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Iodine Fortification in Food Production and Human Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Micronutrients and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2024) | Viewed by 2670

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
Interests: thyroid; iodine status; differentiated thyroid cancer; medullary thyroid cancer selenium; molecular aspects of thyroid cancer

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Guest Editor
Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padua, Italy
Interests: Iodine; thyroid; endocrinology; metabolism; thyroid cancer

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

The importance of iodine in human nutrition is well known. Iodine is indeed a limiting element in thyroid hormone synthesis, derived exclusively from diet. The iodine prophylaxis campaign is based on different strategies, aiming to address the needs and characteristics of the population it is directed toward. It can be based on the promotion of iodized salt use (mandatory or voluntary), the use of iodized salt in bread, the use of iodine-containing cattle feeds (to make cow milk and dairy products a good source of iodine), the use of iodized oil (especially in low-income countries), iodized water and the use of iodize salt in industrial processes. Vegan and vegetarian diets are known to be at a high risk of iodine deficit, with cow milk and dairy products and fish being important secondary sources of iodine. Consequently, many strategies based on iodine-enriched products and/or seaweeds are expanding. The aim of the present Special Issue is to analyze the last progress in iodine fortification in food production. 

Dr. Caterina Mian
Dr. Simona Censi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • iodine
  • thyroid
  • iodized salt
  • iodine prophylaxis
  • cow milk

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2242 KiB  
Article
Household Consumption of Adequately Iodized Salt: A Multi-Country Analysis of Socioeconomic Disparities
by Daniela M. Sáez-Ramírez, Horacio Chacon-Torrico and Akram Hernández-Vásquez
Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3787; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213787 - 4 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Background: Despite global efforts to promote universal salt iodization, iodine deficiency remains a public health issue in developing countries. Objectives: This study assessed the proportion and sociodemographic characteristics of households consuming adequately iodized salt in 49 low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Data from [...] Read more.
Background: Despite global efforts to promote universal salt iodization, iodine deficiency remains a public health issue in developing countries. Objectives: This study assessed the proportion and sociodemographic characteristics of households consuming adequately iodized salt in 49 low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Data from DHS surveys of 49 low- and middle-income countries (2005–2021) were used to analyze household iodized salt prevalence. R version 4.0 was employed for statistical analyses. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate overall and regional prevalence. Results: We found that 83.4% of households consume adequately iodized salt, although with high heterogeneity (I2 = 100.0%). The East Asia and Pacific and the Europe and Central Asia regions showed high consumption rates of 87.6% and 87.7%, respectively, while Latin America and the Caribbean presented a significantly lower proportion of 30.8%. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for enhanced public health strategies to increase iodized salt consumption, especially in low-income and rural households. Addressing disparities in access, education, and affordability is crucial for improving iodine intake and preventing deficiency disorders, particularly among vulnerable populations like children and pregnant women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine Fortification in Food Production and Human Health)
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Review

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17 pages, 335 KiB  
Review
Salt Reduction and Iodine Fortification Policies Are Compatible: Perspectives for Public Health Advocacy
by Jessica Rigutto-Farebrother and Michael B. Zimmermann
Nutrients 2024, 16(15), 2517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152517 - 1 Aug 2024
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for almost 18 million deaths annually, the most of all non-communicable diseases. The reduction of dietary salt consumption is a modifiable risk factor. The WHO recommends a daily sodium intake of <2000 mg but average consumption exceeds this in many [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases account for almost 18 million deaths annually, the most of all non-communicable diseases. The reduction of dietary salt consumption is a modifiable risk factor. The WHO recommends a daily sodium intake of <2000 mg but average consumption exceeds this in many countries globally. Strategies proposed to aid effective salt reduction policy include product reformulation, front of pack labelling, behavioural change campaigns and establishing a low-sodium-supportive environment. Yet, salt for household and processed food use is, in countries wholly or partially adopting a universal salt iodisation policy, the principal vehicle for population-wide iodine fortification. With salt reduction policies in place, there is concern that iodine deficiency disorders may re-emerge. Recognising the urgency to tackle the rising prevalence of NCDs yet not risk the re-emergence and detrimental effect of inadequate iodine intakes, this review lays out the feasibility of integrating both salt reduction and salt iodine fortification strategies. Reducing the burden of health risks associated with an excessive sodium intake or inadequate iodine through population-tailored, cost-effective strategies involving salt is both feasible and achievable, and represents an opportunity to improve outcomes in public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine Fortification in Food Production and Human Health)
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