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Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food

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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural Products Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 40129

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Dr. Branimir Pavlic

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Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Interests: process engineering; statistical modeling; antioxidant activity; natural product chemistry; extraction; food chemistry
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Dear Colleagues,

The potential of natural resources and food (main and side streams) to create new opportunities for isolation high-value products has been underestimated and not thoroughly explored. However, valorization of by-products and waste streams through the recovery of its valuable bioactive compounds has been recognized as an important method for increasing sustainability in production in order to create new opportunities on the market. The main issues associated with common valorization approaches of natural resources include disadvantages and limitations of traditional extraction procedures that do not satisfy the economic aspects of production in terms of energy and resource preservation and improved yield and quality of the obtained extracts. Recent studies suggested that novel extraction techniques could address several major challenges associated with conventional techniques and procedures. The main aim of their utilization is to achieve a reduction in energy and time consumption and, at the same time, to improve the extraction yield and quality of the extract. The traditional approach implies applications of organic solvents, which are followed by major issues in terms of poor selectivity towards certain bioactives, high price and tremendous environmental and human toxicity. Strong scientific evidence supporting the efficiency of emerging extraction techniques for the production of high-quality extracts with improved bioactivity suggests that different applications need to be explored urgently. The main focus of this Special Issue is the investigation of conventional and novel extraction techniques as efficient tools for the isolation of bioactive compounds from natural resources. This Special Issue is open to all high-quality contributions aimed at the development of innovative concepts for extracting bioactive compounds by applications following traditional and emerging techniques:

conventional solid-liquid extraction;
Soxhlet extraction;
hydrodistillation;
ultrasound-assisted extraction;
microwave-assisted extraction;
supercritical fluid extraction;
pressurized-liquid and subcritical water extraction;
enzyme-assisted processes;
extraction with natural deep eutectic solvents, etc.

Prof. Dr. Branimir Pavlic
Guest Editor

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Keywords

convectional extraction techniques
ultrasound-assisted extraction
microwave-assisted extraction
high-pressure processes
NADES extraction
bioactive compounds

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Related Special Issue

Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food: 2nd Edition in Molecules (5 articles)

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation of Garlic Bioactives by Pressurized Liquid and Subcritical Water Extraction

by Marko Krstić, Nemanja Teslić, Perica Bošković, Darija Obradović, Zoran Zeković, Anita Milić and Branimir Pavlić

Molecules 2023, 28(1), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010369 - 2 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3409

Abstract

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is widely used in various food products and traditional medicine. Besides unique taste and flavour, it is well known for its chemical profile and bioactive potential. The aim of this study was to apply subcritical water extraction (SWE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for the extraction of bioactive compounds from the Ranco genotype of garlic. Moreover, PLE process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) in order to determine effects and optimize ethanol concentration (45–75%), number of cycles (1–3), extraction time (1–3 min) and temperature (70–110 °C) for maximized total phenols content (TP) and antioxidant activity evaluated by various in vitro assays. Furthermore, temperature effect in SWE process on all responses was evaluated, while allicin content (AC), as a major organosulphur compound, was determined in all samples. Results indicated that PLE provided tremendous advantage over SWE in terms of improved yield and antioxidant activity of garlic extracts. Therefore, high-pressure processes could be used as clean and green procedures for the isolation of garlic bioactives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food)

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15 pages, 2028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An In Situ Formation of Ionic Liquid for Enrichment of Triazole Fungicides in Food Applications Followed by HPLC Determination

by Rawikan Kachangoon, Jitlada Vichapong, Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit and Supalax Srijaranai

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3416; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113416 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1666

Abstract

An in situ formation of ionic liquid was used for preconcentration of four triazole fungicides in food samples. The microextraction method was used for the first time in the literature for preconcentration of triazole fungicides. In the developed method, tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide ([P₄₄₄₁₂]Br) and potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF₆) were used for the formation of hydrophobic ionic liquid. After centrifugation, the fine microdroplets were produced in one step, providing the extraction step in a quick and environmentally friendly manner. The functional group of the hydrophobic ionic liquid was investigated using FT-IR. Various extraction parameters were studied and optimized. In the extraction method, 0.01 g of [P₄₄₄₁₂]Br and 0.01 g of KPF₆, centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 10 min were used. The optimized technique provided a good linear range (90–1000 μg L⁻¹) and high extraction recovery, with a low limit of detection (30–50 μg L⁻¹). Methods for the proposed in situ formation of ionic liquid were successfully applied to honey, fruit juice, and egg matrices. The recoveries were obtained in a satisfactory range of 62–112%. The results confirmed the suitability of the proposed microextraction method for selective extraction and quantification of triazole fungicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food)

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17 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Humic Substances from Peat: Assessment of Process Efficiency and Products’ Quality

by Dominik Nieweś, Marta Huculak-Mączka, Magdalena Braun-Giwerska, Kinga Marecka, Aleksandra Tyc, Marcin Biegun, Krystyna Hoffmann and Józef Hoffmann

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3413; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113413 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3384

Abstract

Results of efficiency of obtaining humic substances (HSs) from peat in traditional alkaline extraction (TAE) and ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction (UAAE) are presented. The influence of the duration of the process and ultrasound intensity on the efficiency of extraction of humic acids (HAs) and fulvic acids (FAs) extraction was determined. The composition of the fulvic acid fraction was examined depending on the type of eluent used. Fulvic acids were divided into fractions using columns packed with DAX-8 resin. For this process, 0.1 M NaOH and 0.5 M NH₃∙H₂O were used as eluents. For the quality assessment of specific fulvic acids fractions, spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis and FTIR) were used. Ultrasound had a positive effect on HS extraction efficiency, especially in increasing the amount of a desired hydrophobic fraction of fulvic acids (HPO). However, a negative effect of the excessive prolongation and ultrasound intensity (approximately 400 mW∙cm⁻²) on the extraction efficiency of HPO eluted with 0.1 M NaOH solution was observed. Using peat as a raw carbon material for the HS extraction process can be used as an alternative industrial application of peat. UAAE may be considered as an alternative method to TAE, which provides a higher efficiency in HS isolation from peat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food)

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8 pages, 1092 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Effectiveness of Volatile Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (VNADESs) for the Green Extraction of Chelidonium majus Isoquinoline Alkaloids

by Maciej Strzemski, Sławomir Dresler, Beata Podkościelna, Kamil Skic, Ireneusz Sowa, Daniel Załuski, Rob Verpoorte, Sylwia Zielińska, Paweł Krawczyk and Magdalena Wójciak

Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092815 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2996

Abstract

The Chelidonium majus plant is rich in biologically active isoquinoline alkaloids. These alkaline polar compounds are isolated from raw materials with the use of acidified water or methanol; next, after alkalisation of the extract, they are extracted using chloroform or dichloromethane. This procedure requires the use of toxic solvents. The present study assessed the possibility of using volatile natural deep eutectic solvents (VNADESs) for the efficient and environmentally friendly extraction of Chelidonium alkaloids. The roots and herb of the plant were subjected three times to extraction with various menthol, thymol, and camphor mixtures and with water and methanol (acidified and nonacidified). It has been shown that alkaloids can be efficiently isolated using menthol–camphor and menthol–thymol mixtures. In comparison with the extraction with acidified methanol, the use of appropriate VNADESs formulations yielded higher amounts of protopine (by 16%), chelidonine (35%), berberine (76%), chelerythrine (12%), and coptisine (180%). Sanguinarine extraction efficiency was at the same level. Additionally, the values of the contact angles of the raw materials treated with the tested solvents were assessed, and higher wetting dynamics were observed in the case of VNADESs when compared with water. These results suggest that VNADESs can be used for the efficient and environmentally friendly extraction of Chelidonium alkaloids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food)

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13 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study between Conventional and Advanced Extraction Techniques: Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Properties of Plant Extracts

by Ezzouhra El Maaiden, Sarah Bouzroud, Boubker Nasser, Khadija Moustaid, Ayoub El Mouttaqi, Mohamed Ibourki, Hassan Boukcim, Abdelaziz Hirich, Lamfeddal Kouisni and Youssef El Kharrassi

Molecules 2022, 27(7), 2074; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072074 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6915

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the influence of extraction methods on the pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). For this purpose, the dried plant materials were extracted using advanced (microwave (MAE), ultrasonic (UAE), and homogenizer (HAE) assisted extractions) and conventional techniques (maceration, percolation, decoction, infusion, and Soxhlet). The tyrosinase, elastase, α-amylase, butyryl, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition were tested by using L-3,4 dihydroxy-phenylalanine, N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide, butyryl, and acetylcholine as respective substrates. Antioxidant activities were studied by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP. In terms of extraction yield, advanced extraction techniques showed the highest values (MAE > UAE > HAE). Chemical profiles were dependent on the phenolic compounds tested, whereas the antioxidant activities were always higher, mainly in infusion and decoction as a conventional technique. In relation to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties, the highest inhibitory activities against α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase were observed for Soxhlet and macerated extracts, whereas the highest activity against tyrosinase was obtained with MAE > maceration > Soxhlet. Elastase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were in the order of Soxhlet > maceration > percolation, with no activities recorded for the other tested methods. In conclusion, advanced methods afford an extract with high yield, while conventional methods might be an adequate approach for minimal changes in the biological properties of the extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food)

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20 pages, 1224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Extraction Improves Polyphenol Yield and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extracts

by Branimir Pavlić, Živan Mrkonjić, Nemanja Teslić, Aleksandra Cvetanović Kljakić, Milica Pojić, Anamarija Mandić, Alena Stupar, Filipa Santos, Ana Rita C. Duarte and Aleksandra Mišan

Molecules 2022, 27(5), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051508 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5533

Abstract

Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) herbal dust has been recognized as a potential underutilized resource for the recovery of antioxidants. The aim of this paper was to optimize natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of polyphenols to obtain improved antioxidant activity of extracts determined by selected in vitro assays (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS). Twenty different NADES systems were investigated in the first step of the screening of the extraction solvent and l-proline (Pro)–glycerine (Gly) based solvents provided the best results. Preliminary experiments organized by 2⁵⁻¹ fractional factorial design narrowed down the number of extraction factors from five (temperature, extraction time, NADES type, water content and L/S ratio) to three and determined their experimental domain for the final step. A face-centered central composite design with temperature (40–55–70 °C), extraction time (60–120–180 min) and L/S ratio (10–20–30 g NADES/g sample) was applied for influence analysis and process optimization. Multi-response optimization suggested a temperature of 65 °C, time of extraction of 180 min and L/S ratio of 28 g NADES/g DW as optimal extraction parameters. Experimental validation confirmed good agreement between experimental and predicted results in the extract obtained at optimal conditions and the interactions in the most suitable NADES (N16; Pro–Gly–H₂O; 1:2:1) were confirmed by the ¹H-NMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food)

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Review

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22 pages, 379 KiB

Open AccessReview

Isolation, Bioactive Potential, and Application of Essential Oils and Terpenoid-Rich Extracts as Effective Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents in Meat and Meat Products

by Branislav Šojić, Sanja Milošević, Danica Savanović, Zoran Zeković, Vladimir Tomović and Branimir Pavlić

Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2293; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052293 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3612

Abstract

Using food additives (e.g., preservatives, antioxidants) is one of the main methods for preserving meat and meat product quality (edible, sensory, and technological) during processing and storage. Conversely, they show negative health implications, so meat technology scientists are focusing on finding alternatives for these compounds. Terpenoid-rich extracts, including essential oils (EOs), are remarkable since they are generally marked as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) and have a wide ranging acceptance from consumers. EOs obtained by conventional or non-conventional methods possess different preservative potentials. Hence, the first goal of this review is to summarize the technical-technology characteristics of different procedures for terpenoid-rich extract recovery and their effects on the environment in order to obtain safe, highly valuable extracts for further application in the meat industry. Isolation and purification of terpenoids, as the main constituents of EOs, are essential due to their wide range of bioactivity and potential for utilization as natural food additives. Therefore, the second goal of this review is to summarize the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of EOs and terpenoid-rich extracts obtained from different plant materials in meat and various meat products. The results of these investigations suggest that terpenoid-rich extracts, including EOs obtained from several spices and medicinal herbs (black pepper, caraway, Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., coriander, garlic, oregano, sage, sweet basil, thyme, and winter savory) can be successfully used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobials in order to prolong the shelf-life of meat and processed meat products. These results could be encouraged for higher exploitation of EOs and terpenoid-rich extracts in the meat industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food)

19 pages, 23057 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Influence of Various Extraction Techniques and the Biological Effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps

by Vasin Yuvanatemiya, Pao Srean, Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud, Karthikeyan Venkatachalam, Jittimon Wongsa, Thanya Parametthanuwat and Narin Charoenphun

Molecules 2022, 27(24), 8775; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248775 - 10 Dec 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 11012

Abstract

Xanthones are significant bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites in mangosteen pericarps. A xanthone is a phenolic compound and versatile scaffold that consists of a tricyclic xanthene-9-one structure. A xanthone may exist in glycosides, aglycones, monomers or polymers. It is well known that xanthones possess a multitude of beneficial properties, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, xanthones can be used as raw material and/or an ingredient in many food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. Although xanthones can be used in various therapeutic and functional applications, their properties and stability are determined by their extraction procedures. Extracting high-quality xanthones from mangosteen with effective therapeutic effects could be challenging if the extraction method is insufficient. Although several extraction processes are in use today, their efficiency has not yet been rigorously evaluated. Therefore, selecting an appropriate extraction procedure is imperative to recover substantial yields of xanthones with enhanced functionality from mangosteens. Hence, the present review will assist in establishing a precise scenario for finding the most appropriate extraction method for xanthones from mangosteen pericarp by critically analyzing various conventional and unconventional extraction methods and their ability to preserve the stability and biological effects of xanthones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conventional and Emerging Extraction Techniques for Compounds from Natural Source and Food)

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