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15 pages, 1083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase Inhibition of 2,3-Epoxyprocyanidin C1 and Other Constituents from Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir

by Romeo Toko Feunaing, Alfred Ngenge Tamfu, Abel Joel Yaya Gbaweng, Larissa Mekontso Magnibou, Fidele Ntchapda, Celine Henoumont, Sophie Laurent, Emmanuel Talla and Rodica Mihaela Dinica

Molecules 2023, 28(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010126 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3018

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidities in elderly humans. Chronic diabetes can lead to kidney failure, blindness, limb amputation, heart attack and stroke. Physical activity, healthy diets and medications can reduce the [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidities in elderly humans. Chronic diabetes can lead to kidney failure, blindness, limb amputation, heart attack and stroke. Physical activity, healthy diets and medications can reduce the incidence of diabetes, so the search for more efficient antidiabetic therapies, most especially from natural products, is a necessity. Herein, extract from roots of the medicinal plant Pterocarpus erinaceus was purified by column chromatography and afforded ten compounds which were characterized by EIMS, HR-FAB-MS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Amongst them were, a new trimeric derivative of epicatechin, named 2,3-Epoxyprocyanidin C1 (1); two pentacyclic triterpenoids, friedelin (2) and betulin (3); angolensin (4); flavonoids such as 7-methoxygenistein (5), 7-methoxydaidzein (6), apigenin 7-O-glucoronide (8) and naringenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9); and an ellagic acid derivative (10). The extract and compounds were evaluated for their antidiabetic potential by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. IC₅₀ values of compound 7 (48.1 ± 0.9 µg/mL), compound 8 (48.6 ± 0.1 µg/mL), compound 9 (50.2 ± 0.5 µg/mL) and extract (40.5 ± 0.8 µg/mL) when compared to that of acarbose (26.4 ± 0.3 µg/mL) indicated good α-amylase inhibition. In the α-glucosidase assay, the extract (IC₅₀ = 31.2 ± 0.1 µg/mL), compound 7 (IC₅₀ = 39.5 ± 1.2 µg/mL), compound 8 (IC₅₀ = 40.9 ± 1.3 µg/mL), compound 1 (IC₅₀ = 41.6 ± 1.0 µg/mL), Compound 4 (IC₅₀ = 43.4 ± 0.5 µg/mL), compound 5 (IC₅₀ = 47.6 ± 0.9 µg/mL), compound 6 (IC₅₀ = 46.3 ± 0.2 µg/mL), compound 7 (IC₅₀ = 45.0 ± 0.8 µg/mL), compound 9 (IC₅₀ = 44.8 ± 0.6 µg/mL) and compound 11 (IC₅₀ = 47.5 ± 0.4 µg/mL) all had moderate-to-good inhibitions, compared to acarbose (IC₅₀ = 22.0 ± 0.5 µg/mL). The ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase indicates that P. erinaceus and its compounds can lower blood glucose levels by delaying hydrolysis of carbohydrates into sugars, thereby providing a source of natural antidiabetic remedy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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18 pages, 3266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Synergistic Hepatoprotective Activity of Rosemary Essential Oil and Curcumin: The Role of the MEK/ERK Pathway

by Maged E. Mohamed, Nancy S. Younis, Hossam S. El-Beltagi and Omar M. Mohafez

Molecules 2022, 27(24), 8910; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248910 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2546

Abstract

Background: Curcumin is a natural product obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a medicinal and aromatic plant that is widely spread in the Mediterranean region. Both Curcumin and rosemary essential oil are natural products of [...] Read more.

Background: Curcumin is a natural product obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a medicinal and aromatic plant that is widely spread in the Mediterranean region. Both Curcumin and rosemary essential oil are natural products of high medicinal and pharmacological significance. The hepatoprotective effect of both natural products is well-established; however, the mechanism of such action is not fully understood. Thus, this study is an attempt to explore the hepatoprotective mechanism of action of these remedies through their effect on MEK and ERK proteins. Furthermore, the effect of rosemary essential oil on the plasma concentration of curcumin has been scrutinized. Materials and methods: The major constituents of REO were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by GC/MS and GC/FID, respectively. Curcumin and rosemary essential oil were given to mice in a pre-treatment model, followed by induction of liver injury through a high dose of paracetamol. Serum liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activities, the inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, as well as the MEK and ERK portions, were verified. The plasma levels of curcumin were determined in the presence and absence of rosemary essential oil. Results: The major constituents of REO were 1,8-cineole (51.52%), camphor (10.52%), and α-pinene (8.41%). The results revealed a superior hepatoprotective activity of the combination when compared to each natural product alone, as demonstrated by the lowered liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, mitigated inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, and enhanced antioxidant activities. Furthermore, the combination induced the overexpression of MEK and ERK proteins, providing evidence for the involvement of this cascade in the hepatoprotective activity of such natural products. The administration of rosemary essential oil with curcumin enhanced the curcuminoid plasma level. Conclusion: The co-administration of both curcumin and rosemary essential oil together enhanced both their hepatoprotective activity and the level of curcumin in plasma, indicating a synergistic activity between both natural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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11 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silviridoside: A New Triterpene Glycoside from Silene viridiflora with Promising Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Potential

by Markhabo M. Makhmudova, Markus Bacher, Gokhan Zengin, Thomas Rosenau, Fadia S. Youssef, Diena M. Almasri, Sameh S. Elhady and Nilufar Z. Mamadalieva

Molecules 2022, 27(24), 8781; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248781 - 11 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

A new triterpene glycoside, silviridoside, was isolated from the aerial parts of Silene viridiflora (Caryophyllaceae) using different chromatographic techniques. The structure of silviridoside was comprehensively elucidated as 3-O-β-D-galacturonopyranosyl-quillaic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [...] Read more.

A new triterpene glycoside, silviridoside, was isolated from the aerial parts of Silene viridiflora (Caryophyllaceae) using different chromatographic techniques. The structure of silviridoside was comprehensively elucidated as 3-O-β-D-galacturonopyranosyl-quillaic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Silviridoside showed promising antioxidant activity in different antioxidant assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (2.32 mg TE/g), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (1.24 mg TE/g), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) (9.59 mg TE/g), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (5.13 mg TE/g), phosphomolybdenum (PHD) (0.28 mmol TE/g), and metal-chelating (MCA) (6.62 mg EDTA/g) assays. It exhibited a good inhibitory potential on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (2.52 mg GALAE/g), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (7.16 mg GALAE/g), α-amylase (0.19 mmol ACAE/g), α-glucosidase (1.21 mmol ACAE/g), and tyrosinase (38.83 mg KAE/g). An in silico evaluation of the pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity properties of silviridoside showed that the new compound exhibited reasonable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties without any mutagenic effect, but slight toxicity. Thus, it could be concluded that silviridoside could act as a promising lead drug for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical developments to combat oxidative stress and various disorders, but a future optimization is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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16 pages, 2402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Profiles, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Traditional Medicinal Plants: Centaurea pichleri subsp. pichleri, Conyza canadensis, and Jasminum fruticans

by Derya Çiçek Polat, Selen İlgün, Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak, Esra Küpeli Akkol and Raffaele Capasso

Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8249; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238249 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Centaurea pichleri subsp. pichleri, Conyza canadensis, and Jasminum fruticans are traditionally used plants grown in Turkey. Methanol extracts were obtained from these plants and pharmacological activity studies and phytochemical analyses were carried out. To evaluate the phytochemical composition, spectrophotometric and chromatographic [...] Read more.

Centaurea pichleri subsp. pichleri, Conyza canadensis, and Jasminum fruticans are traditionally used plants grown in Turkey. Methanol extracts were obtained from these plants and pharmacological activity studies and phytochemical analyses were carried out. To evaluate the phytochemical composition, spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques were used. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH^●, ABTS^●+ radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were investigated on DU145 prostate cancer and A549 lung cancer cell lines. The anti-inflammatory effects of extracts were investigated on the NO amount, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and PGE 2 levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. The richest extract in terms of phenolic compounds (98.19 ± 1.64 mg_GAE/g_extract) and total flavonoids (21.85 ± 0.64 mg_CA/g_extract) was identified as C. pichleri subsp. pichleri methanol extract. According to antioxidant activity determinations, the C. pichleri subsp. pichleri extract was found to be the most active extract. Finally, the C. pichleri subsp. pichleri methanol extract was revealed to be the most effective inhibitor of viability in the cytotoxic activity investigation, and the extract with the best anti-inflammatory action. The findings point to C. pichleri subsp. pichleri as a promising source of bioactive compounds in the transition from natural sources to industrial uses, such as new medications, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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22 pages, 2020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Synthesis, Fungicidal Activity, and in Silico Study of Alkoxy Analogues of Natural Precocenes I, II, and III

by Khaled M. A. Ramadan, Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Zafar Iqbal and Eslam S. A. Bendary

Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7177; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217177 - 24 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1899

Abstract

This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and explore the eco-friendly and antifungal potential of precocenes and their derivatives. The organic synthesis of the mono-O-alkyl-2,2-dimethyl 2H-1-chromene series, including the natural product precocene I, and the di-O-alkyl 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene series, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and explore the eco-friendly and antifungal potential of precocenes and their derivatives. The organic synthesis of the mono-O-alkyl-2,2-dimethyl 2H-1-chromene series, including the natural product precocene I, and the di-O-alkyl 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene series, including the natural 2H-1-chromenes precocenes II and III, was achieved. The synthetic compounds were subjected to spectroscopic analysis, ¹HNMR,¹³CNMR, and mass characterization. The antifungal activity of synthesized precocenes I, II, and III, as well as their synthetic intermediates, was evaluated by the poison food technique. Precocene II (EC₅₀ 106.8 µg × mL⁻¹ and 4.94 µg mL⁻¹), and its regioisomers 7a (EC₅₀ 97.18 µg × mL⁻¹ and 35.30 µg × mL⁻¹) and 7d (EC₅₀ 170.58 × µg mL⁻¹), exhibited strong fungitoxic activity against Aspergillus niger and Rhizoctonia solani. Some of the novel chromenes, 11a and 11b, which had never been evaluated before, yielded stronger fungitoxic effects. Finally, docking simulations for compounds with promising fungitoxic activity were subjected to structure–activity relationship analyses against the polygalactouronases and voltage-dependent anion channels. Conclusively, precocenes and their regioisomers demonstrated promising fungitoxic activity; such compounds can be subjected to minor structural modifications to yield promising and novel fungicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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18 pages, 5740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Metabolome of Wild-like Dendrobium officinale of Different Origins Have Regional Differences?

by Qiqian Lan, Chenxing Liu, Zhanghua Wu, Chen Ni, Jinyan Li, Chunlei Huang, Huan Wang and Gang Wei

Molecules 2022, 27(20), 7024; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27207024 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1974

Abstract

Dendrobium officinale, as a traditional Chinese medicine, has considerable commercial value and pharmacological activity. Environmental factors of different origins have a great influence on Dendrobium officinale metabolites, which affect its pharmacological activity. This study sought to identify the differential metabolites of wild-imitating [...] Read more.

Dendrobium officinale, as a traditional Chinese medicine, has considerable commercial value and pharmacological activity. Environmental factors of different origins have a great influence on Dendrobium officinale metabolites, which affect its pharmacological activity. This study sought to identify the differential metabolites of wild-imitating cultivated D. officinale stems of different origins. Using the widely-targeted metabolomics approach, 442 metabolites were detected and characterized, including flavonoids, lipids, amino acids and derivatives, and alkaloids. We found that although the chemical constitution of D. officinale cultured in the three habitats was parallel, the contents were significantly different. Meanwhile, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the distinctive metabolites among the three groups were mainly involved in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. To further explore the different contents of flavonoids, HPLC was performed on four main flavonoid contents, which can be used as one of the references to distinguish D. officinale from different growing origins. In conclusion, a comprehensive profile of the metabolic differences of D. officinale grown in different origins was provided, which contributed a scientific basis for further research on the quality evaluation of D. officinale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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22 pages, 5686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Free Radical Scavenging Property of the Leaves, Branches, and Roots of Mansoa hirsuta DC: In Vitro Assessment, 3D Pharmacophore, and Molecular Docking Study

by Patrícia e Silva Alves, Gagan Preet, Leandro Dias, Maria Oliveira, Rafael Silva, Isione Castro, Giovanna Silva, Joaquim Júnior, Nerilson Lima, Dulce Helena Silva, Teresinha Andrade, Marcel Jaspars and Chistiane Feitosa

Molecules 2022, 27(18), 6016; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186016 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2753

Abstract

In this work, a metabolic profile of Mansoa hirsuta was investigated, and in vitro assays and theoretical approaches were carried out to evaluate its antioxidant potential. The phytochemical screening detected saponins, organic acids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in extracts of leaves, branches, [...] Read more.

In this work, a metabolic profile of Mansoa hirsuta was investigated, and in vitro assays and theoretical approaches were carried out to evaluate its antioxidant potential. The phytochemical screening detected saponins, organic acids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in extracts of leaves, branches, and roots. Through LC-MS analysis, the triterpenes oleanolic acid (m/z 455 [M-H]⁻) and ursolic acid (m/z 455 [M-H]⁻) were identified as the main bioactive components. The extracts of the leaves, branches, and roots revealed moderate antioxidant potential in the DPPH test and all extracts were more active in the ABTS test. The leaf extracts showed better antioxidant capacity, displaying IC₅₀ values of 43.5 ± 0.14, 63.6 ± 0.54, and 56.1 ± 0.05 µg mL⁻¹ for DPPH, ABTS, and kinetics assays, respectively. The leaf extract showed higher total flavonoid content (TFC) (5.12 ± 1.02 mg QR/g), followed by branches (3.16 ± 0.88 QR/g) and roots (2.04 ± 0.52 QR/g/g). The extract of the branches exhibited higher total phenolic content (TPC) (1.07 ± 0.77 GAE/g), followed by leaves (0.58 ± 0.30 GAE/g) and roots (0.19 ± 0.47 GAE/g). Pharmacophore and molecular docking analysis were performed in order to better understand the potential mechanism of the antioxidant activity of its major metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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12 pages, 3409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antidepressant Effect of Crocin in Mice with Chronic Mild Stress

by Walaa F. Alsanie, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Osama Abdulaziz, Magdi M. Salih, Abdulwahab Alamri, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Mohammed Hisham Alhomrani and Majid Alhomrani

Molecules 2022, 27(17), 5462; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175462 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant property of crocin (Crocetin digentiobiose ester) using a chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depression model in experimental mice. The tail suspension test (TST) and the sucrose preference test were used to evaluate the antidepressant effect on albino [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant property of crocin (Crocetin digentiobiose ester) using a chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depression model in experimental mice. The tail suspension test (TST) and the sucrose preference test were used to evaluate the antidepressant effect on albino mice of either sex after three weeks of CMS. The period of immobility in the TST and percentage preference for sucrose solution were recorded. By monitoring brain malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase (CAT) activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) level, the antioxidant potential was assessed. Three dosages of crocin (4.84, 9.69, and 19.38 mg/kg) were evaluated. When compared to controls, animals that received crocin administration during three periods of CMS had considerably shorter immobility times during the TST. Crocin treatment also raised the percentage preference for sucrose solution in a dose-dependent manner, bringing it to parity with the conventional antidepressant, imipramine. Animals that received a high dose of crocin had a much greater spontaneous locomotor activity. Furthermore, a high dose of crocin remarkably lowered plasma corticosterone and nitrite levels brought on by CMS. Additionally, high doses of crocin given during CMS greatly enhanced reduced glutathione levels while considerably reducing the brain’s MDA and catalase activities. In conclusion, high doses of crocin may have an antidepressant effect in an animal model through several mechanisms. However, further studies should be carried out to explore the role of neurotransmitters for their antidepressant property. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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19 pages, 2745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UPLC–Q–TOF–MS/MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from the Fruit of Cephalostachyum fuchsianum Gamble and Their Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities

by Yan Wang, Yongqiang Li, Bi Chen, Xianfeng Deng, Qin Luo and Xingru Zao

Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3767; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123767 - 11 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2037

Abstract

Bamboo is a widely distributed graminaceous plant in China and is a potential source of bioactive substances. Incidentally, bamboo’s fruit is rich in phytochemicals such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which are significant to human health. In this study, we identified the phenolic compounds [...] Read more.

Bamboo is a widely distributed graminaceous plant in China and is a potential source of bioactive substances. Incidentally, bamboo’s fruit is rich in phytochemicals such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which are significant to human health. In this study, we identified the phenolic compounds of the fruit and investigated the antioxidant activities of Cephalostachyum fuchsianum Gamble (CFG) fruit polyphenols with in vitro and in vivo tests for the first time. UPLC–Q–TOF–MS/MS analysis results showed that the fruit contained 43 phenolic compounds, including 7 hydroxybenzoic acids, 12 flavonoids, 7 coumarins, 10 hydroxycinnamic acids, 1 terpenoid, and 5 lignans. The TPC of SP extracts was higher than that of IBPs extracts in FP and FF. The SP extracts in FP showed better antioxidant activities in vitro compared to those in FF. In addition, polyphenols from CFG fruits protected against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells, and the protective effect of polyphenols in FP was superior to that in FF. The analysis results showed that CFG fruit has great potential in exploiting natural chemical substances, which can provide valuable pieces of information for the further development and utilization of CFG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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12 pages, 2480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potencies of Chemically-Profiled Essential Oil from Asteriscus graveolens against Clinically-Important Pathogenic Microbial Strains

by Mohammed M. Aljeldah

Molecules 2022, 27(11), 3539; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113539 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2355

Abstract

Recently, the antimicrobial potential of essential oils extracted from plants has gained extensive research interest, primarily for the development of novel antimicrobial treatments to combat emerging microbial resistance. The current study aims at investigating the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil [...] Read more.

Recently, the antimicrobial potential of essential oils extracted from plants has gained extensive research interest, primarily for the development of novel antimicrobial treatments to combat emerging microbial resistance. The current study aims at investigating the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oil derived from gold coin daisy, which is known as Asteriscus graveolens (EOAG). In this context, a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of EOAG was conducted to identify its phytoconstituents. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of EOAG was determined by the use of three tests, namely: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrzyl (DPPH), ferric reducing activity power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The antimicrobial activity of EOAG against clinically important bacterial (Escherichia coli, K12; Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6633; Bacillus subtilis, DSM 6333; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CIP A22) and fungal (Candida albicans, ATCC 10231; Aspergillus niger, MTCC 282; Aspergillus flavus, MTCC 9606; and Fusarium oxysporum, MTCC 9913) strains was assessed. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined on solid (inhibition diameter) and liquid media to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). GC/MS profiling of EOAG revealed that 18 compounds were identified, with a dominance of α-Thujone (17.92%) followed by carvacrol (14.14%), with a total identification of about 99. 92%. The antioxidant activity of EOAG was determined to have IC₅₀ values of 34.81 ± 1.12 µg/mL (DPPH), 89.37 ± 5.02 µg/mL (FRAP), and 1048.38 ± 10.23 µg EAA/mg (TAC). The antibacterial activity in a solid medium revealed that the largest diameter was recorded in P. aeruginosa (28.47 ± 1.44 mm) followed by S. aureus (27.41 ± 1.54 mm), and the MIC in S. aureus was 12.18 ± 0.98 µg / mL. For the antifungal activity of EOAG, the largest inhibition diameter was found in F. oxysporum (33.62 ± 2.14 mm) followed by C. albicans (26.41 ± 1.90 mm), and the smallest MIC was found in F. oxysporum (18.29 ± 1.21 µg/mL) followed by C. albicans (19.39 ± 1.0 µg/mL). In conclusion, EOAG can be useful as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent and an alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Hence, they might be utilized to treat a variety of infectious disorders caused by pathogenic microorganisms, particularly those that have gained resistance to standard antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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18 pages, 1649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation and Biological Assessment of Rumex vesicarius L. Extract: Characterization of the Chemical Components and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Dengue Vector Activity

by Salama A. Salama, Zarraq E. AL-Faifi, Mostafa F. Masood and Yasser A. El-Amier

Molecules 2022, 27(10), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103177 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3037

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the biological potency and chemical composition of Rumex vesicarius aboveground parts using GC–MS. In this approach, 44 components were investigated, comprising 99.99% of the total volatile compounds. The major components were classified as fatty acids [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to assess the biological potency and chemical composition of Rumex vesicarius aboveground parts using GC–MS. In this approach, 44 components were investigated, comprising 99.99% of the total volatile compounds. The major components were classified as fatty acids and lipids (51.36%), oxygenated hydrocarbons (33.59%), amines (7.35%), carbohydrates (6.06%), steroids (1.21%), and alkaloids (0.42%). The major components were interpreted as 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl oleate (oxygenated hydrocarbons, 18.96%), ethyl 2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate (ester of fatty acid, 17.56%), and 2-propyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-ol (oxygenated hydrocarbons, 11.18%). The DPPH antioxidant activity of the extracted components of R. vesicarius verified that the shoot extract was the most potent with IC₅₀ = 28.89 mg/L, with the percentages of radical scavenging activity at 74.28% ± 3.51%. The extracted plant, on the other hand, showed substantial antibacterial activity against the diverse bacterial species, namely, Salmonella typhi (23.46 ± 1.69), Bacillus cereus (22.91 ± 0.96), E. coli (21.07 ± 0.80), and Staphylococcus aureus (17.83 ± 0.67). In addition, the extracted plant was in vitro assessed as a considerable anticancer agent on HepG2 cells, in which MTT, cell proliferation cycle, and DNA fragmentation assessments were applied on culture and treated cells. The larvicidal efficacy of the extracted plant was also evaluated against Aedes aegypti, the dengue disease vector. As a result, we may infer that R. vesicarius extract increased cytocompatibility and cell migratory capabilities, and that it may be effective in mosquito control without causing harm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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19 pages, 989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Salinity Stress on Color Parameters, Leaf Pigmentation, Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Amaranthus lividus Leafy Vegetables

by Md. Nazmul Hossain, Umakanta Sarker, Md. Sharif Raihan, Asma A. Al-Huqail, Manzer H. Siddiqui and Shinya Oba

Molecules 2022, 27(6), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061821 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 4176

Abstract

This is the first attempt to evaluate the impact of four salinity levels on the color parameters, pigments, polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacities of four promising A. lividus genotypes. The color parameters, such as the yellowness/blueness (b*) and the chroma (C*); the antioxidant [...] Read more.

This is the first attempt to evaluate the impact of four salinity levels on the color parameters, pigments, polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacities of four promising A. lividus genotypes. The color parameters, such as the yellowness/blueness (b*) and the chroma (C*); the antioxidant components, such as the polyphenols and flavonoids; and the antioxidant capacities of the leaves were remarkably increased by 39, 1, 5, 10 and 43%, respectively, at 50 mM of NaCl, and by 55, 5, 60, 34, 58 and 82%, respectively, at 100 mM NaCl concentrations. The green tower and SA6 genotypes were identified as tolerant varieties. The total phenolic content (TPC) and the total flavonoid content (TFC) played vital roles in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and they would be beneficial for the human diet and would serve as good antioxidants for the prevention of aging, and they are also essential to human health. A correlation study revealed the strong antioxidant capacities of the pigments and antioxidant components that were studied. It was revealed that A. lividus could tolerate a certain level of salinity stress without compromising the antioxidant quality of the final product. Taken together, our results suggest that A. lividus could be a promising alternative crop for farmers, especially in saline-prone areas in the tropical and subtropical regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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Review

Jump to: Research

16 pages, 1160 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances of Polyphenol Oxidases in Plants

by Song Zhang

Molecules 2023, 28(5), 2158; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052158 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 7936

Abstract

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is present in most higher plants, but also in animals and fungi. PPO in plants had been summarized several years ago. However, recent advances in studies of PPO in plants are lacking. This review concludes new researches on PPO distribution, [...] Read more.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is present in most higher plants, but also in animals and fungi. PPO in plants had been summarized several years ago. However, recent advances in studies of PPO in plants are lacking. This review concludes new researches on PPO distribution, structure, molecular weights, optimal temperature, pH, and substrates. And, the transformation of PPO from latent to active state was also discussed. This state shift is a vital reason for elevating PPO activity, but the activation mechanism in plants has not been elucidated. PPO has an important role in plant stress resistance and physiological metabolism. However, the enzymatic browning reaction induced by PPO is a major problem in the production, processing, and storage of fruits and vegetables. Meanwhile, we summarized various new methods that had been invented to decrease enzymatic browning by inhibiting PPO activity. In addition, our manuscript included information on several important biological functions and the transcriptional regulation of PPO in plants. Furthermore, we also prospect some future research areas of PPO and hope they will be useful for future research in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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26 pages, 2556 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ethnobotanical, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activity of Onosma (Boraginaceae): An Updated Review

by Ahmed Aj. Jabbar, Fuad O. Abdullah, Abdullah Othman Hassan, Yaseen Galali, Rawaz Rizgar Hassan, Essa Q. Rashid, Musher Ismael Salih and Kareem Fattah Aziz

Molecules 2022, 27(24), 8687; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248687 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3276

Abstract

The genus Onosma belongs to the Boraginaceae family and contains over 230 species. The present review sheds light on the ethnopharmacology, phytoconstituents, bioactivity, and toxicology of the Onosma species from previous investigations. Furthermore, the paper also highlights the unresolved issues for the future [...] Read more.

The genus Onosma belongs to the Boraginaceae family and contains over 230 species. The present review sheds light on the ethnopharmacology, phytoconstituents, bioactivity, and toxicology of the Onosma species from previous investigations. Furthermore, the paper also highlights the unresolved issues for the future investigations. The review included previous studies of the genus Onosma available from Google Scholar and Baidu Scholar, Science Direct, SciFinder, Wiley Online Library, and Web of Science. Until now, more than 200 chemical compounds have been detected from the genus Onosma, including naphthoquinone (33), flavonoids (30), hydrocarbon (23), phenolic (22), ester (17), alkaloids (20), aromatics (12), carboxylic acid (11), fatty acids (9), terpenoids (10), while the most important ones are rosmarinic, ferulic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids, and apigenin. The Onosma species are reported as traditional medicine for wound healing, heart disease, and kidney disorders, while the pharmacological investigations revealed that the extracts and the phytochemicals of Onosma species have different therapeutic properties including antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions. The summarized knowledge in this review provides valuable ideas for the current and future drug discovery and a motivation for further investigation on the genus Onosma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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31 pages, 26644 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioprospecting Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Enhancing the Biological Properties and Phytochemical Composition of Medicinally Important Crops

by Asfa Rizvi, Bilal Ahmed, Mohammad Saghir Khan, Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Shahid Umar and Jintae Lee

Molecules 2022, 27(4), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041407 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6499

Abstract

Traditionally, medicinal plants have long been used as a natural therapy. Plant-derived extracts or phytochemicals have been exploited as food additives and for curing many health-related ailments. The secondary metabolites produced by many plants have become an integral part of human health and [...] Read more.

Traditionally, medicinal plants have long been used as a natural therapy. Plant-derived extracts or phytochemicals have been exploited as food additives and for curing many health-related ailments. The secondary metabolites produced by many plants have become an integral part of human health and have strengthened the value of plant extracts as herbal medicines. To fulfil the demand of health care systems, food and pharmaceutical industries, interest in the cultivation of precious medicinal plants to harvest bio-active compounds has increased considerably worldwide. To achieve maximum biomass and yield, growers generally apply chemical fertilizers which have detrimental impacts on the growth, development and phytoconstituents of such therapeutically important plants. Application of beneficial rhizosphere microbiota is an alternative strategy to enhance the production of valuable medicinal plants under both conventional and stressed conditions due to its low cost, environmentally friendly behaviour and non-destructive impact on fertility of soil, plants and human health. The microbiological approach improves plant growth by various direct and indirect mechanisms involving the abatement of various abiotic stresses. Given the negative impacts of fertilizers and multiple benefits of microbiological resources, the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the production of biomass and their impact on the quality of bio-active compounds (phytochemicals) and mitigation of abiotic stress to herbal plants have been described in this review. The PGPR based enhancement in the herbal products has potential for use as a low cost phytomedicine which can be used to improve health care systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Plant Metabolites, Antioxidants Compound and Enzymes Activity in Plants)

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