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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2018) | Viewed by 67361

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Dr. Yogendra Kumar Mishra

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Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
Interests: hybrid inorganic nanomaterials; semiconductors; oxides; nitrides; plamonics; sensing; biomaterials; photocatalysis; porous materials; 3D nanotechnology
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Aim:

Dear Colleagues,

In last couple of decades, nanomaterials have received a lot of research interest in terms of syntheses, characterizations, and individual applications. Of course nanomaterials in pure and hybrid forms have much more scopes towards nurturing our day-to-day life but this aspect has been less explored. In my opinion, the applied aspects of nanomaterials should get proper attention now and this special issue will focus on potentials of various nanomaterials towards developing the cutting-edge technologies for our society.

History:

The term 'nanomaterial' was coined in ~1960 but if one carefully looks into the literature, these dimensionally confined materials were quite much in medical practice in ancient times (Indian-Ayurveda, Greeks, Middle East, etc.). The fundamental research about the nanomaterials has been revisited in last couple of decades (from the huge literature, I can say,) and this field has to see the potentials of nanomaterials towards day-to-day appliances in different new technologies. New and innovative synthesis strategies should be developed which offer not only fabrications but their easy and compact integration opportunities in various technologies. Experimental physics, materials, chemistry, biological, pharmaceutical, and other interdisciplinary research communities should joint together at one platform to understand the application potentials of nanomaterials, however, mathematics, fundamental physics, computational materials science community should help in developing and understanding unique physical and chemical properties of pure and hybrid nanomaterials in different forms.

Scope:

This special issue is dedicated towards understanding the structure-property relationships of advance stage pure and hybrid nanomaterials using innovative synthesis strategies (physics, chemistry, biology, etc.). The discussed nanomaterials should exhibit application potentials in different interdisciplinary directions. Fundamental studies about such materials would also be in the scope. The nano-ethics related articles which are of social interest are also welcome. The covered topics also include: plasmonics, photonics, electronics, energy, electrochemistry, sensing, photocatalysis, water purification, packaging, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancerous, 3D nanoengineering, porous materials, composites, carbons, hydrogels, advanced ceramics, and other relevant nanomaterials and applications. Application aspects of nanomaterials (pure and hybrid) are must the submitted articles to be considered in this issue.

PD Dr. habil. Yogendra Kumar Mishra
Guest Editor

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Keywords

nanomaterials
hybrids
multifunctional
synthesis
green chemistry
nanosensing
biomaterials
softmaterials
flexible ceramics
composites
advanced applications
cutting-edge technologies
smart nanodevices.

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 5381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Temperature on the Physical, Electro-Chemical and Adsorption Properties of Carbon Micro-Spheres Using Hydrothermal Carbonization Process

by Zaira Zaman Chowdhury, Bagavathi Krishnan, Suresh Sagadevan, Rahman Faizur Rafique, Nor Aliya Binti Hamizi, Yasmin Abdul Wahab, Ali Akbar Khan, Rafie Bin Johan, Y. Al-douri, Salim Newaz Kazi and Syed Tawab Shah

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080597 - 6 Aug 2018

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5348

Abstract

This research deals with the effect of the temperature on the physical, thermal, electrochemical, and adsorption properties of the carbon micro-spheres using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Until recently, limited research has been conducted regarding the effects of delignification during the HTC process of biomass residues especially Dimocarpus longan. In this regard, lignin was first extracted from the lingo-cellulosic waste of Longan fruit peel (Dimocarpus longan). The holocellulose (HC) separated from lignin and raw biomass substrates (Longan fruit exocarp/peel powder, LFP) were carbonized at different temperatures using water as the green catalyst. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was performed for both of the samples (LFP and HC) at 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C for 24 h each. The surface morphological structures, the porosity, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the prepared micro-spherical carbon were determined. The BET surface areas obtained for HC-based carbon samples were lower than that of the raw LFP based carbon samples. The carbon obtained was characterized using ultimate and proximate analyses. The surface morphological features and phase transformation of the synthesized micro-spherical carbon was characterized by a field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results demonstrated that the extraction of lignin could significantly alter the end properties of the synthesized carbon sample. The carbon spheres derived from LFP showed a higher carbon content than the HC-based carbon. The absence of lignin in the holo-cellulose (HC) made it easy to disintegrate in comparison to the raw, LFP-based carbon samples during the HTC process. The carbonaceous samples (LFP-300 and HC-300) prepared at 300 °C were selected and their adsorption performance for Pb (II) cations was observed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin linear isotherm models. At 30 °C, the equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm model more than the Freundlich and Temkin model for both the LFP-300 sample and the HC-300 sample. The potential of the synthesized carbon microspheres were further analyzed by thermodynamic characterizations of the adsorption equilibrium system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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21 pages, 5223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Electrothermal Self-Healing Microcapsules with Graphene/Polymer Hybrid Shells for Bitumenious Material

by Xinyu Wang, Yandong Guo, Junfeng Su, Xiaolong Zhang, Yingyuan Wang and Yiqiu Tan

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(6), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8060419 - 9 Jun 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4702

Abstract

Self-healing bituminous material has been a hot research topic in self-healing materials, and this smart self-healing approach is a promising a revolution in pavement material technology. Bitumen has a self-healing naturality relating to temperature, healing time, and aging degree. To date, heat induction and microencapsulation rejuvenator are two feasible approaches, which have been put into real applications. However, both methods have disadvantages limiting their practical results and efficiency. It will be an ideal method combining the advantages and avoiding the disadvantages of the above two methods at the same time. The aim of this work was to synthesize and characterize electrothermal self-healing microcapsules containing bituminous rejuvenator with graphene/organic nanohybrid structure shells. The microcapsules owned electric conductivity capability because of the advent of graphene, and realized the self-healing through the two approaches of heat induction and rejuvenation. The microcapsule shells were fabricated using a strength hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) resin and graphene by two-step hybrid polymerization. Experimental tests were carried out to character the morphology, integrity, and shell structure. It was found that the electric charge balance determined the graphene/HMMM microstructure. The graphene content in shells could not be greatly increased under an electrostatic balance in emulsion. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results indicated that the graphene had deposited on shells. TGA/DTG tests implied that the thermal decomposition temperature of microcapsules with graphene had increased to about 350 °C. The thermal conductivity of microcapsules had been sharply increased to about 8.0 W/m²·K with 2.0 wt % graphene in shells. At the same time, electrical resistivity of microcapsules/bitumen samples had a decrease with more graphene in bitumen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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12 pages, 1801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Study of Aluminum Hydroxide as a Hydrogen-Bonded Layered Material

by Dongwook Kim, Jong Hyun Jung and Jisoon Ihm

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(6), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8060375 - 28 May 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5563

Abstract

In many layer-structured materials, constituent layers are bound through van der Waals (vdW) interactions. However, hydrogen bonding is another type of weak interaction which can contribute to the formation of multi-layered materials. In this work, we investigate aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)

_{3}

] having [...] Read more.

_{3}

] having hydrogen bonding as an interlayer binding mechanism. We study the crystal structures and electronic band structures of bulk, single-layer, and multi-layer Al(OH)

_{3}

using density functional theory calculations. We find that hydrogen bonds across the constituent layers indeed give rise to interlayer binding stronger than vdW interactions, and a reduction of the band gap occurs for an isolated layer as compared to bulk Al(OH)

_{3}

which is attributed to the emergence of surface states. We also consider the alkali-halide intercalation between layers and examine how the intercalated atoms affect the atomic and electronic structures of Al(OH)

_{3}

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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15 pages, 17574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemically-Driven Insertion of Biological Nanodiscs into Solid State Membrane Pores as a Basis for “Pore-In-Pore” Membranes

by Farid Farajollahi, Axel Seidenstücker, Klara Altintoprak, Paul Walther, Paul Ziemann, Alfred Plettl, Othmar Marti, Christina Wege and Hartmut Gliemann

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(4), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8040237 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4911

Abstract

Nanoporous membranes are of increasing interest for many applications, such as molecular filters, biosensors, nanofluidic logic and energy conversion devices. To meet high-quality standards, e.g., in molecular separation processes, membranes with well-defined pores in terms of pore diameter and chemical properties are required. However, the preparation of membranes with narrow pore diameter distributions is still challenging. In the work presented here, we demonstrate a strategy, a “pore-in-pore” approach, where the conical pores of a solid state membrane produced by a multi-step top-down lithography procedure are used as a template to insert precisely-formed biomolecular nanodiscs with exactly defined inner and outer diameters. These nanodiscs, which are the building blocks of tobacco mosaic virus-deduced particles, consist of coat proteins, which self-assemble under defined experimental conditions with a stabilizing short RNA. We demonstrate that the insertion of the nanodiscs can be driven either by diffusion due to a concentration gradient or by applying an electric field along the cross-section of the solid state membrane. It is found that the electrophoresis-driven insertion is significantly more effective than the insertion via the concentration gradient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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15 pages, 12772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Few-Layer MoS₂ Nanodomains Decorating TiO₂ Nanoparticles: A Case Study for the Photodegradation of Carbamazepine

by Sara Cravanzola, Marco Sarro, Federico Cesano, Paola Calza and Domenica Scarano

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(4), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8040207 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4721

Abstract

S-doped TiO₂ and hybrid MoS₂/TiO₂ systems have been synthesized, via the sulfidation with H₂S of the bare TiO₂ and of MoO_x supported on TiO₂ systems, with the aim of enhancing the photocatalytic properties of TiO₂ for the degradation of carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant drug, whose residues and metabolites are usually inefficiently removed in wastewater treatment plants. The focus of this study is to find a relationship between the morphology/structure/surface properties and photoactivity. The full characterization of samples reveals the strong effects of the H₂S action on the properties of TiO₂, with the formation of defects at the surface, as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), while also the optical properties are strongly affected by the sulfidation treatment, with changes in the electronic states of TiO₂. Meanwhile, the formation of small and thin few-layer MoS₂ domains, decorating the TiO₂ surface, is evidenced by both high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and UV-Vis/Raman spectroscopies, while Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra give insights into the nature of Ti and Mo surface sites. The most interesting findings of our research are the enhanced photoactivity of the MoS₂/TiO₂ hybrid photocatalyst toward the carbamazepine mineralization. Surprisingly, the formation of hazardous compounds (i.e., acridine derivatives), usually obtained from carbamazepine, is precluded when treated with MoS₂/TiO₂ systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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19 pages, 1840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanotransition Materials (NTMs): Photocatalysis, Validated High Effective Sorbent Models Study for Organic Dye Degradation and Precise Mathematical Data’s at Standardized Level

by Farheen Khan, Rizwan Wahab, Mohamed Hagar, Rua Alnoman, Lutfullah and Mohd Rashid

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8030134 - 27 Feb 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4599

Abstract

The present work describes the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) via a solution process with the aim of applying the nano-adsorbent for the reduction of methylene blue (MB) dye in alkaline media. These NPs were characterized via Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction, high-resolution Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultra violet UV-visible spectroscopy to confirm their morphology and crystalline and optical properties in order to design an adsorption-degradation process. The photocatalytic CuONPs exhibited dynamic properties, great adsorption affinity during the chemisorption process, and operated at various modes with a strong interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorptive species, and equilibrium isotherm, kinetic isotherm, and thermodynamic activities in the presence of UV light. All basic quantities, such as concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, time, and temperature, were determined by an optimization process. The best-fitted adsorption Langmuir model (R² = 0.9988) and performance, including adsorption capacity (350.87 mg/g), photocatalytic efficiency (90.74%), and degradation rate constant (Ks = 2.23 ×10⁻² min⁻¹), illustrate good feasibility with respect to sorption-reduction reactions but followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic on the adsorbent surface, reaching an equilibrium point in 80 min. The thermodynamic analysis suggests that the adsorption reaction is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (∆H°), entropy (∆S°), and Gibbs free energy (∆G°) give effective results to support a chemical reduction reaction at 303 K temperature. The equilibrium isotherm and kinetic and thermodynamic models with error function analysis explore the potential, acceptability, accuracy, access to adsorbents, and novelty of an unrivaled-sorption system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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7 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Large Area Nanoparticle Alignment by Chemical Lift-Off Lithography

by Chong-You Chen, Chia-Hsuan Chang, Chang-Ming Wang, Yi-Jing Li, Hsiao-Yuan Chu, Hong-Hseng Chan, Yu-Wei Huang and Wei-Ssu Liao

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8020071 - 27 Jan 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5107

Abstract

Nanoparticle alignment on the substrate attracts considerable attention due to its wide application in different fields, such as mechanical control, small size electronics, bio/chemical sensing, molecular manipulation, and energy harvesting. However, precise nanoparticle positioning and deposition control with high fidelity are still challenging. Herein, a straightforward strategy for high quality nanoparticle-alignment by chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is demonstrated. This technique creates high resolution self-assembled monolayer (SAM) chemical patterns on gold substrates, enabling nanoparticle-selective deposition and precise alignment. The fabricated nanoparticle arrangement geometries and dimensions are well-controllable in a large area. With proper nanoparticle surface functionality control and adequate substrate molecular manipulation, well-defined nanoparticle arrays with single-particle-wide alignment resolution are achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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5096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure and Optical Properties of Titania-PDMS Hybrid Nanocomposites Prepared by In Situ Non-Aqueous Synthesis

by Antoine R. M. Dalod, Ola G. Grendal, Anders B. Blichfeld, Vedran Furtula, Javier Pérez, Lars Henriksen, Tor Grande and Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(12), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7120460 - 20 Dec 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8208

Abstract

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials are attractive due to the combination of properties from the two distinct types of materials. In this work, transparent titania-polydimethylsiloxane hybrid materials with up to 15.5 vol. % TiO₂ content were prepared by an in situ non-aqueous method using titanium (IV) isopropoxide and hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane as precursors. Spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared, Raman, Ultraviolet-visible, ellipsometry) and small-angle X-ray scattering analysis allowed to describe in detail the structure and the optical properties of the nanocomposites. Titanium alkoxide was successfully used as a cross-linker and titania-like nanodomains with an average size of approximately 4 nm were shown to form during the process. The resulting hybrid nanocomposites exhibit high transparency and tunable refractive index from 1.42 up to 1.56, depending on the titania content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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3567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ionic Liquid Confined in Mesoporous Polymer Membrane with Improved Stability for CO₂/N₂ Separation

by Ming Tan, Jingting Lu, Yang Zhang and Heqing Jiang

Nanomaterials 2017, 7(10), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7100299 - 29 Sep 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5456

Abstract

Supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) have a promising prospect of application in flue gas separation, owing to its high permeability and selectivity of CO₂. However, existing SILMs have the disadvantage of poor stability due to the loss of ionic liquid from the large pores of the macroporous support. In this study, a novel SILM with high stability was developed by confining ionic liquid in a mesoporous polymer membrane. First, a mesoporous polymer membrane derived from a soluble, low-molecular-weight phenolic resin precursor was deposited on a porous Al₂O₃ support, and then 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([emim][BF₄]) was immobilized inside mesopores of phenolic resin, forming the SILM under vacuum. Effects of trans-membrane pressure difference on the SILM separation performance were investigated by measuring the permeances of CO₂ and N₂. The SILM exhibits a high ideal CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 40, and an actual selectivity of approximately 25 in a mixed gas (50% CO₂ and 50% N₂) at a trans-membrane pressure difference of 2.5 bar. Compared to [emim][BF₄] supported by polyethersulfone membrane with a pore size of around 0.45 μm, the [emim][BF₄] confined in a mesoporous polymer membrane exhibits an improved stability, and its separation performance remained stable for 40 h under a trans-membrane pressure difference of 1.5 bar in a mixed gas before the measurement was intentionally stopped. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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Review

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56 pages, 8341 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Nanocarbon Reinforced Rubber Nanocomposites: Detailed Insights about Mechanical, Dynamical Mechanical Properties, Payne, and Mullin Effects

by Suneel Kumar Srivastava and Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(11), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8110945 - 16 Nov 2018

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 11331

Abstract

The reinforcing ability of the fillers results in significant improvements in properties of polymer matrix at extremely low filler loadings as compared to conventional fillers. In view of this, the present review article describes the different methods used in preparation of different rubber nanocomposites reinforced with nanodimensional individual carbonaceous fillers, such as graphene, expanded graphite, single walled carbon nanotubes, multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and hybrid fillers consisting combination of individual fillers. This is followed by review of mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, Young modulus, and fracture toughness) and dynamic mechanical properties (glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, melting point) of these rubber nanocomposites. Finally, Payne and Mullin effects have also been reviewed in rubber filled with different carbon based nanofillers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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18 pages, 1483 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Agent Delivery for Treating Metastatic Breast Cancer—Challenges and Opportunities

by Yunfei Li, Brock Humphries, Chengfeng Yang and Zhishan Wang

Nanomaterials 2018, 8(6), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8060361 - 24 May 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5766

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in American women and more than 90% of BC-related death is caused by metastatic BC (MBC). This review stresses the limited success of traditional therapies as well as the use of nanomedicine for treating MBC. Understanding the biological barriers of MBC that nanoparticle in vivo trafficking must overcome could provide valuable new insights for translating nanomedicine from the bench side to the bedside. A view about nanomedicine applied in BC therapy has been summarized with their present status, which is gaining attention in the clinically-applied landscape. The progressions of drug/gene delivery systems, especially the status of their preclinical or clinical trials, are also discussed. Here we highlight that the treatment of metastasis, in addition to the extensively described inhibition of primary tumor growth, is an indispensable requirement for nanomedicine. Along with more innovations in material chemistry and more progressions in biology, nanomedicine will constantly supply more exciting new approaches for targeted drug/gene delivery against MBC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials for Future Technologies)

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