause of treatment failure in NPC patients. Hispidulin is a flavonoid extracted from the bioassay-guided separation of the EtOH extract of Salvia plebeia with strong anti-proliferative activity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE-2Z). In this study, the effects of hispidulin on proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis were investigated in CNE-2Z cells. The [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay and the colony formation assay revealed that hispidulin could inhibit CNE-2Z cell proliferation. Hispidulin (25, 50, 100 μM) also induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in CNE-2Z cells. The expression of Akt was reduced, and the expression of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased. In addition, scratch wound and transwell assays proved that hispidulin (6.25, 12.5, 25 μM) could inhibited the migration and invasion in CNE-2Z cells. The expressions of HIF-1α, MMP-9, and MMP-2 were decreased, while the MMPs inhibitor TIMP1 was enhanced by hispidulin. Moreover, hispidulin exhibited potent suppression tumor growth and low toxicity in CNE-2Z cancer-bearing mice at a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day. Thus, hispidulin appears to be a potentially effective agent for NPC treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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19 pages, 17036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kaempferia parviflora Extract Alleviated Rat Arthritis, Exerted Chondroprotective Properties In Vitro, and Reduced Expression of Genes Associated with Inflammatory Arthritis

by Siriwan Ongchai, Natthakarn Chiranthanut, Siriwan Tangyuenyong, Nawarat Viriyakhasem and Patiwat Kongdang

Molecules 2021, 26(6), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061527 - 11 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3186

Abstract

Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (KP) has been reported to attenuate cartilage destruction in rat model of osteoarthritis. Previously, we demonstrated that KP rhizome extract and its active components effectively suppressed mechanisms associated with RA in SW982 cells. Here, we further evaluated the [...] Read more.

Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (KP) has been reported to attenuate cartilage destruction in rat model of osteoarthritis. Previously, we demonstrated that KP rhizome extract and its active components effectively suppressed mechanisms associated with RA in SW982 cells. Here, we further evaluated the anti-arthritis potential of KP extract by using multi-level models, including a complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis and a cartilage explant culture model, and to investigate the effects of KP extract and its major components on related gene expressions and underlying mechanisms within cells. In arthritis rats, the KP extract reduced arthritis indexes, with no significant changes in biological parameters. In the cartilage explant model, the KP extract exerted chondroprotective potential by suppressing sulfated glycosaminoglycans release while preserving high accumulation of proteoglycans. In human chondrocyte cell line, a mixture of the major components equal to their amounts in KP extract showed strong suppression the expression of genes-associated inflammatory joint disease similar to that of the extract. Additionally, KP extract significantly suppressed NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The suppressing expression of necroptosis genes and promoted anti-apoptosis were also found. Collectively, these results provided supportive evidence of the anti-arthritis properties of KP extract, which are associated with its three major components. Full article

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19 pages, 2995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels Leaf Aqueous Extract Inhibits Hepatic Glucose Production in HepG2 Cells and Type 2 Diabetic Rats

by Tipthida Pasachan, Acharaporn Duangjai, Atcharaporn Ontawong, Doungporn Amornlerdpison, Metee Jinakote, Manussabhorn Phatsara, Sunhapas Soodvilai and Chutima Srimaroeng

Molecules 2021, 26(5), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051239 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3653

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels aqueous extract (TTE) on hepatic glucose production in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) conditions. HepG2 cells were pretreated with TTE and its major constituents found in TTE, epicatechin (EC) [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels aqueous extract (TTE) on hepatic glucose production in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) conditions. HepG2 cells were pretreated with TTE and its major constituents found in TTE, epicatechin (EC) and quercetin (QC). The hepatic glucose production was determined. The in vitro data were confirmed in T2DM rats, which were supplemented daily with 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW) TTE, 30 mg/kg BW metformin or TTE combined with metformin for 12 weeks. Results demonstrate that TTE induced copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase genes, similarly to EC and QC. TTE decreased hepatic glucose production by downregulating phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and increasing protein kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in HepG2 cells. These results correlated with the antihyperglycemic, antitriglyceridemic, anti-insulin resistance, and antioxidant activities of TTE in T2DM rats, similar to the metformin and combination treatments. Consistently, impairment of hepatic gluconeogenesis in T2DM rats was restored after single and combined treatments by reducing PEPCK and G6Pase genes. Collectively, TTE could potentially be developed as a nutraceutical product to prevent glucose overproduction in patients with obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes who are being treated with antidiabetic drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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11 pages, 10455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Four Novel Phenanthrene Derivatives with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from Gastrochilus bellinus

by Htoo Tint San, Nutputsorn Chatsumpun, Thaweesak Juengwatanatrakul, Natapol Pornputtapong, Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid and Boonchoo Sritularak

Molecules 2021, 26(2), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020418 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

Four new phenanthrene derivatives, gastrobellinols A-D (1–4), were isolated from the methanolic extract of Gastrochilus bellinus (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, along with eleven known phenolic compounds including agrostophyllin (5), agrostophyllidin (6), coniferyl aldehyde (7), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (8 [...] Read more.

Four new phenanthrene derivatives, gastrobellinols A-D (1–4), were isolated from the methanolic extract of Gastrochilus bellinus (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, along with eleven known phenolic compounds including agrostophyllin (5), agrostophyllidin (6), coniferyl aldehyde (7), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (8), agrostophyllone (9), gigantol (10), 4-(methoxylmethyl)phenol (11), syringaldehyde (12), 1-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-imbricartin (13), 6-methoxycoelonin (14), and imbricatin (15). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. Each isolate was evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 13, and 15 showed higher activity than the drug acarbose. Gastrobellinol C (3) exhibited the strongest α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 45.92 μM. A kinetic study of 3 showed competitive inhibition on the α-glucosidase enzyme. This is the first report on the phytochemical constituents and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of G. bellinus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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12 pages, 1787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibitory Effect of Thai Purple Rice Husk Extract on Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis in Rats

by Charatda Punvittayagul, Arpamas Chariyakornkul, Paweena Sankam and Rawiwan Wongpoomchai

Molecules 2021, 26(2), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020360 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2893

Abstract

This study investigated the cancer chemopreventive effects of an acidic methanol extract of purple rice husk on chemically induced carcinogenesis in rats. This purple rice husk extract (PRHE) had high polyphenol contents. Vanillic acid was a major phenolic compound in PRHE. Three major [...] Read more.

This study investigated the cancer chemopreventive effects of an acidic methanol extract of purple rice husk on chemically induced carcinogenesis in rats. This purple rice husk extract (PRHE) had high polyphenol contents. Vanillic acid was a major phenolic compound in PRHE. Three major anthocyanins found in PRHE were malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. PRHE was not toxic and clastogenic in rats. The LD₅₀ of PRHE was greater than 2000 mg kg⁻¹ body weight (BW). The oral administration of 300 or 1000 mg kg⁻¹ BW of PRHE for 28 days significantly decreased the number of micronucleated hepatocytes in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rats. The inhibitory mechanisms were associated with the reduction of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression and induction of some detoxifying enzymes in the liver. In addition, treatment with 500 mg kg⁻¹ BW of PRHE for eight weeks did not induce preneoplastic lesions in the liver and colon. It significantly inhibited hepatic glutathione-S-transferase positive foci formation induced by diethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by suppression of hepatocyte proliferation and induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, PRHE did not present toxicity, clastogenicity or carcinogenicity in rats. It exhibited cancer chemopreventive properties against chemically induced early stages rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Anthocyanins and vanillic acid might be candidate anticarcinogenic compounds in purple rice husk. Full article

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15 pages, 3211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Libertellenone H, a Natural Pimarane Diterpenoid, Inhibits Thioredoxin System and Induces ROS-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells

by Weirui Zhang, Yuping Zhu, Haobing Yu, Xiaoyu Liu, Binghua Jiao and Xiaoling Lu

Molecules 2021, 26(2), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020315 - 9 Jan 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2854

Abstract

Libertellenone H (LH), a marine-derived pimarane diterpenoid isolated from arctic fungus Eutypella sp. D-1, has shown effective cytotoxicity on a range of cancer cells. The present study is to explore the anticancer effect of LH on human pancreatic cancer cells and to investigate [...] Read more.

Libertellenone H (LH), a marine-derived pimarane diterpenoid isolated from arctic fungus Eutypella sp. D-1, has shown effective cytotoxicity on a range of cancer cells. The present study is to explore the anticancer effect of LH on human pancreatic cancer cells and to investigate the intracellular molecular target and underlying mechanism. As shown, LH exhibited anticancer activity in human pancreatic cancer cells by promoting cell apoptosis. Mechanistic studies suggested that LH-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was responsible for apoptosis as antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) antagonized the inhibitory effect of LH. Zymologic testing demonstrated that LH inhibited Trx system but had little effect on the glutathione reductase and glutaredoxin. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed that the mechanism of action was based on the direct conjugation of LH to the Cys³²/Cys³⁵ residue of Trx1 and Sec⁴⁹⁸ of TrxR, leading to a decrease in the cellular level of glutathione (GSH) and activation of downstream ASK1/JNK signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings revealed LH was a marine derived inhibitor of Trx system and an anticancer candidate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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9 pages, 900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Fluorene Derivatives from Dendrobium gibsonii and Their α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

by May Thazin Thant, Nutputsorn Chatsumpun, Wanwimon Mekboonsonglarp, Boonchoo Sritularak and Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid

Molecules 2020, 25(21), 4931; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214931 - 25 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2646

Abstract

Two new compounds, dihydrodengibsinin (1) and dendrogibsol (2), were isolated from the whole plant of Dendrobium gibsonii, together with seven known compounds (3–9). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by their spectroscopic [...] Read more.

Two new compounds, dihydrodengibsinin (1) and dendrogibsol (2), were isolated from the whole plant of Dendrobium gibsonii, together with seven known compounds (3–9). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by their spectroscopic data. All these isolates were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Dendrogibsol (2) and lusianthridin (7) showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity when compared with acarbose. An enzyme kinetic study revealed that dendrogibsol (2) is a noncompetitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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Review

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18 pages, 4201 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Neuroprotective Effects of Isoquinoline Alkaloids

by Jinhua Li, Yarong Wu, Shuze Dong, Ye Yu, Yuhao Wu, Benhan Xiang and Qin Li

Molecules 2023, 28(12), 4797; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124797 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2499

Abstract

Neuronal injury and apoptosis are important causes of the occurrence and development of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Although the detailed mechanism of some diseases is unknown, the loss of neurons in the brain is still [...] Read more.

Neuronal injury and apoptosis are important causes of the occurrence and development of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Although the detailed mechanism of some diseases is unknown, the loss of neurons in the brain is still the main pathological feature. By exerting the neuroprotective effects of drugs, it is of great significance to alleviate the symptoms and improve the prognosis of these diseases. Isoquinoline alkaloids are important active ingredients in many traditional Chinese medicines. These substances have a wide range of pharmacological effects and significant activity. Although some studies have suggested that isoquinoline alkaloids may have pharmacological activities for treating neurodegenerative diseases, there is currently a lack of a comprehensive summary regarding their mechanisms and characteristics in neuroprotection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the active components found in isoquinoline alkaloids that have neuroprotective effects. It thoroughly explains the various mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects of isoquinoline alkaloids and summarizes their common characteristics. This information can serve as a reference for further research on the neuroprotective effects of isoquinoline alkaloids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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16 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Insight into Sesamolin: Physicochemical Properties, Pharmacological Activities, and Future Research Prospects

by Reny Rosalina and Natthida Weerapreeyakul

Molecules 2021, 26(19), 5849; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195849 - 27 Sep 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3960

Abstract

Sesame seeds are rich in lignan content and have been well-known for their health benefits. Unlike the other sesame lignan compounds (i.e., sesamin and sesamol), the study of the pharmacological activity of sesamolin has not been explored widely. This review, therefore, summarizes the [...] Read more.

Sesame seeds are rich in lignan content and have been well-known for their health benefits. Unlike the other sesame lignan compounds (i.e., sesamin and sesamol), the study of the pharmacological activity of sesamolin has not been explored widely. This review, therefore, summarizes the information related to sesamolin’s pharmacological activities, and the mechanism of action. Moreover, the influence of its physicochemical properties on pharmacological activity is also discussed. Sesamolin possessed neuroprotective activity against hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in neuron cells by reducing the ROS and inhibiting apoptosis. In skin cancer, sesamolin exhibited antimelanogenesis by affecting the expression of the melanogenic enzymes. The anticancer activity of sesamolin based on antiproliferation and inhibition of migration was demonstrated in human colon cancer cells. In addition, treatment with sesamolin could stimulate immune cells to enhance the cytolytic activity to kill Burkitt’s lymphoma cells. However, the toxicity and safety of sesamolin have not been reported. And there is also less information on the experimental study in vivo. The limited aqueous solubility of sesamolin becomes the main problem, which affects its pharmacological activity in the in vitro experiment and clinical efficacy. Therefore, solubility enhancement is needed for further investigation and determination of its pharmacological activity profiles. Since there are fewer reports studying this issue, it could become a future prospective research opportunity. Full article

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30 pages, 1472 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oxyresveratrol: Sources, Productions, Biological Activities, Pharmacokinetics, and Delivery Systems

by Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid

Molecules 2021, 26(14), 4212; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144212 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 6716

Abstract

Oxyresveratrol has recently attracted much research attention due to its simple chemical structure and diverse therapeutic potentials. Previous reviews describe the chemistry and biological activities of this phytoalexin, but additional coverage and greater accessibility are still needed. The current review provides a more [...] Read more.

Oxyresveratrol has recently attracted much research attention due to its simple chemical structure and diverse therapeutic potentials. Previous reviews describe the chemistry and biological activities of this phytoalexin, but additional coverage and greater accessibility are still needed. The current review provides a more comprehensive summary, covering research from 1955 to the present year. Oxyresveratrol occurs in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. However, it has never been reported in plants in the subclass Sympetalae, and this point might be of both chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic importance. Oxyresveratrol can be easily obtained from plant materials by conventional methods, and several systems for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of oxyresveratrol contents in plant materials and plant products are available. Oxyresveratrol possesses diverse biological and pharmacological activities such as the inhibition of tyrosinase and melanogenesis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and protective effects against neurological disorders and digestive ailments. However, the unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties of oxyresveratrol, including low water solubility and poor oral availability and stability, have posed challenges to its development as a useful therapeutic agent. Recently, several delivery systems have emerged, with promising outcomes that may improve chances for the clinical study of oxyresveratrol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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23 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anthocyanins: Promising Natural Products with Diverse Pharmacological Activities

by Jiaqi Liu, Hongbing Zhou, Li Song, Zhanjun Yang, Min Qiu, Jia Wang and Songli Shi

Molecules 2021, 26(13), 3807; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133807 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 105 | Viewed by 11258

Abstract

Anthocyanins are natural products that give color to plants. As natural plant pigments, anthocyanins also have a series of health-promoting benefits. Many researchers have proved that anthocyanins have therapeutic effects on diseases, such as circulatory, nervous, endocrine, digestive, sensory, urinary and immune systems. [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins are natural products that give color to plants. As natural plant pigments, anthocyanins also have a series of health-promoting benefits. Many researchers have proved that anthocyanins have therapeutic effects on diseases, such as circulatory, nervous, endocrine, digestive, sensory, urinary and immune systems. Additionally, a large number of studies have reported that anthocyanins have an anticancer effect through a wide range of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The anti-disease impact and mechanism of anthocyanins are diverse, so they have high research value. This review summarizes the research progress of anthocyanins on the pharmacological agents of different diseases to provide references for subsequent research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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20 pages, 3475 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activity of Plants of Genus Curculigo: An Updated Review Since 2013

by Ying Wang, Junlong Li and Ning Li

Molecules 2021, 26(11), 3396; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113396 - 3 Jun 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4274

Abstract

The genus Curculigo, as a folk herbal medicine, has been used for many years in China, treating impotence, limb limpness, and arthritis of the lumbar and knee joints. The last systematic review of the genus Curculigo was written in 2013, scientifically categorizing [...] Read more.

The genus Curculigo, as a folk herbal medicine, has been used for many years in China, treating impotence, limb limpness, and arthritis of the lumbar and knee joints. The last systematic review of the genus Curculigo was written in 2013, scientifically categorizing the phytochemistry and biological activities. Hitherto, the original compounds and their pharmacological activities were presented as the development of this genus, but there is not an updated review. To conclude the progression of the genus Curculigo, we collected the new literature published from 2013 to 2021 in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar databases, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. The novel chlorophenolic glucosides, curculigine, phenolic glycosides, orcinosides and polysaccharides were isolated from Curculigo. The new analyzing methods were established to control the quality of Curculigo as a herbal medicine. In addition, the pharmacological effects of Curculigo focused on anti-diabetes, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, osteoporosis, antioxidation, etc. The antitumor and neuroprotective activities were newly explored in recent years. The application of herbal medicine was gradually developed in scientific methods. The medicinal value of the genus Curculigo needs to further investigate its pharmacological mechanisms. This new review offers more insights into the exploitation of the pharmacological value of the genus Curculigo. Full article

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26 pages, 1643 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Chemical Structure and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Salicornia europaea L.

by Sojeong Kim, Eun-Young Lee, Prima F. Hillman, Jaeyoung Ko, Inho Yang and Sang-Jip Nam

Molecules 2021, 26(8), 2252; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082252 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6051

Abstract

Salicornia europaea L. is a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and muddy seashores, which is widely used both as traditional medicine and as an edible vegetable. This salt-tolerant plant is a source of diverse secondary metabolites with several therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, [...] Read more.

Salicornia europaea L. is a halophyte that grows in salt marshes and muddy seashores, which is widely used both as traditional medicine and as an edible vegetable. This salt-tolerant plant is a source of diverse secondary metabolites with several therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the chemical structure and biological activities of secondary metabolites isolated from Salicornia europaea L. Full article

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27 pages, 1856 KiB

Open AccessReview

Natural Products Targeting the Mitochondria in Cancers

by Yue Yang, Ping-Ya He, Yi Zhang and Ning Li

Molecules 2021, 26(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010092 - 28 Dec 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6722

Abstract

There are abundant sources of anticancer drugs in nature that have a broad prospect in anticancer drug discovery. Natural compounds, with biological activities extracted from plants and marine and microbial metabolites, have significant antitumor effects, but their mechanisms are various. In addition to [...] Read more.

There are abundant sources of anticancer drugs in nature that have a broad prospect in anticancer drug discovery. Natural compounds, with biological activities extracted from plants and marine and microbial metabolites, have significant antitumor effects, but their mechanisms are various. In addition to providing energy to cells, mitochondria are involved in processes, such as cell differentiation, cell signaling, and cell apoptosis, and they have the ability to regulate cell growth and cell cycle. Summing up recent data on how natural products regulate mitochondria is valuable for the development of anticancer drugs. This review focuses on natural products that have shown antitumor effects via regulating mitochondria. The search was done in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, over a 5-year period, between 2015 and 2020, with a keyword search that focused on natural products, natural compounds, phytomedicine, Chinese medicine, antitumor, and mitochondria. Many natural products have been studied to have antitumor effects on different cells and can be further processed into useful drugs to treat cancer. In the process of searching for valuable new drugs, natural products such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, coumarins, and quinones cover the broad space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Asia)

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