Nutrients

18 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Indexing of Fatty Acids in Poultry Meat for Its Characterization in Healthy Human Nutrition: A Comprehensive Application of the Scientific Literature and New Proposals

by Alessandro Dal Bosco, Alice Cartoni Mancinelli, Gaetano Vaudo, Massimiliano Cavallo, Cesare Castellini and Simona Mattioli

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3110; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153110 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3669

Abstract

Chicken meat is becoming the most consumed in the world for both economic and nutritional reasons; regarding the latter, the lipid profile may play positive or negative roles in the prevention and treatment of diseases. In this study, we define the state of [...] Read more.

Chicken meat is becoming the most consumed in the world for both economic and nutritional reasons; regarding the latter, the lipid profile may play positive or negative roles in the prevention and treatment of diseases. In this study, we define the state of the art of lipid-based nutritional indexes and used the lipid content and fatty acid profile (both qualitative and quantitative) of breast meat of two poultry genotypes with different growth rates and meat traits. Further, we summarize and review the definitions, implications, and applications of nutritional indexes used in recent years and others of our own design to provide a useful tool to researchers working in the field of meat quality (not only in poultry) to select the most appropriate index for their own scientific purposes. All indexes show advantages and disadvantages; hence, a rational choice should be applied to consider the nutritional effect of meat on human health and for a possible assessment of the most suitable rearing systems (genotype, feeding, farming system or postmortem handling). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health)

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31 pages, 1917 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential of the Mediterranean Diet to Improve Mitochondrial Function in Experimental Models of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

by Mohamad Khalil, Harshitha Shanmugam, Hala Abdallah, Jerlin Stephy John Britto, Ilaria Galerati, Javier Gómez-Ambrosi, Gema Frühbeck and Piero Portincasa

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3112; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153112 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6709

Abstract

The abnormal expansion of body fat paves the way for several metabolic abnormalities including overweight, obesity, and diabetes, which ultimately cluster under the umbrella of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients with MetS are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality. The [...] Read more.

The abnormal expansion of body fat paves the way for several metabolic abnormalities including overweight, obesity, and diabetes, which ultimately cluster under the umbrella of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients with MetS are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, morbidity, and mortality. The coexistence of distinct metabolic abnormalities is associated with the release of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, as components of low-to-medium grade systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress. Adopting healthy lifestyles, by using appropriate dietary regimens, contributes to the prevention and treatment of MetS. Metabolic abnormalities can influence the function and energetic capacity of mitochondria, as observed in many obesity-related cardio-metabolic disorders. There are preclinical studies both in cellular and animal models, as well as clinical studies, dealing with distinct nutrients of the Mediterranean diet (MD) and dysfunctional mitochondria in obesity and MetS. The term “Mitochondria nutrients” has been adopted in recent years, and it depicts the adequate nutrients to keep proper mitochondrial function. Different experimental models show that components of the MD, including polyphenols, plant-derived compounds, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, can improve mitochondrial metabolism, biogenesis, and antioxidant capacity. Such effects are valuable to counteract the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with obesity-related abnormalities and can represent the beneficial feature of polyphenols-enriched olive oil, vegetables, nuts, fish, and plant-based foods, as the main components of the MD. Thus, developing mitochondria-targeting nutrients and natural agents for MetS treatment and/or prevention is a logical strategy to decrease the burden of disease and medications at a later stage. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the effects of the MD and its bioactive components on improving mitochondrial structure and activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management)

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19 pages, 3276 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Legumes—A Comprehensive Exploration of Global Food-Based Dietary Guidelines and Consumption

by Jaimee Hughes, Emma Pearson and Sara Grafenauer

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3080; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153080 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 7724

Abstract

Despite the well-known human and planetary health benefits of legumes, consumption is often low. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the inclusion of legumes in global food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG), and to review consumption data against global food group classifications for legumes. The [...] Read more.

Despite the well-known human and planetary health benefits of legumes, consumption is often low. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the inclusion of legumes in global food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG), and to review consumption data against global food group classifications for legumes. The review of FBDG from 94 countries identified legume-based key messaging, the key terms used to define legumes, recommended serving size and frequency of consumption and the classification of legumes into food groups as depicted by food guides. The 2018 Global Dietary Database isolated consumption data of legumes and beans using individual-level, nationally representative dietary survey data for matched countries. Food-based dietary guidelines from 40/94 countries most often identified legumes utilising the term legumes, followed by beans (n = 13), pulses (n = 10), or as beans, peas and lentils (n = 5). The serving size recommendations for legume consumption varied widely, and there was no consistency in the suggested frequency of consumption. Median bean and legume consumption for countries with FBDG ranged from 1.2 g/d (Norway) to 122.7 g/d (Afghanistan). Classification of legumes into food groups varied, with 38% of countries categorising legumes in the protein-rich food group, 20% were in a group on their own and 15% were in the starchy staples group. In countries where legumes were together with either nuts or seeds had the greatest range in intake (11.6–122.7 g/day), followed by those that grouped legumes together with protein-rich foods (4.0–104.7 g/day), while countries that grouped legumes into two food groups, in an attempt to promote consumption, tended to have a lower consumption. Greater emphasis and perhaps repositioning of legumes in dietary guidelines may be required to encourage consumption for health, environmental and economic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Legumes for Human Nutrition)

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13 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Effect on Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Jeongmin Lee, Jae-Seung Yun and Seung-Hyun Ko

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153086 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 5051

Abstract

Diabetes is well established as a chronic disease with a high health burden due to mortality or morbidity from the final outcomes of vascular complications. An increased duration of hyperglycemia is associated with abnormal metabolism. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are nonenzymatic glycated [...] Read more.

Diabetes is well established as a chronic disease with a high health burden due to mortality or morbidity from the final outcomes of vascular complications. An increased duration of hyperglycemia is associated with abnormal metabolism. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are nonenzymatic glycated forms of free amino acids that lead to abnormal crosslinking of extra-cellular and intracellular proteins by disrupting the normal structure. Furthermore, the interaction of AGEs and their receptors induces several pathways by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. In this review, we discuss the role of AGEs in diabetic vascular complications, especially type 2 DM, based on recent clinical studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs): Link between Modern Health and Disease)

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12 pages, 791 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Positive Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Sophie De Niet, Mickaël Trémège, Monte Coffiner, Anne-Francoise Rousseau, Doriane Calmes, Anne-Noelle Frix, Fanny Gester, Muriel Delvaux, Anne-Francoise Dive, Elora Guglielmi, Monique Henket, Alicia Staderoli, Didier Maesen, Renaud Louis, Julien Guiot and Etienne Cavalier

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153048 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 22163

Abstract

Retrospective studies showed a relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, with an inverse relation between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and circulating calcifediol levels. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the length [...] Read more.

Retrospective studies showed a relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, with an inverse relation between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and circulating calcifediol levels. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the length of hospital stay and clinical improvement in patients with vitamin D deficiency hospitalized with COVID-19. The study was randomized, double blind and placebo controlled. A total of 50 subjects were enrolled and received, in addition to the best available COVID therapy, either vitamin D (25,000 IU per day over 4 consecutive days, followed by 25,000 IU per week up to 6 weeks) or placebo. The length of hospital stay decreased significantly in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (4 days vs. 8 days; p = 0.003). At Day 7, a significantly lower percentage of patients were still hospitalized in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (19% vs. 54%; p = 0.0161), and none of the patients treated with vitamin D were hospitalized after 21 days compared to 14% of the patients treated with placebo. Vitamin D significantly reduced the duration of supplemental oxygen among the patients who needed it (4 days vs. 7 days in the placebo group; p = 0.012) and significantly improved the clinical recovery of the patients, as assessed by the WHO scale (p = 0.0048). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization was improved by administration of vitamin D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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15 pages, 1725 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

by Mauro Lombardo, Alessandra Feraco, Morena Ottaviani, Gianluca Rizzo, Elisabetta Camajani, Massimiliano Caprio and Andrea Armani

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3010; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153010 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8681

Abstract

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CMP) are diffuse suffering syndromes that interfere with normal activities. Controversy exists over the role of vitamin D in the treatment of these diseases. We carried out a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials [...] Read more.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CMP) are diffuse suffering syndromes that interfere with normal activities. Controversy exists over the role of vitamin D in the treatment of these diseases. We carried out a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to establish whether vitamin D (25OHD) deficiency is more prevalent in CMP patients and to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation in pain management in these individuals. We searched PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) for RCTs published in English from 1 January 1990 to 10 July 2022. A total of 434 studies were accessed, of which 14 satisfied the eligibility criteria. In our review three studies, of which two had the best-quality evidence, a correlation between diffuse muscle pain and 25OHD deficiency was confirmed. Six studies, of which four had the best-quality evidence, demonstrated that appropriate supplementation may have beneficial effects in patients with established blood 25OHD deficiency. Eight studies, of which six had the best-quality evidence, demonstrated that 25OHD supplementation results in pain reduction. Our results suggest a possible role of vitamin D supplementation in alleviating the pain associated with FMS and CMP, especially in vitamin D-deficient individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)

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12 pages, 1352 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D in the Context of Evolution

by Carsten Carlberg

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153018 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6944

Abstract

For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D [...] Read more.

For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D receptor), transport proteins and enzymes for vitamin D metabolism evolved. This enabled vitamin D to regulate, via its target genes, physiological process, the first of which were detoxification and energy metabolism. In this way, vitamin D was enabled to modulate the energy-consuming processes of the innate immune system in its fight against microbes. In the evolving adaptive immune system, vitamin D started to act as a negative regulator of growth, which prevents overboarding reactions of T cells in the context of autoimmune diseases. When, some 400 million years ago, species left the ocean and were exposed to gravitation, vitamin D endocrinology took over the additional role as a major regulator of calcium homeostasis, being important for a stable skeleton. Homo sapiens evolved approximately 300,000 years ago in East Africa and had adapted vitamin D endocrinology to the intensive exposure of the equatorial sun. However, when some 75,000 years ago, when anatomically modern humans started to populate all continents, they also reached regions with seasonally low or no UV-B, i.e., and under these conditions vitamin D became a vitamin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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29 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mediterranean Diet on Sleep: A Health Alliance

by Egeria Scoditti, Maria Rosaria Tumolo and Sergio Garbarino

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2998; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142998 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 17807

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based, antioxidant-rich, unsaturated fat dietary pattern that has been consistently associated with lower rates of noncommunicable diseases and total mortality, so that it is considered one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies have demonstrated [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based, antioxidant-rich, unsaturated fat dietary pattern that has been consistently associated with lower rates of noncommunicable diseases and total mortality, so that it is considered one of the healthiest dietary patterns. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet and its peculiar foods and nutrients exert beneficial effects against inflammation, oxidative stress, dysmetabolism, vascular dysfunction, adiposity, senescence, cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and tumorigenesis, thus preventing age-associated chronic diseases and improving wellbeing and health. Nocturnal sleep is an essential physiological function, whose alteration is associated with health outcomes and chronic diseases. Scientific evidence suggests that diet and sleep are related in a bidirectional relationship, and the understanding of this association is important given their role in disease prevention. In this review, we surveyed the literature concerning the current state of evidence from epidemiological studies on the impact of the Mediterranean diet on nighttime sleep quantity and quality. The available studies indicate that greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with adequate sleep duration and with several indicators of better sleep quality. Potential mechanisms mediating the effect of the Mediterranean diet and its foods and nutrients on sleep are described, and gap-in-knowledge and new research agenda to corroborate findings are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition at the Interface of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Implications for Health)

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15 pages, 2559 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Glomerular Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Kidney Disease

by Anubhuti Gupta, Kunal Singh, Sameen Fatima, Saira Ambreen, Silke Zimmermann, Ruaa Younis, Shruthi Krishnan, Rajiv Rana, Ihsan Gadi, Constantin Schwab, Ronald Biemann, Khurrum Shahzad, Vibha Rani, Shakir Ali, Peter Rene Mertens, Shrey Kohli and Berend Isermann

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2965; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142965 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5056

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease largely due to lifestyle and nutritional imbalance, resulting in insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and vascular complications. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of end-stage renal failure contributing to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therapeutic options to prevent [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease largely due to lifestyle and nutritional imbalance, resulting in insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and vascular complications. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of end-stage renal failure contributing to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therapeutic options to prevent or reverse DKD progression are limited. Endothelial and glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) dysfunction and sterile inflammation are associated with DKD. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), originally identified as an innate immune mechanism to combat infection, have been implicated in sterile inflammatory responses in non-communicable diseases. However, the contribution of NETs in DKD remains unknown. Here, we show that biomarkers of NETs are increased in diabetic mice and diabetic patients and that these changes correlate with DKD severity. Mechanistically, NETs promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation and glomerular endothelial dysfunction under high glucose stress in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of NETs (PAD4 inhibitor) ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and renal injury in DKD. Taken together, NET-induced sterile inflammation promotes diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction, identifying a new pathomechanism contributing to DKD. Inhibition of NETs may be a promising therapeutic strategy in DKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Vascular Disease)

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21 pages, 1092 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gut Microbiota in Psoriasis

by Mihaela Cristina Buhaș, Laura Ioana Gavrilaș, Rareș Candrea, Adrian Cătinean, Andrei Mocan, Doina Miere and Alexandru Tătaru

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142970 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 9460

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with autoimmune pathogenic characteristics and is caused by chronic inflammation, which results in uncontrolled keratinocyte growth and defective differentiation. The link between the gut microbiota and immune system regulation opened a novel angle to understand the [...] Read more.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with autoimmune pathogenic characteristics and is caused by chronic inflammation, which results in uncontrolled keratinocyte growth and defective differentiation. The link between the gut microbiota and immune system regulation opened a novel angle to understand the pathogenesis of many chronic multifactorial diseases, including psoriasis. Current evidence suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota, both through dietary approaches and through supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, could represent a novel therapeutic approach. The present work aims to highlight the latest scientific evidence regarding the microbiome alterations of psoriatic patients, as well as state of the art insights in terms of microbiome-targeted therapies as promising preventive and therapeutic tools for psoriasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Microbiome Modulation for Human Health)

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20 pages, 1865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Iron Deficiency Anemia: Efficacy and Limitations of Nutritional and Comprehensive Mitigation Strategies

by Shashi Bhushan Kumar, Shanvanth R. Arnipalli, Priyanka Mehta, Silvia Carrau and Ouliana Ziouzenkova

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2976; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142976 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 20187

Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has reached epidemic proportions in developing countries and has become a major global public health problem, affecting mainly 0–5-year-old children and young women of childbearing age, especially during pregnancy. Iron deficiency can lead to life-threatening loss of red blood [...] Read more.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has reached epidemic proportions in developing countries and has become a major global public health problem, affecting mainly 0–5-year-old children and young women of childbearing age, especially during pregnancy. Iron deficiency can lead to life-threatening loss of red blood cells, muscle function, and energy production. Therefore, the pathogenic features associated with IDA are weakness and impaired growth, motor, and cognitive performance. IDA affects the well-being of the young generation and the economic advancement of developing countries, such as India. The imbalance between iron intake/absorption/storage and iron utilization/loss culminates into IDA. However, numerous strategic programs aimed to increase iron intake have shown that improvement of iron intake alone has not been sufficient to mitigate IDA. Emerging critical risk factors for IDA include a composition of cultural diets, infections, genetics, inflammatory conditions, metabolic diseases, dysbiosis, and socioeconomic parameters. In this review, we discuss numerous IDA mitigation programs in India and their limitations. The new multifactorial mechanism of IDA pathogenesis opens perspectives for the improvement of mitigation programs and relief of IDA in India and worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anemia and Dietary Assessment on Human Health)

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16 pages, 7148 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Specific Strains of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Ameliorate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice in Association with Gut Microbiota Regulation

by Wenbing Hu, Wenyu Gao, Zongmin Liu, Zhifeng Fang, Hongchao Wang, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Wenwei Lu and Wei Chen

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142945 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5103

Abstract

Evidence linking Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accumulating; however, the causal relationship remains obscure. In this study, 12 F. prausnitzii strains were orally administered to high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks to evaluate the protective [...] Read more.

Evidence linking Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accumulating; however, the causal relationship remains obscure. In this study, 12 F. prausnitzii strains were orally administered to high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks to evaluate the protective effects of F. prausnitzii on NAFLD. We found that five F. prausnitzii strains, A2-165, LB8, ZF21, PL45, and LC49, significantly restored serum lipid profiles and ameliorated glucose intolerance, adipose tissue dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a mouse model of NAFLD. Moreover, two strains, LC49 and LB8, significantly enhanced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and modulated the gut microbiota. Based on the combined analysis of linear discriminant analysis effect size and microbial communities, the core microbiome related to NAFLD comprised Odoribacter, Roseburia, Erysipelatoclostridium, Tyzzerella, Faecalibaculum, Blautia, and Acetatifactor, and the last five genera can be reversed by treatment with the LC49 and LB8 strains. Additionally, the LC49 and LB8 strains enriched Lactobacillus, Ileibacterium, Faecalibacterium, Dubosiella, and Bifidobacterium and downregulated pathways involving carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Interestingly, LC49 supplementation also upregulated tryptophan metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, which might be related to NAFLD prevention. Collectively, F. prausnitzii LC49 and LB8 exerted considerable anti-NAFLD and microbiota-regulating effects, indicating their potential as probiotic agents for NAFLD treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Human Health)

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21 pages, 2999 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Mediterranean Diet: An Update of the Clinical Trials

by Mauro Finicelli, Anna Di Salle, Umberto Galderisi and Gianfranco Peluso

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2956; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142956 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 77 | Viewed by 14773

Abstract

The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a term used to identify a dietary pattern originating from the unique multi-millennial interplay between natural food resources and the eating practices of people living in the Mediterranean basin. Scientific evidence has described the healthy properties of the [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a term used to identify a dietary pattern originating from the unique multi-millennial interplay between natural food resources and the eating practices of people living in the Mediterranean basin. Scientific evidence has described the healthy properties of the MedDiet and its beneficial role in several pathological conditions. Nevertheless, current socio-economic trends have moved people away from this healthy lifestyle. Thus, clinical and biological evidence supporting the benefits of the MedDiet is needed to overcome these limitations. Clinical nutrition research examines the effects of dietary interventions on biological or health-related outcomes in a determined study population. The evidence produced by these studies is useful for dietary guidance and public health messaging. We provided an update of the clinical trials registered on the database clinicaltrials.gov evaluating the effects of the MedDiet on health and specific diseases. Our findings revealed an increased number of clinical trials in the last decade and found that most disease-related studies focused on cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. The majority of MedDiet’s beneficial effects could be primarily related to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties as well as the effectiveness of this dietary pattern in controlling waist circumference and obesity. Moreover, strict and long-lasting adherence to the MedDiet as well as the beneficial effects of specific components (e.g., olive oil or its polyphenols) seem to emerge as useful insights for interventional improvements. These findings present further insights into the MedDiet’s resources and how it could strengthen overall public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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18 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Factors during and after Cancer: Impacts on Survival and Quality of Life

by Sébastien Salas, Vanessa Cottet, Laure Dossus, Philippine Fassier, Julie Ginhac, Paule Latino-Martel, Isabelle Romieu, Stéphane Schneider, Bernard Srour, Marina Touillaud, Mathilde Touvier and Raphaëlle Ancellin

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2958; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142958 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7706

Abstract

The French National Cancer Institute conducted a collective expertise study with researchers and clinical experts from the French Network for Nutrition And Cancer Research (NACRe Network). The objective was to update the state of knowledge on the impacts of nutritional factors on clinical [...] Read more.

The French National Cancer Institute conducted a collective expertise study with researchers and clinical experts from the French Network for Nutrition And Cancer Research (NACRe Network). The objective was to update the state of knowledge on the impacts of nutritional factors on clinical endpoints during or after cancer. Data from 150 meta-analyses, pooled analyses or intervention trials and 93 cohort studies were examined; they concerned 8 nutritional factors, 6 clinical events and 20 cancer locations. This report shows that some nutritional factors have impacts on mortality and on the risks of recurrence or second primary cancer in cancer patients. Therefore, high-risk nutritional conditions can be encountered for certain cancer sites: from the diagnosis and throughout the health care pathways, weight loss (lung and esophageal cancers), malnutrition (lung, esophageal, colorectal, pancreatic, gastric and liver cancers), weight gain (colorectal, breast and kidney cancers) and alcohol consumption (upper aerodigestive cancers) should be monitored; and after cancer treatments, excess weight should be detected (colorectal, breast and kidney cancers). These situations require nutritional assessments, and even support or management by health care professionals, in the context of tertiary prevention. This report also highlights some limitations regarding the existing literature and some needs for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Diet and Exercise for Advanced and Metastatic Cancers)

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23 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A High-Sugar Diet Consumption, Metabolism and Health Impacts with a Focus on the Development of Substance Use Disorder: A Narrative Review

by Kacper Witek, Karolina Wydra and Małgorzata Filip

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2940; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142940 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 19347

Abstract

Carbohydrates are important macronutrients in human and rodent diet patterns that play a key role in crucial metabolic pathways and provide the necessary energy for proper body functioning. Sugar homeostasis and intake require complex hormonal and nervous control to proper body energy balance. [...] Read more.

Carbohydrates are important macronutrients in human and rodent diet patterns that play a key role in crucial metabolic pathways and provide the necessary energy for proper body functioning. Sugar homeostasis and intake require complex hormonal and nervous control to proper body energy balance. Added sugar in processed food results in metabolic, cardiovascular, and nervous disorders. Epidemiological reports have shown enhanced consumption of sweet products in children and adults, especially in reproductive age and in pregnant women, which can lead to the susceptibility of offspring’s health to diseases in early life or in adulthood and proneness to mental disorders. In this review, we discuss the impacts of high-sugar diet (HSD) or sugar intake during the perinatal and/or postnatal periods on neural and behavioural disturbances as well as on the development of substance use disorder (SUD). Since several emotional behavioural disturbances are recognized as predictors of SUD, we also present how HSD enhances impulsive behaviour, stress, anxiety and depression. Apart from the influence of HSD on these mood disturbances, added sugar can render food addiction. Both food and addictive substances change the sensitivity of the brain rewarding neurotransmission signalling. The results of the collected studies could be important in assessing sugar intake, especially via maternal dietary patterns, from the clinical perspective of SUD prevention or pre-existing emotional disorders. Methodology: This narrative review focuses on the roles of a high-sugar diet (HSD) and added sugar in foods and on the impacts of glucose and fructose on the development of substance use disorder (SUD) and on the behavioural predictors of drugs abuse. The literature was reviewed by two authors independently according to the topic of the review. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute open access scientific journals using the following keyword search strategy depending on the theme of the chapter: “high-sugar diet” OR “high-carbohydrate diet” OR “sugar” OR “glucose” OR “fructose” OR “added sugar” AND keywords. We excluded inaccessible or pay-walled articles, abstracts, conference papers, editorials, letters, commentary, and short notes. Reviews, experimental studies, and epidemiological data, published since 1990s, were searched and collected depending on the chapter structure. After the search, all duplicates are thrown out and full texts were read, and findings were rescreened. After the selection process, appropriate papers were included to present in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Present and Future)

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14 pages, 512 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Health Benefits of Egg Protein

by Michael J. Puglisi and Maria Luz Fernandez

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2904; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142904 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 26624

Abstract

Once the general public accepts that dietary cholesterol is not a concern for cardiovascular disease risk, foods that have been labeled as high-cholesterol sources, including eggs, may be appreciated for their various other dietary components. One of the nutrients in eggs that deserves [...] Read more.

Once the general public accepts that dietary cholesterol is not a concern for cardiovascular disease risk, foods that have been labeled as high-cholesterol sources, including eggs, may be appreciated for their various other dietary components. One of the nutrients in eggs that deserves further discussion is egg protein. Egg protein has been recognized to be highly digestible and an excellent source of essential amino acids, with the highest attainable protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score. Egg protein has been shown to decrease malnutrition in underdeveloped countries, possibly increase height in children, and protect against kwashiorkor. Egg protein has been demonstrated to be important to skeletal muscle health and protective against sarcopenia. Egg protein also can decrease appetite, resulting in a reduction in the caloric intake from the next meal and weight reduction. Other protective effects of egg protein addressed in this review include protection against infection as well as hypotensive and anti-cancer effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary Protein and Polysaccharide Fortification on Disease)

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16 pages, 1235 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Implications of Resveratrol in Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Thomas M. Barber, Stefan Kabisch, Harpal S. Randeva, Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer and Martin O. Weickert

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2870; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142870 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6485

Abstract

Background: Resveratrol is a polyphenol chemical that naturally occurs in many plant-based dietary products, most notably, red wine. Discovered in 1939, widespread interest in the potential health benefits of resveratrol emerged in the 1970s in response to epidemiological data on the cardioprotective effects [...] Read more.

Background: Resveratrol is a polyphenol chemical that naturally occurs in many plant-based dietary products, most notably, red wine. Discovered in 1939, widespread interest in the potential health benefits of resveratrol emerged in the 1970s in response to epidemiological data on the cardioprotective effects of wine. Objective: To explore the background of resveratrol (including its origins, stability, and metabolism), the metabolic effects of resveratrol and its mechanisms of action, and a potential future role of dietary resveratrol in the lifestyle management of obesity. Data sources: We performed a narrative review, based on relevant articles written in English from a Pubmed search, using the following search terms: “resveratrol”, “obesity”, “Diabetes Mellitus”, and “insulin sensitivity”. Results: Following its ingestion, resveratrol undergoes extensive metabolism. This includes conjugation (with sulfate and glucuronate) within enterocytes, hydrolyzation and reduction within the gut through the action of the microbiota (with the formation of metabolites such as dihydroresveratrol), and enterohepatic circulation via the bile. Ex vivo studies on adipose tissue reveal that resveratrol inhibits adipogenesis and prevents the accumulation of triglycerides through effects on the expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) and sirtuin 1, respectively. Furthermore, resveratrol induces anti-inflammatory effects, supported by data from animal-based studies. Limited data from human-based studies reveal that resveratrol improves insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and may improve inflammatory status in human obesity. Although numerous mechanisms may underlie the metabolic benefits of resveratrol, evidence supports a role in its interaction with the gut microbiota and modulation of protein targets, including sirtuins and proteins related to nitric oxide, insulin, and nuclear hormone receptors (such as PPARγ). Conclusions: Despite much interest, there remain important unanswered questions regarding its optimal dosage (and how this may differ between and within individuals), and possible benefits within the general population, including the potential for weight-loss and improved metabolic function. Future studies should properly address these important questions before we can advocate the widespread adoption of dietary resveratrol supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Resveratrol on Human Health)

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13 pages, 2140 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Its Receptor from a Structural Perspective

by Natacha Rochel

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2847; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142847 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5117

Abstract

The activities of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25D₃, are mediated via its binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Numerous studies have demonstrated the important role of 1,25D₃ and VDR signaling [...] Read more.

The activities of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25D₃, are mediated via its binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Numerous studies have demonstrated the important role of 1,25D₃ and VDR signaling in various biological processes and associated pathologies. A wealth of information about ligand recognition and mechanism of action by structural analysis of the VDR complexes is also available. The methods used in these structural studies were mainly X-ray crystallography complemented by NMR, cryo-electron microscopy and structural mass spectrometry. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of VDR structures and also to explore the recent progress in understanding the complex mechanism of action of 1,25D₃ from a structural perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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14 pages, 2873 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin B12 Regulates the Transcriptional, Metabolic, and Epigenetic Programing in Human Ileal Epithelial Cells

by Yong Ge, Mojgan Zadeh and Mansour Mohamadzadeh

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2825; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142825 - 9 Jul 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8672

Abstract

Vitamin B12 (VB12) is a micronutrient that is essential for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production. We recently demonstrated that VB12 oral supplementation coordinates ileal epithelial cells (iECs) and gut microbiota functions to resist pathogen colonization in mice, but it remains unclear whether [...] Read more.

Vitamin B12 (VB12) is a micronutrient that is essential for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production. We recently demonstrated that VB12 oral supplementation coordinates ileal epithelial cells (iECs) and gut microbiota functions to resist pathogen colonization in mice, but it remains unclear whether VB12 directly modulates the cellular homeostasis of iECs derived from humans. Here, we integrated transcriptomic, metabolomic, and epigenomic analyses to identify VB12-dependent molecular and metabolic pathways in human iEC microtissue cultures. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that VB12 notably activated genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and epithelial cell proliferation while suppressing inflammatory responses in human iECs. Untargeted metabolite profiling demonstrated that VB12 facilitated the biosynthesis of amino acids and methyl groups, particularly S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and supported the function of the mitochondrial carnitine shuttle and TCA cycle. Further, genome-wide DNA methylation analysis illuminated a critical role of VB12 in sustaining cellular methylation programs, leading to differential CpG methylation of genes associated with intestinal barrier function and cell proliferation. Together, these findings suggest an essential involvement of VB12 in directing the fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolisms and reconfiguring the epigenome of human iECs to potentially support cellular oxygen utilization and cell proliferation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Biomarkers in Nutrigenomics and Metabolism)

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28 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Chronic Kidney Disease: Does the Modern Diet AGE the Kidney?

by Amelia K. Fotheringham, Linda A. Gallo, Danielle J. Borg and Josephine M. Forbes

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2675; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132675 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 8211

Abstract

Since the 1980s, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affecting all ages has increased by almost 25%. This increase may be partially attributable to lifestyle changes and increased global consumption of a “western” diet, which is typically energy dense, low in fruits and vegetables, and [...] Read more.

Since the 1980s, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affecting all ages has increased by almost 25%. This increase may be partially attributable to lifestyle changes and increased global consumption of a “western” diet, which is typically energy dense, low in fruits and vegetables, and high in animal protein and ultra-processed foods. These modern food trends have led to an increase in the consumption of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in conjunction with increased metabolic dysfunction, obesity and diabetes, which facilitates production of endogenous AGEs within the body. When in excess, AGEs can be pathological via both receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated pathways. The kidney, as a major site for AGE clearance, is particularly vulnerable to AGE-mediated damage and increases in circulating AGEs align with risk of CKD and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, individuals with significant loss of renal function show increased AGE burden, particularly with uraemia, and there is some evidence that AGE lowering via diet or pharmacological inhibition may be beneficial for CKD. This review discusses the pathways that drive AGE formation and regulation within the body. This includes AGE receptor interactions and pathways of AGE-mediated pathology with a focus on the contribution of diet on endogenous AGE production and dietary AGE consumption to these processes. We then analyse the contribution of AGEs to kidney disease, the evidence for dietary AGEs and endogenously produced AGEs in driving pathogenesis in diabetic and non-diabetic kidney disease and the potential for AGE targeted therapies in kidney disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Present and Future)

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15 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary Therapy in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)—Tradition or Modernity? A Review of the Latest Approaches to Nutrition in CVD

by Elżbieta Szczepańska, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa, Barbara Janota and Oskar Kowalski

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132649 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 10269

Abstract

The development of cardiovascular diseases is undoubtedly influenced by improper dietary behavior. The most common mistakes include irregularity of meal consumption, high dietary atherogenicity: snacking on sweets between meals, low supply of dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, legume seeds, and high supply of [...] Read more.

The development of cardiovascular diseases is undoubtedly influenced by improper dietary behavior. The most common mistakes include irregularity of meal consumption, high dietary atherogenicity: snacking on sweets between meals, low supply of dietary fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, legume seeds, and high supply of meat and meat products. Among many food components, some are characterized by a specific cardioprotective effect, which means that their supply of food may prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular disease or improve the health of the sick. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is one of the ingredients showing cardioprotective effects on the heart and blood vessels. Antioxidant and lipid profile-enhancing effects are also attributed to sitosterol which is one of the plant-derived sterols. A very important argument indicating the necessity of a varied diet rich in a variety of plant products is the beneficial effect of polyphenols, which are most abundant in multicolored vegetables and fruits. Numerous studies show their effectiveness in lowering blood pressure, improving lipid profile, and regeneration of vascular endothelium. The collected publications from the field of lifestyle medicine can be a source of knowledge for dieticians, physicians, and people associated with physical culture and human mental health to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases and reduce the risk of death from this cause. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Prevention and Control of Chronic Degenerative Diseases and COVID-19)

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22 pages, 513 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies

by Raul Sanchez-Gimenez, Wahiba Ahmed-Khodja, Yesica Molina, Oscar M. Peiró, Gil Bonet, Anna Carrasquer, George A. Fragkiadakis, Mònica Bulló, Alfredo Bardaji and Christopher Papandreou

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2654; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132654 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4225

Abstract

Gut microbiota-derived metabolites have recently attracted considerable attention due to their role in host-microbial crosstalk and their link with cardiovascular health. The MEDLINE-PubMed and Elsevier’s Scopus databases were searched up to June 2022 for studies evaluating the association of baseline circulating levels of [...] Read more.

Gut microbiota-derived metabolites have recently attracted considerable attention due to their role in host-microbial crosstalk and their link with cardiovascular health. The MEDLINE-PubMed and Elsevier’s Scopus databases were searched up to June 2022 for studies evaluating the association of baseline circulating levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), secondary bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), tryptophan and indole derivatives, with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A total of twenty-one studies were included in the systematic review after evaluating 1210 non-duplicate records. There were nineteen of the twenty-one studies that were cohort studies and two studies had a nested case–control design. All of the included studies were of high quality according to the “Newcastle–Ottawa Scale”. TMAO was positively associated with adverse cardiovascular events and CVD/all-cause mortality in some, but not all of the included studies. Bile acids were associated with atrial fibrillation and CVD/all-cause mortality, but not with CVD. Positive associations were found between BCAAs and CVD, and between indole derivatives and major adverse cardiovascular events, while a negative association was reported between tryptophan and all-cause mortality. No studies examining the relationship between SCFAs and CVD risk were identified. Evidence from prospective studies included in the systematic review supports a role of microbial metabolites in CVD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health)

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51 pages, 7829 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Overlapping Mechanisms of Action of Brain-Active Bacteria and Bacterial Metabolites in the Pathogenesis of Common Brain Diseases

by Tanja Patricia Eicher and M. Hasan Mohajeri

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132661 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 9283

Abstract

The involvement of the gut microbiota and the metabolites of colon-residing bacteria in brain disease pathogenesis has been covered in a growing number of studies, but comparative literature is scarce. To fill this gap, we explored the contribution of the microbiota–gut–brain axis to [...] Read more.

The involvement of the gut microbiota and the metabolites of colon-residing bacteria in brain disease pathogenesis has been covered in a growing number of studies, but comparative literature is scarce. To fill this gap, we explored the contribution of the microbiota–gut–brain axis to the pathophysiology of seven brain-related diseases (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder). In this article, we discussed changes in bacterial abundance and the metabolic implications of these changes on disease development and progression. Our central findings indicate that, mechanistically, all seven diseases are associated with a leaky gut, neuroinflammation, and over-activated microglial cells, to which gut-residing bacteria and their metabolites are important contributors. Patients show a pro-inflammatory shift in their colon microbiota, harbouring more Gram-negative bacteria containing immune-triggering lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in their cell walls. In addition, bacteria with pro-inflammatory properties (Alistipes, Eggerthella, Flavonifractor) are found in higher abundances, whereas lower abundances of anti-inflammatory bacteria (Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Eucbacterium, Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium, Faecalibacterium prasunitzii, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Roseburia) are reported, when compared to healthy controls. On the metabolite level, aberrant levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are involved in disease pathogenesis and are mostly found in lower quantities. Moreover, bacterial metabolites such as neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, GABA, glutamate, serotonin) or amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan) also play an important role. In the future, defined aberrations in the abundance of bacteria strains and altered bacterial metabolite levels could likely be possible markers for disease diagnostics and follow-ups. Moreover, they could help to identify novel treatment options, underlining the necessity for a deeper understanding of the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Non-dietary Modulators of Cognitive Function)

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19 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

by Federica Di Vincenzo, Pierluigi Puca, Loris Riccardo Lopetuso, Valentina Petito, Letizia Masi, Bianca Bartocci, Marco Murgiano, Margherita De Felice, Lorenzo Petronio, Antonio Gasbarrini and Franco Scaldaferri

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132664 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5494

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and microscopic colitis are chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorders that affect the gastroenterological tract and arise from a complex interaction between the host’s genetic risk factors, environmental factors, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The precise mechanistic pathways interlinking the intestinal mucosa [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and microscopic colitis are chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorders that affect the gastroenterological tract and arise from a complex interaction between the host’s genetic risk factors, environmental factors, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The precise mechanistic pathways interlinking the intestinal mucosa homeostasis, the immunological tolerance, and the gut microbiota are still crucial topics for research. We decided to deeply analyze the role of bile acids in these complex interactions and their metabolism in the modulation of gut microbiota, and thus intestinal mucosa inflammation. Recent metabolomics studies revealed a significant defect in bile acid metabolism in IBD patients, with an increase in primary bile acids and a reduction in secondary bile acids. In this review, we explore the evidence linking bile acid metabolites with the immunological pathways involved in IBD pathogenesis, including apoptosis and inflammasome activation. Furthermore, we summarize the principal etiopathogenetic mechanisms of different types of bile acid-induced diarrhea (BAD) and its main novel diagnostic approaches. Finally, we discuss the role of bile acid in current and possible future state-of-the-art therapeutic strategies for both IBD and BAD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bile Acids and Probiotics in Regulation of Intestinal Function in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease)

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29 pages, 6563 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Therapeutic Benefits and Dietary Restrictions of Fiber Intake: A State of the Art Review

by Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican, Khaled Ziani, Magdalena Mititelu, Eliza Oprea, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Elena Moroșan, Denisa-Elena Dumitrescu, Adrian Cosmin Roșca, Doina Drăgănescu and Carolina Negrei

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132641 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 85 | Viewed by 21742

Abstract

Throughout history, malnutrition and deficiency diseases have been a problem for our planet’s population. A balanced diet significantly influences everyone’s health, and fiber intake appears to play a more important role than previously thought. The natural dietary fibers are a category of carbohydrates [...] Read more.

Throughout history, malnutrition and deficiency diseases have been a problem for our planet’s population. A balanced diet significantly influences everyone’s health, and fiber intake appears to play a more important role than previously thought. The natural dietary fibers are a category of carbohydrates in the constitution of plants that are not completely digested in the human intestine. High-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains, have consistently been highly beneficial to health and effectively reduced the risk of disease. Although the mode of action of dietary fiber in the consumer body is not fully understood, nutritionists and health professionals unanimously recognize the therapeutic benefits. This paper presents the fiber consumption in different countries, the metabolism of fiber and the range of health benefits associated with fiber intake. In addition, the influence of fiber intake on the intestinal microbiome, metabolic diseases (obesity and diabetes), neurological aspects, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer prevention are discussed. Finally, dietary restrictions and excess fiber are addressed, which can cause episodes of diarrhea and dehydration and increase the likelihood of bloating and flatulence or even bowel obstruction. However, extensive studies are needed regarding the composition and required amount of fiber in relation to the metabolism of saprotrophic microorganisms from the enteral level and the benefits of the various pathologies with which they can be correlated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Human Health)

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23 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioavailability of Hesperidin and Its Aglycone Hesperetin—Compounds Found in Citrus Fruits as a Parameter Conditioning the Pro-Health Potential (Neuroprotective and Antidiabetic Activity)—Mini-Review

by Kamil Wdowiak, Jarosław Walkowiak, Robert Pietrzak, Aleksandra Bazan-Woźniak and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132647 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5165

Abstract

Hesperidin and hesperetin are polyphenols that can be found predominantly in citrus fruits. They possess a variety of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective and antidiabetic activity. However, the bioavailability of these compounds is limited due to low solubility and restricts their use as [...] Read more.

Hesperidin and hesperetin are polyphenols that can be found predominantly in citrus fruits. They possess a variety of pharmacological properties such as neuroprotective and antidiabetic activity. However, the bioavailability of these compounds is limited due to low solubility and restricts their use as pro-healthy agents. This paper described the limitations resulting from the low bioavailability of the presented compounds and gathered the methods aiming at its improvement. Moreover, this work reviewed studies providing pieces of evidence for neuroprotective and antidiabetic properties of hesperidin and hesperetin as well as providing a detailed look into the significance of reported modes of action in chronic diseases. On account of a well-documented pro-healthy activity, it is important to look for ways to overcome the problem of poor bioavailability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Polyphenols and Human Health: Novel Findings for Future Therapeutic Developments)

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32 pages, 1087 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Fisetin, a Potent Anticancer Flavonol Exhibiting Cytotoxic Activity against Neoplastic Malignant Cells and Cancerous Conditions: A Scoping, Comprehensive Review

by Robert Kubina, Kamil Krzykawski, Agata Kabała-Dzik, Robert D. Wojtyczka, Ewa Chodurek and Arkadiusz Dziedzic

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2604; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132604 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5772

Abstract

Diet plays a crucial role in homeostasis maintenance. Plants and spices containing flavonoids have been widely used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Flavonols present in our diet may prevent cancer initiation, promotion and progression by modulating important enzymes and receptors in [...] Read more.

Diet plays a crucial role in homeostasis maintenance. Plants and spices containing flavonoids have been widely used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. Flavonols present in our diet may prevent cancer initiation, promotion and progression by modulating important enzymes and receptors in signal transduction pathways related to proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, metastasis and reversal of multidrug resistance. The anticancer activity of fisetin has been widely documented in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. This review summarizes the worldwide, evidence-based research on the activity of fisetin toward various types of cancerous conditions, while describing the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects, molecular targets and mechanisms that contribute to the observed anticancer activity of fisetin. In addition, this review synthesized the results from preclinical studies on the use of fisetin as an anticancer agent. Based on the available literature, it might be suggested that fisetin has a bioactive potential to become a complementary drug in the prevention and treatment of cancerous conditions. However, more in-depth research is required to validate current data, so that this compound or its derivatives can enter the clinical trial phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds and Healthy Foods: New Strategy to Counteract Chronic Diseases)

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26 pages, 1248 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Dietary Fibers on Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review

by Valentina Vinelli, Paola Biscotti, Daniela Martini, Cristian Del Bo’, Mirko Marino, Tomás Meroño, Olga Nikoloudaki, Francesco Maria Calabrese, Silvia Turroni, Valentina Taverniti, Andrea Unión Caballero, Cristina Andrés-Lacueva, Marisa Porrini, Marco Gobbetti, Maria De Angelis, Patrizia Brigidi, Mariona Pinart, Katharina Nimptsch, Simone Guglielmetti and Patrizia Riso

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2559; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132559 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 9869

Abstract

There is an increasing interest in investigating dietary strategies able to modulate the gut microbial ecosystem which, in turn, may play a key role in human health. Dietary fibers (DFs) are widely recognized as molecules with prebiotic effects. The main objective of this [...] Read more.

There is an increasing interest in investigating dietary strategies able to modulate the gut microbial ecosystem which, in turn, may play a key role in human health. Dietary fibers (DFs) are widely recognized as molecules with prebiotic effects. The main objective of this systematic review was to: (i) analyze the results available on the impact of DF intervention on short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production; (ii) evaluate the interplay between the type of DF intervention, the gut microbiota composition and its metabolic activities, and any other health associated outcome evaluated in the host. To this aim, initially, a comprehensive database of literature on human intervention studies assessing the effect of confirmed and candidate prebiotics on the microbial ecosystem was developed. Subsequently, studies performed on DFs and analyzing at least the impact on SCFA levels were extracted from the database. A total of 44 studies from 42 manuscripts were selected for the analysis. Among the different types of fiber, inulin was the DF investigated the most (n = 11). Regarding the results obtained on the ability of fiber to modulate total SCFAs, seven studies reported a significant increase, while no significant changes were reported in five studies, depending on the analytical methodology used. A total of 26 studies did not show significant differences in individual SCFAs, while the others reported significant differences for one or more SCFAs. The effect of DF interventions on the SCFA profile seemed to be strictly dependent on the dose and the type and structure of DFs. Overall, these results underline that, although affecting microbiota composition and derived metabolites, DFs do not produce univocal significant increase in SCFA levels in apparently healthy adults. In this regard, several factors (i.e., related to the study protocols and analytical methods) have been identified that could have affected the results obtained in the studies evaluated. Future studies are needed to better elucidate the relationship between DFs and gut microbiota in terms of SCFA production and impact on health-related markers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Connection between Microbiome, Lifestyle and Diet)

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10 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Early Introduction of Allergenic Foods and the Prevention of Food Allergy

by Brit Trogen, Samantha Jacobs and Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2565; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132565 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7066

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of food allergies is a growing public health problem. For children considered high risk of developing food allergy (particularly due to the presence of other food allergies or severe eczema), the evidence for the early introduction of allergenic foods, and [...] Read more.

The increasing prevalence of food allergies is a growing public health problem. For children considered high risk of developing food allergy (particularly due to the presence of other food allergies or severe eczema), the evidence for the early introduction of allergenic foods, and in particular peanut and egg, is robust. In such cases, the consensus is clear that not only should such foods not be delayed, but that they should be introduced at approximately 4 to 6 months of age in order to minimize the risk of food allergy development. The early introduction of allergenic foods appears to be an effective strategy for minimizing the public health burden of food allergy, though further studies on the generalizability of this approach in low-risk populations is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relevance of Nutrition for Pediatric Allergy and Immunity)

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22 pages, 1820 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Melissa M. Lane, Elizabeth Gamage, Nikolaj Travica, Thusharika Dissanayaka, Deborah N. Ashtree, Sarah Gauci, Mojtaba Lotfaliany, Adrienne O’Neil, Felice N. Jacka and Wolfgang Marx

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2568; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132568 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 39330

Abstract

Since previous meta-analyses, which were limited only to depression and by a small number of studies available for inclusion at the time of publication, several additional studies have been published assessing the link between ultra-processed food consumption and depression as well as other [...] Read more.

Since previous meta-analyses, which were limited only to depression and by a small number of studies available for inclusion at the time of publication, several additional studies have been published assessing the link between ultra-processed food consumption and depression as well as other mental disorders. We aimed to build on previously conducted reviews to synthesise and meta-analyse the contemporary evidence base and clarify the associations between the consumption of ultra-processed food and mental disorders. A total of 17 observational studies were included (n = 385,541); 15 cross-sectional and 2 prospective. Greater ultra-processed food consumption was cross-sectionally associated with increased odds of depressive and anxiety symptoms, both when these outcomes were assessed together (common mental disorder symptoms odds ratio: 1.53, 95%CI 1.43 to 1.63) as well as separately (depressive symptoms odds ratio: 1.44, 95%CI 1.14 to 1.82; and, anxiety symptoms odds ratio: 1.48, 95%CI 1.37 to 1.59). Furthermore, a meta-analysis of prospective studies demonstrated that greater ultra-processed food intake was associated with increased risk of subsequent depression (hazard ratio: 1.22, 95%CI 1.16 to 1.28). While we found evidence for associations between ultra-processed food consumption and adverse mental health, further rigorously designed prospective and experimental studies are needed to better understand causal pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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16 pages, 3407 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 Mitigates Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Pathologies in Wild-Type Mice

by Mona Abdelhamid, Chunyu Zhou, Cha-Gyun Jung and Makoto Michikawa

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2543; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122543 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4746

Abstract

Probiotics improve brain function, including memory and cognition, via the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (B. breve MCC1274) improves cognitive function in App^NL-G-F mice and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, and mitigates Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathologies. However, its [...] Read more.

Probiotics improve brain function, including memory and cognition, via the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (B. breve MCC1274) improves cognitive function in App^NL-G-F mice and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, and mitigates Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like pathologies. However, its effects on wild-type (WT) mice have not yet been explored. Thus, the effects of B. breve MCC1274 on AD-like pathologies in two-month-old WT mice were investigated, which were orally administered B. breve MCC1274 for four months. Aβ levels, amyloid precursor protein (APP), APP processing enzymes, phosphorylated tau, synaptic protein levels, glial activity, and cell proliferation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus were evaluated. Data analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, and normality was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Oral administration of B. breve MCC1274 in WT mice decreased soluble hippocampal Aβ42 levels by reducing presenilin1 protein levels, and reduced phosphorylated tau levels. It also activated the protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway, which may be responsible for the reduction in presenilin1 levels and inhibition of tau phosphorylation. B. breve MCC1274 supplementation attenuated microglial activation and elevated synaptic protein levels in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that B. breve MCC1274 may mitigate AD-like pathologies in WT mice by decreasing Aβ42 levels, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, attenuating neuroinflammation, and improving synaptic protein levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Nutrition on Brain Metabolism and Disease)

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23 pages, 3814 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Lactose Differentially Affect Infant Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier In Vitro

by Jane Mea Natividad, Benoît Marsaux, Clara Lucia Garcia Rodenas, Andreas Rytz, Gies Vandevijver, Massimo Marzorati, Pieter Van den Abbeele, Marta Calatayud and Florence Rochat

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122546 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5806

Abstract

Background: The infant gut microbiota establishes during a critical window of opportunity when metabolic and immune functions are highly susceptible to environmental changes, such as diet. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) for instance are suggested to be beneficial for infant health and gut microbiota. [...] Read more.

Background: The infant gut microbiota establishes during a critical window of opportunity when metabolic and immune functions are highly susceptible to environmental changes, such as diet. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) for instance are suggested to be beneficial for infant health and gut microbiota. Infant formulas supplemented with the HMOs 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) reduce infant morbidity and medication use and promote beneficial bacteria in the infant gut ecosystem. To further improve infant formula and achieve closer proximity to human milk composition, more complex HMO mixtures could be added. However, we currently lack knowledge about their effects on infants’ gut ecosystems. Method: We assessed the effect of lactose, 2′-FL, 2′-FL + LNnT, and a mixture of six HMOs (HMO6: consisting of 2′-FL, LNnT, difucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3′- and 6′-sialyllactose) on infant gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity using a combination of in vitro models to mimic the microbial ecosystem (baby M-SHIME^®) and the intestinal epithelium (Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture). Results: All the tested products had bifidogenic potential and increased SCFA levels; however, only the HMOs’ fermented media protected against inflammatory intestinal barrier disruption. 2′-FL/LNnT and HMO6 promoted the highest diversification of OTUs within the Bifidobactericeae family, whereas beneficial butyrate-producers were specifically enriched by HMO6. Conclusion: These results suggest that increased complexity in HMO mixture composition may benefit the infant gut ecosystem, promoting different bifidobacterial communities and protecting the gut barrier against pro-inflammatory imbalances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutritional Intervention for the Infant Gut Microbiome)

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17 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Faecal Microbiota Transplantation and Chronic Kidney Disease

by Ji Bian, Ann Liebert, Brian Bicknell, Xin-Ming Chen, Chunling Huang and Carol A. Pollock

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2528; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122528 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4991

Abstract

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has attracted increasing attention as an intervention in many clinical conditions, including autoimmune, enteroendocrine, gastroenterological, and neurological diseases. For years, FMT has been an effective second-line treatment for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) with beneficial outcomes. FMT is also promising [...] Read more.

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has attracted increasing attention as an intervention in many clinical conditions, including autoimmune, enteroendocrine, gastroenterological, and neurological diseases. For years, FMT has been an effective second-line treatment for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) with beneficial outcomes. FMT is also promising in improving bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis (UC). Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that this microbiota-based intervention may influence the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) via modifying a dysregulated gut–kidney axis. Despite the high morbidity and mortality due to CKD, there are limited options for treatment until end-stage kidney disease occurs, which results in death, dialysis, or kidney transplantation. This imposes a significant financial and health burden on the individual, their families and careers, and the health system. Recent studies have suggested that strategies to reverse gut dysbiosis using FMT are a promising therapy in CKD. This review summarises the preclinical and clinical evidence and postulates the potential therapeutic effect of FMT in the management of CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Present and Future)

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18 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 on Overweight and the Gut Microbiota in Humans: Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

by Sung-Joon Mo, Kippeum Lee, Hyoung-Ju Hong, Dong-Ki Hong, Seung-Hee Jung, Soo-Dong Park, Jae-Jung Shim and Jung-Lyoul Lee

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2484; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122484 - 15 Jun 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6857

Abstract

Obesity and overweight are closely related to diet, and the gut microbiota play an important role in body weight and human health. The aim of this study was to explore how Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 supplementation alleviate obesity by modulating [...] Read more.

Obesity and overweight are closely related to diet, and the gut microbiota play an important role in body weight and human health. The aim of this study was to explore how Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 supplementation alleviate obesity by modulating the human gut microbiome. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 72 individuals with overweight. Over a 12-week period, probiotic groups consumed 1 × 10¹⁰ colony-forming units of HY7601 and KY1032, whereas the placebo group consumed the same product without probiotics. After treatment, the probiotic group displayed a reduction in body weight (p < 0.001), visceral fat mass (p < 0.025), and waist circumference (p < 0.007), and an increase in adiponectin (p < 0.046), compared with the placebo group. Additionally, HY7601 and KY1032 supplementation modulated bacterial gut microbiota characteristics and beta diversity by increasing Bifidobacteriaceae and Akkermansiaceae and decreasing Prevotellaceae and Selenomonadaceae. In summary, HY7601 and KY1032 probiotics exert anti-obesity effects by regulating the gut microbiota; hence, they have therapeutic potential for preventing or alleviating obesity and living with overweight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health)

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16 pages, 1692 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

How Diet and Physical Activity Modulate Gut Microbiota: Evidence, and Perspectives

by Daniela Campaniello, Maria Rosaria Corbo, Milena Sinigaglia, Barbara Speranza, Angela Racioppo, Clelia Altieri and Antonio Bevilacqua

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2456; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122456 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 9480

Abstract

Gut microbiota plays a significant role in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis, contributing to human health. Nevertheless, some factors (sex, age, lifestyle, physical activity, drug-based therapies, diet, etc.) affect its composition and functionality, linked to pathologies and immunological diseases. Concerning diet, it interacts [...] Read more.

Gut microbiota plays a significant role in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis, contributing to human health. Nevertheless, some factors (sex, age, lifestyle, physical activity, drug-based therapies, diet, etc.) affect its composition and functionality, linked to pathologies and immunological diseases. Concerning diet, it interacts with microorganisms, leading to beneficial or detrimental outcomes for the health of host. On the other hand, physical activity is known to be useful for preventing and, sometimes, treating several diseases of cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, respiratory, and muscular systems. This paper focuses on diet and physical activity presenting the current knowledge about how different diets (Western, ketogenic, vegan, gluten free, Mediterranean) as well as different types of exercise (intensive, endurance, aerobic) could shape gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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21 pages, 2182 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition and Supplementation in Ulcerative Colitis

by Marcelina Radziszewska, Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka, Lucyna Ostrowska and Damian Pogodziński

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2469; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122469 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 13122

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) belongs to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). UC is an incurable, diffuse, and chronic inflammatory process of the colonic mucosa with alternating periods of exacerbation and remission. This review aimed to analyze the scientific research conducted to date [...] Read more.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) belongs to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). UC is an incurable, diffuse, and chronic inflammatory process of the colonic mucosa with alternating periods of exacerbation and remission. This review aimed to analyze the scientific research conducted to date to determine what impact different nutritional plans and dietary supplements may have on the course of UC. The latest 98 articles about nutrition and supplementation in ulcerative colitis were used to prepare the work. Certain components in food can greatly influence the course of UC, inducing changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiome. This activity may be an important part of therapy for people with IBD. The Mediterranean diet has shown the most promising results in the treatment of patients with UC due to its high content of biologically active foods. Patients with UC may benefit from the UC Exclusion Diet (UCED); however, it is a new nutritional plan that requires further research. Patents frequently resort to unconventional diets, which, because of their frequent elimination of nutrient-rich foods, can worsen the health and nutritional status of those who follow them. The benefits of omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics supplementation may have additional therapeutic effects; however, the evidence is not unequivocal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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25 pages, 2680 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gut Microbiota Markers and Dietary Habits Associated with Extreme Longevity in Healthy Sardinian Centenarians

by Vanessa Palmas, Silvia Pisanu, Veronica Madau, Emanuela Casula, Andrea Deledda, Roberto Cusano, Paolo Uva, Andrea Loviselli, Fernanda Velluzzi and Aldo Manzin

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122436 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5620

Abstract

This study was aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota (GM) and its functional profile in two groups of Sardinian subjects with a long healthy life expectancy, overall named Long-Lived Subjects (LLS) [17 centenarians (CENT) and 29 nonagenarians (NON)] by comparing them to 46 [...] Read more.

This study was aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota (GM) and its functional profile in two groups of Sardinian subjects with a long healthy life expectancy, overall named Long-Lived Subjects (LLS) [17 centenarians (CENT) and 29 nonagenarians (NON)] by comparing them to 46 healthy younger controls (CTLs). In addition, the contribution of genetics and environmental factors to the GM phenotype was assessed by comparing a subgroup of seven centenarian parents (CPAR) with a paired cohort of centenarians’ offspring (COFF). The analysis was performed through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the V3 and V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene on the MiSeq Illumina platform. The Verrucomicrobia phylum was identified as the main biomarker in CENT, together with its members Verrucomicrobiaceae, Akkermansia and Akkermansia muciniphila. In NON, the strongest associations concern Actinobacteria phylum, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium, while in CTLs were related to the Bacteroidetes phylum, Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides and Bacteroides spp. Intestinal microbiota of CPAR and COFF did not differ significantly from each other. Significant correlations between bacterial taxa and clinical and lifestyle data, especially with Mediterranean diet adherence, were observed. We observed a harmonically balanced intestinal community structure in which the increase in taxa associated with intestinal health would limit and counteract the action of potentially pathogenic bacterial species in centenarians. The GM of long-lived individuals showed an intrinsic ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, as confirmed by functional analysis. The GM analysis of centenarians’ offspring suggest that genetics and environmental factors act synergistically as a multifactorial cause in the modulation of GM towards a phenotype similar to that of centenarians, although these findings need to be confirmed by larger study cohorts and by prospective studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Inflammation in Older Adults)

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19 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Usage of Mobile Applications or Mobile Health Technology to Improve Diet Quality in Adults

by Alan Scarry, Jennifer Rice, Eibhlís M. O’Connor and Audrey C. Tierney

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122437 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6967

Abstract

The use of mobile applications for dietary purposes has dramatically increased along with the consistent development of mobile technology. Assessing diet quality as a dietary pattern or an indicator across key food groups in comparison to those recommended by dietary guidelines is useful [...] Read more.

The use of mobile applications for dietary purposes has dramatically increased along with the consistent development of mobile technology. Assessing diet quality as a dietary pattern or an indicator across key food groups in comparison to those recommended by dietary guidelines is useful for identifying optimal nutrient intake. This systematic review aims to explore mobile applications and their impact on the diet quality of the user. The electronic databases of The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Cinahl), The American Psychological Association’s (APA Psycinfo), and PubMed were systematically searched for randomised and non-randomised controlled trials to retrieve papers from inception to November 2021. Ten studies with 1638 participants were included. A total of 5342 studies were retrieved from the database searches, with 10 articles eligible for final inclusion in the review. The sample sizes ranged from 27 to 732 participants across the included studies, with 1638 total participants. The ratio of female to male participants in the studies was 4:1. The majority of the mobile applications or M-health interventions were used to highlight dietary health changes (six studies), with the remainder used to reduce weight or blood sugar levels (four studies). Each study used a different measure to quantify diet quality. Studies were either assessed by diet quality scoring or individual dietary assessment, of the ten studies, six studies reported an improvement in diet quality following diet-related mobile application use. Mobile applications may be an effective way to improve diet quality in adults; however, there is a need for more targeted and longer-term studies that are expressly designed to investigate the impact using mobile applications has on diet quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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21 pages, 16678 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis

by Simona Santonocito, Amerigo Giudice, Alessandro Polizzi, Giuseppe Troiano, Emanuele Maria Merlo, Rossana Sclafani, Giuseppe Grosso and Gaetano Isola

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2426; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122426 - 11 Jun 2022

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 9124

Abstract

Over the last few decades, studies on the oral microbiome have increased awareness that the balance between the host and the microbial species that coexist in it is essential for oral health at all stages of life. However, this balance is extremely difficult [...] Read more.

Over the last few decades, studies on the oral microbiome have increased awareness that the balance between the host and the microbial species that coexist in it is essential for oral health at all stages of life. However, this balance is extremely difficult to maintain, and many factors can disrupt it: general eating habits, sugar consumption, tobacco smoking, oral hygiene, and use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. It is now known that alterations in the oral microbiota are responsible for developing and promoting many oral diseases, including periodontal disease. In this context, diet is an area for further investigation as it has been observed that the intake of particular foods, such as farmed animal meat, dairy products, refined vegetable oils, and processed cereals, affects the composition of the microbiota, leading to an increased representation of acid-producing and acid-tolerant organisms and periodontal pathogens. However, little is known about the influence of diet on the oral microbiome and the creation of a suitable microenvironment for the development of periodontal disease. The aim of the present study is to evaluate current knowledge on the role of diet in the oral dysbiosis underlying periodontal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients in Dermatology and Oral Diseases)

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22 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Dietary Advanced Glycation End-Products on Neurocognitive and Mental Disorders

by Nathan M. D’Cunha, Domenico Sergi, Melissa M. Lane, Nenad Naumovski, Elizabeth Gamage, Anushri Rajendran, Matina Kouvari, Sarah Gauci, Thusharika Dissanayka, Wolfgang Marx and Nikolaj Travica

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122421 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 11320

Abstract

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are glycated proteins or lipids formed endogenously in the human body or consumed through diet. Ultra-processed foods and some culinary techniques, such as dry cooking methods, represent the main sources and drivers of dietary AGEs. Tissue accumulation of [...] Read more.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are glycated proteins or lipids formed endogenously in the human body or consumed through diet. Ultra-processed foods and some culinary techniques, such as dry cooking methods, represent the main sources and drivers of dietary AGEs. Tissue accumulation of AGEs has been associated with cellular aging and implicated in various age-related diseases, including type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The current review summarizes the literature examining the associations between AGEs and neurocognitive and mental health disorders. Studies indicate that elevated circulating AGEs are cross-sectionally associated with poorer cognitive function and longitudinally increase the risk of developing dementia. Additionally, preliminary studies show that higher skin AGE accumulation may be associated with mental disorders, particularly depression and schizophrenia. Potential mechanisms underpinning the effects of AGEs include elevated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are both key pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and mental disorders. Decreasing dietary intake of AGEs may improve neurological and mental disorder outcomes. However, more sophisticated prospective studies and analytical approaches are required to verify directionality and the extent to which AGEs represent a mediator linking unhealthy dietary patterns with cognitive and mental disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs): Link between Modern Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hesperidin: A Review on Extraction Methods, Stability and Biological Activities

by Krystyna Pyrzynska

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122387 - 9 Jun 2022

Cited by 124 | Viewed by 11735

Abstract

Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid occurring in high concentrations in citrus fruits. Its use has been associated with a great number of health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. The food industry uses large quantities of citrus fruit, especially for the [...] Read more.

Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid occurring in high concentrations in citrus fruits. Its use has been associated with a great number of health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. The food industry uses large quantities of citrus fruit, especially for the production of juice. It results in the accumulation of huge amounts of by-products such as peels, seeds, cell and membrane residues, which are also a good source of hesperidin. Thus, its extraction from these by-products has attracted considerable scientific interest with aim to use as natural antioxidants. In this review, the extraction and determination methods for quantification of hesperidin in fruits and by-products are presented and discussed as well as its stability and biological activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Bioactive Plant Compounds for Sustainable Health)

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30 pages, 705 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Malnutrition Screening and Assessment

by Carlos Serón-Arbeloa, Lorenzo Labarta-Monzón, José Puzo-Foncillas, Tomas Mallor-Bonet, Alberto Lafita-López, Néstor Bueno-Vidales and Miguel Montoro-Huguet

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122392 - 9 Jun 2022

Cited by 95 | Viewed by 22744

Abstract

Malnutrition is a serious problem with a negative impact on the quality of life and the evolution of patients, contributing to an increase in morbidity, length of hospital stay, mortality, and health spending. Early identification is fundamental to implement the necessary therapeutic actions, [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is a serious problem with a negative impact on the quality of life and the evolution of patients, contributing to an increase in morbidity, length of hospital stay, mortality, and health spending. Early identification is fundamental to implement the necessary therapeutic actions, involving adequate nutritional support to prevent or reverse malnutrition. This review presents two complementary methods of fighting malnutrition: nutritional screening and nutritional assessment. Nutritional risk screening is conducted using simple, quick-to-perform tools, and is the first line of action in detecting at-risk patients. It should be implemented systematically and periodically on admission to hospital or residential care, as well as on an outpatient basis for patients with chronic conditions. Once patients with a nutritional risk are detected, they should undergo a more detailed nutritional assessment to identify and quantify the type and degree of malnutrition. This should include health history and clinical examination, dietary history, anthropometric measurements, evaluation of the degree of aggression determined by the disease, functional assessment, and, whenever possible, some method of measuring body composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support in Digestive Diseases, and Nutritional Implications of Dietary Interventions)

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21 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ketogenic and Modified Mediterranean Diet as a Tool to Counteract Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: Nutritional Suggestions

by Danila Di Majo, Francesco Cacciabaudo, Giulia Accardi, Giuditta Gambino, Giuseppe Giglia, Giuseppe Ferraro, Giuseppina Candore and Pierangelo Sardo

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122384 - 8 Jun 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7339

Abstract

Ketogenic Diet is a nutritional pattern often used as dietotherapy in inflammatory diseases, including neurological disorders. Applied on epileptic children since 1920, in recent years it has been taken into account again as a tool to both reduce inflammatory burdens and ameliorate the [...] Read more.

Ketogenic Diet is a nutritional pattern often used as dietotherapy in inflammatory diseases, including neurological disorders. Applied on epileptic children since 1920, in recent years it has been taken into account again as a tool to both reduce inflammatory burdens and ameliorate the nutritional status of patients affected by different pathologies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an immune-mediated neuro-inflammatory disease and diet is a possible factor in its pathogenesis. The aim of this work is to investigate the main potential targets of MS-related impairments, in particular the cognitive deficits, focusing on the alteration of biomarkers such as the Brain Derived-Neurotrophic Factor and the Tryptophan/Kynurenine ratio that could play a role on neuroprotection and thus on MS progression. Furthermore, we here propose nutritional suggestions which are useful in the development of a ketogenic diet protocol that takes advantage of the anti-inflammatory properties of low-carbohydrate foods from the Mediterranean diet to be applied to subjects with MS. In conclusion, this approach will allow one to develop the ketogenic diet combined with a modified Mediterranean diet as a possible tool to improve neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health)

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17 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Iodine Concentration Disorders on Health and Cancer

by Mateusz Winder, Zofia Kosztyła, Aleksandra Boral, Piotr Kocełak and Jerzy Chudek

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112209 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5335

Abstract

Iodine deficiency is an ongoing problem. The implementation of salt iodization has significantly reduced the effects of iodine deficiency worldwide in recent years, and the remaining iodine deficiency is mild to moderate. Iodine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones [...] Read more.

Iodine deficiency is an ongoing problem. The implementation of salt iodization has significantly reduced the effects of iodine deficiency worldwide in recent years, and the remaining iodine deficiency is mild to moderate. Iodine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. It can also act as an antioxidant, as well as an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic factor. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children are particularly affected by iodine deficiency. It leads to thyroid diseases and metabolic and developmental disorders, as well as cancer. However, an excessive iodine intake may, similarly to iodine deficiency, lead to the development of goiter, and toxic amounts of iodine can lead to thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism, and even to the development of papillary thyroid cancer. Correcting iodine deficiency potentially reduces the chance of developing malignancies. Additional research is needed to better understand both the effect of iodine on carcinogenesis and the clinical outcome of iodine deficiency compensation on cancer patients’ prognosis. The upcoming public health challenge appears to be reducing salt consumption, which could result in a lower iodine intake. Thus, an iodine enrichment vehicle other than salt could be considered if salt iodine levels are not increased to compensate, and urine iodine levels should be monitored more frequently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

14 pages, 2293 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Alone and Combined with Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Stephen M. Cornish, Dean M. Cordingley, Keely A. Shaw, Scott C. Forbes, Taylor Leonhardt, Ainsley Bristol, Darren G. Candow and Philip D. Chilibeck

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112221 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 9653

Abstract

Sarcopenia negatively affects skeletal muscle mass and function in older adults. Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid supplementation, with or without resistance exercise training (RET), is suggested to play a role as a therapeutic component to prevent or treat the negative effects of sarcopenia. A [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia negatively affects skeletal muscle mass and function in older adults. Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid supplementation, with or without resistance exercise training (RET), is suggested to play a role as a therapeutic component to prevent or treat the negative effects of sarcopenia. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the impact of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation with or without RET on measures of muscle mass and function in older adults (≥55 y). The data sources included SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Medline. All the study types involving ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of muscle mass and function in older adults (without disease) were included. The mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated and pooled effects assessed. Sixteen studies (1660 females, 778 males) met our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. ω-3 fatty acid supplementation did not impact lean tissue mass (SMD 0.09 [−0.10, 0.28]). Benefits were observed for lower body strength (SMD 0.54 [0.33, 0.75]), timed-up-and-go (MD 0.29 [0.23, 0.35]s), and 30-s sit-to-stand performance (MD 1.93 [1.59, 2.26] repetitions) but not walking performance (SMD −0.01 [−0.10, 0.07]) or upper body strength (SMD 0.05 [−0.04, 0.13]). Supplementing with ω-3 fatty acids may improve the lower-body strength and functionality in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Dietary Supplements and Ergogenic Aids in the Treatment of Sarcopenia and Associated Conditions)

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25 pages, 1970 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin in Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Jasmine A. Evans, Patricia Mendonca and Karam F. A. Soliman

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112228 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 5601

Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders affect more than fifty million Americans each year and represent serious health threats as the population ages. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are critical in the onset, progression, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and amyotrophic lateral [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative disorders affect more than fifty million Americans each year and represent serious health threats as the population ages. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are critical in the onset, progression, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A wide range of natural compounds has been investigated because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The citrus flavonoid hesperetin (HPT), an aglycone of hesperidin found in oranges, mandarins, and lemons, has been extensively reported to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of neurogenerative diseases. This review has compiled multiple studies on HPT in both in vivo and in vitro models to study neurodegeneration. We focused on the modulatory effects of hesperetin on the release of cellular anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress mediators. Additionally, this review discusses the hesperetin effect in maintaining the levels of microRNA (miRNA) and modulating autophagy as it relates to hesperetin’s protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. Moreover, this review is focused on providing experimental data for hesperetin’s potential as a neuroprotective compound and discusses reported evidence that HPT crosses the blood–brain barrier. In summary, this review shows the evidence available in the literature to indicate the efficacy of hesperetin in delaying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Novel Therapeutic Nutrient Molecules)

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30 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anthocyanins in Chronic Diseases: The Power of Purple

by Sunil K. Panchal, Oliver D. John, Michael L. Mathai and Lindsay Brown

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102161 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8185

Abstract

Anthocyanins are mainly purple-coloured phenolic compounds of plant origin that as secondary metabolites are important in plant survival. Understanding their health benefits in humans requires sourcing these unstable compounds in sufficient quantities at a reasonable cost, which has led to improved methods of [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins are mainly purple-coloured phenolic compounds of plant origin that as secondary metabolites are important in plant survival. Understanding their health benefits in humans requires sourcing these unstable compounds in sufficient quantities at a reasonable cost, which has led to improved methods of extraction. Dark-coloured fruits, cereals and vegetables are current sources of these compounds. The range of potential sustainable sources is much larger and includes non-commercialised native plants from around the world and agri-waste containing anthocyanins. In the last 5 years, there have been significant advances in developing the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins in chronic human diseases. Anthocyanins exert their beneficial effects through improvements in gut microbiota, oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulation of neuropeptides such as insulin-like growth factor-1. Their health benefits in humans include reduced cognitive decline; protection of organs such as the liver, as well as the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys; improvements in bone health and obesity; and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarises some of the sources of anthocyanins and their mechanisms and benefits in the treatment of chronic human diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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14 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives: Consumers’ Perceptions, Motivations, and Barriers—Results from a Qualitative Study in Poland, Germany, and France

by Dominika Adamczyk, Diana Jaworska, Daria Affeltowicz and Dominika Maison

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102171 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7146

Abstract

Plant-based dairy substitutes have been gaining popularity in recent years, but consumer perspective on these products is still relatively unexplored. The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential of plant-based dairy alternatives, including consumers’ motives and the barriers to embracing this [...] Read more.

Plant-based dairy substitutes have been gaining popularity in recent years, but consumer perspective on these products is still relatively unexplored. The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential of plant-based dairy alternatives, including consumers’ motives and the barriers to embracing this food category. A qualitative study (24 focus groups, 154 respondents) was conducted in three countries: Poland, Germany, and France. The study allowed us to describe the reasons for using dairy substitutes (curiosity, health reasons, influence of others), their perceived advantages, and the barriers to their use. The study also showed that the role of dairy differs between the surveyed countries and is related to culinary traditions. As a result, attitudes towards and motives for using dairy substitutes differ in the different countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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19 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Banafsheh Hosseini, Asmae El Abd and Francine M. Ducharme

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102134 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 10953

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak has rapidly expanded to a global pandemic; however, our knowledge is limited with regards to the protective factors against this infection. The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 outbreak has rapidly expanded to a global pandemic; however, our knowledge is limited with regards to the protective factors against this infection. The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 related outcomes. A systematic search of relevant papers published until January 2022 was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies of intervention (NRISs). The primary outcomes included the risk of COVID-19 infection (primary prevention studies on uninfected individuals), hospital admission (secondary prevention studies on mild COVID-19 cases), and ICU admission and mortality rate (tertiary prevention studies on hospitalized COVID-19 patients). We identified five studies (one RCT, four NRISs) on primary prevention, with five (two RCTs, three NRISs) on secondary prevention, and 13 (six RCTs, seven NRISs) on tertiary prevention. Pooled analysis showed no significant effect on the risk of COVID-19 infection. No meta-analysis was possible on hospitalization risk due to paucity of data. Vitamin D supplementation was significantly associated with a reduced risk of ICU admission (RR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.62) and mortality (RR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.70). Vitamin D supplementation had no significant impact on the risk of COVID-19 infection, whereas it showed protective effects against mortality and ICU admission in COVID-19 patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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Alkaline Phosphatase: An Old Friend as Treatment Target for Cardiovascular and Mineral Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Mathias Haarhaus, Giuseppe Cianciolo, Simona Barbuto, Gaetano La Manna, Lorenzo Gasperoni, Giovanni Tripepi, Mario Plebani, Maria Fusaro and Per Magnusson

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102124 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 12662

Abstract

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an evolutionary conserved enzyme and widely used biomarker in clinical practice. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) is one of four human isozymes that are expressed as distinct TNALP isoforms after posttranslational modifications, mainly in bone, liver, and kidney tissues. Beyond [...] Read more.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an evolutionary conserved enzyme and widely used biomarker in clinical practice. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) is one of four human isozymes that are expressed as distinct TNALP isoforms after posttranslational modifications, mainly in bone, liver, and kidney tissues. Beyond the well-known effects on bone mineralization, the bone ALP (BALP) isoforms (B/I, B1, B1x, and B2) are also involved in the pathogenesis of ectopic calcification. This narrative review summarizes the recent clinical investigations and mechanisms that link ALP and BALP to inflammation, metabolic syndrome, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. The association between ALP, vitamin K, bone metabolism, and fracture risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is also discussed. Recent advances in different pharmacological strategies are highlighted, with the potential to modulate the expression of ALP directly and indirectly in CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), e.g., epigenetic modulation, phosphate binders, calcimimetics, vitamin D, and other anti-fracture treatments. We conclude that the significant evidence for ALP as a pathogenic factor and risk marker in CKD-MBD supports the inclusion of concrete treatment targets for ALP in clinical guidelines. While a target value below 120 U/L is associated with improved survival, further experimental and clinical research should explore interventional strategies with optimal risk–benefit profiles. The future holds great promise for novel drug therapies modulating ALP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Bone and Vascular Health: The Journey from Pathophysiology to Treatment)

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